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26-648: The Hilo Tribune began publication on November 23, 1895, and changed its name to the Hilo Daily Tribune in 1917. The Hilo Daily Tribune, the Hawaii Herald (August 13, 1896 – February 22, 1923) and the Daily Post-Herald merged to form the Hilo Tribune-Herald , which began publishing on February 19, 1923. It continued under that name until March 1964, when it assumed its present title. In 1962,

52-411: A building roof or parking lot just radiates back into the air. Advocates of solar energy argue that widespread use of solar collection can mitigate overheating of urban environments by absorbing sunlight and putting it to work instead of heating the foreign surface objects. A microclimate can offer an opportunity as a small growing region for crops that cannot thrive in the broader area; this concept

78-497: A drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences. Often a microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of microscale meteorology . Examples of the cold air pool (CAP) effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria (lowest recorded temperature −53 °C (−63 °F)) and Peter Sinks in the US. The main criterion on

104-405: A microclimate study. Microclimates can also refer to purpose-made environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments. This can be done using passive methods, such as silica gel , or with active microclimate control devices. Usually, if the inland areas have a humid continental climate ,

130-433: A negative effect on the microclimates as well as on the geological and archeological findings. Factors that play into the deterioration of these environments include nearby deforestation, agriculture operations, water exploitation, mining, and tourist operations. The speleogenetic effect of normal caves tends to show a slow circulation of air. In unique conditions where acids are present, the effects of erosion and changes to

156-402: A region. Microclimates can be found in most places but are most pronounced in topographically dynamic zones such as mountainous areas, islands, and coastal areas. Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavy urban areas where brick , concrete , and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and re-radiate that heat to the ambient air:

182-691: Is a moku or district on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi in the State of Hawaii, known for its Kona coffee and the Ironman World Championship Triathlon. In the administration of Hawaiʻi County , the moku of Kona is divided into North Kona District ( Kona ‘Akau ) and South Kona District ( Kona Hema ). "Kona" sometimes refers to its largest town, Kailua-Kona . Other towns in Kona include Kealakekua , Keauhou , Holualoa , Hōnaunau and Honalo . In

208-600: Is often used in permaculture practiced in northern temperate climates. Microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the average temperature by zoning , and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter. Roof gardening , however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in both summer and winter. In an urban area, tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. Wind effects around tall buildings are assessed as part of

234-563: Is the home of the Ironman World Championship Triathlon, which is held each year in October in Kailua-Kona . The Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park marks the place where Captain James Cook was killed in 1779. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park and Honokohau Settlement and Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park are in Kona. The volcanic slopes of Hualālai and Mauna Loa in

260-719: The Grotta Grande del Vento cave in Ancona, Italy . As pointed out by Rudolf Geiger in his book not only climate influences the living plant but the opposite effect of the interaction of plants on their environment can also take place, and is known as plant climate . This effect has important consequences for forests in the midst of a continent; indeed, if forests were not creating their own clouds and water cycle with their efficient evapotranspiration activity, there would be no forest far away from coasts, as statistically, without any other influence, rainfall occurrence would decrease from

286-556: The Hawaiian language , kona means leeward or dry side of the island, as opposed to ko‘olau which means windward or the wet side of the island. In the times of Ancient Hawaiʻi , Kona was the name of the leeward district on each major island. In Hawai‘i, the Pacific anticyclone provides moist prevailing northeasterly winds to the Hawaiian islands, resulting in rain when the winds contact

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312-547: The Kona district provide an ideal microclimate for growing coffee . Kona coffee is considered one of the premium specialty coffees of the world. Kona is the home of one of the main bases of the international Christian mission organization YWAM , and the University of the Nations , first founded there. Microclimate A microclimate (or micro-climate ) is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in

338-440: The cave atmosphere, air pressure, geochemistry of the cave rock as well as the waste product from these species can combine to make unique microclimates within cave systems. The speleogenetic effect is an observed and studied process of air circulation within cave environments brought on by convection. In phreatic conditions the cave surfaces are exposed to the enclosed air (as opposed to submerged and interacting with water from

364-664: The coast towards inland. Planting trees to fight drought has also been proposed in the context of afforestation . Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the macroscopic climate as well. Another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or aspect of an area. South-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere are exposed to more direct sunlight than opposite slopes and are therefore warmer for longer periods of time, giving

390-415: The coastal areas stay much milder during winter months, in contrast to the hotter summers. This is the case in places such as British Columbia , where Vancouver has an oceanic wet winter with rare frosts, but inland areas that average several degrees warmer in summer have cold and snowy winters. Two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and humidity . A source of

416-521: The environment within that system. Air density within caves, which directly relates to the convection processes, is determined by the air temperature, humidity, and pressure. In enclosed cave environments, the introduction of bacteria, algae, plants, animals, or human interference can change any one of these factors therefore altering the microenvironment within the cave. There are over 750 caves worldwide that are available for people to visit. The constant human traffic through these cave environments can have

442-473: The microenvironment can be drastically enhanced. One example is the effect of the presence of hydro sulfuric acid ( H 2 S ). When the oxidized hydrosulfuric acid chemically alters to sulfuric acid( H 2 SO 4 ), this acid starts to react with the calcium carbonate rock at much higher rates. The water involved in this reaction tends to have a high pH of 3 which renders the water almost unlivable for many bacteria and algae. An example of this can be found in

468-674: The newspaper began publication of a weekly special edition for the west ( Kona ) side of the island, which later became West Hawaii Today , now published daily. With the demise of the Hawaii Island Journal in June 2008, Tribune-Herald owner Stephens Media Group ran all the commercial newspapers on the island including the Big Island Weekly . Big Island Weekly published its last issue in July 2014. On October 1, 2014, Oahu Publications,

494-550: The publisher of the Honolulu Star-Advertiser announced it was buying the Hawaii Tribune-Herald and West Hawaii Today from Stephens Media . This article about a Hawaii newspaper is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kona District, Hawaii 19°41′58.56″N 155°59′24.00″W  /  19.6996000°N 155.9900000°W  / 19.6996000; -155.9900000 Kona

520-516: The resulting urban heat island (UHI) is a kind of microclimate that is additionally driven by relative paucity of vegetation . The terminology "micro-climate" first appeared in the 1950s in publications such as Climates in Miniature: A Study of Micro-Climate Environment (Thomas Bedford Franklin, 1955). The area in a developed industrial park may vary greatly from a wooded park nearby, as natural flora in parks absorb light and heat in leaves that

546-422: The slope a warmer microclimate than the areas around the slope. The lowest area of a glen may sometimes frost sooner or harder than a nearby spot uphill, because cold air sinks, a drying breeze may not reach the lowest bottom, and humidity lingers and precipitates , then freezes . The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. For example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating

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572-469: The surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or smaller (for example a garden bed , underneath a rock, or a cave) or as large as many square kilometers. Because climate is statistical , which implies spatial and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing parameters , microclimates are identified as statistically distinct conditions which occur and/or persist within

598-448: The threshold wind speed. The presence of permafrost close to the surface in a crater creates a unique microclimate environment. Caves are important geologic formations that can house unique and delicate geologic/biological environments. The vast majority of caves found are made of calcium carbonates such as limestone . In these dissolution environments, many species of flora and fauna find home. The mixture of water content within

624-492: The water table in vadose conditions). This air circulates water particles that condense on cave walls and formations such as speleothems . This condensing water has been found to contribute to cave wall erosion and the formation of morphological features. Some examples of this can be found in the limestone walls of Grotta Giusti ; a thermal cave near Monsummano , Lucca, Italy. Any process that leads to an increase or decrease in chemical/physical processes will subsequently impact

650-592: The wind speed v {\displaystyle v} in order to create a warm air flow penetration into a CAP is the following: where F r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} } is the Froude number , N {\displaystyle N} — the Brunt–Väisälä frequency , h {\displaystyle h} — depth of the valley, and F r c {\displaystyle \mathrm {Fr} _{c}} — Froude number at

676-414: The windward landmass of the islands – the winds subsequently lose their moisture and travel on to the leeward (or kona ) side of the island. When this pattern reverses, it can produce a Kona storm from the west. Kona has cognates with the same meaning in other Polynesian languages . In Tongan, the equivalent cognate would be tonga ; for windward, the associated cognate would be tokelau . Kona

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