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40-414: In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Hillman competed with Bernarr Macfadden and Fawcett Publications by publishing comics, true confessions magazines ( Real Story , Real Confessions , Real Romances ) and crime magazines ( Crime Detective , Real Detective , Crime Confessions ). In 1948 Hillman began publishing paperback books. There were several series of abridged mystery and western novels published in

80-601: A "Physical Culture City" in Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey , which folded after a few years and became the vacation-cabin neighborhood, and, later, suburban development of Outcalt. Nicknamed "Body Love Macfadden" by Time – a moniker he detested – he was branded a "kook" and a charlatan by many, arrested on obscenity charges , and denounced by the medical establishment. Throughout his life, he campaigned tirelessly against "pill-pushers", processed foods, and prudery. Macfadden made an unsuccessful attempt to found

120-647: A $ 250,000 annual profit. He returned to comics in 1946, resuming some titles from the earlier series. Like most comic book publishers during the period fans and historians called the Golden Age of comic books , Hillman's titles included costumed superheroes . As trends in the comic book market changed, the focus shifted more to crime fiction / detective stories, making Hillman one of the earliest crime comics publishers ( Crime Detective Comics , Real Clue Crime Stories ), and Westerns ( Dead-Eye Western Comics and Western Fighters ). During this time, Hillman often utilized

160-455: A U.S. coastal city under coordinated attack by Russian bombers and submarines, and giant "inner tube" satellite space stations with depictions proposed by Wernher von Braun orbits in space flight. Hillman sold Pageant to Macfadden Communications Group in April 1961, and the magazine continued until 1977. Publisher Alex L. Hillman was a noted art collector who initially developed an interest in

200-402: A greater appearance of strength. He thought "Bernarr" sounded like the roar of a lion, and that "Macfadden" was a more masculine spelling of his last name. As a young child, Macfadden was weak and sickly. After being orphaned by the time he was 11, he was placed with a farmer and began working on the farm. The hard work and wholesome food on the farm turned him into a strong and fit boy. When he

240-458: A group portrait entitled Homage to Thomas Eakins , which was based on Fantin-Latour 's Hommage à Delacroix . Among Soyer's portrait subjects were artists and writers who were his friends; these included Allen Ginsberg , Arshile Gorky , Chaim Gross , Gitel Steed , Edward Hopper , Philip Evergood , Alice Neel and Steve Poleskie . In 1967 the Whitney Museum of American Art exhibited

280-863: A heart condition, he remarked, "It's better she's gone; she only would have disgraced me." Macfadden died in 1955 after refusing medical treatment for a digestive disorder. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York City. Upon his death, Edward Longstreet Bodin became the president of the Bernarr Macfadden Foundation. Macfadden has drawn criticism for suggesting in his books that readers not consult any professional physician . Macfadden supported unorthodox ideas that are widely derided as quackery , such as grape therapy supposedly healing cancer . Morris Fishbein wrote that "In his campaign, Bernarr Macfadden aligned himself with

320-543: A journal of libertarian opinion. Amid a 1953 battle for control of directors and editors, publisher Hillman announced his resignation as the Freeman treasurer because "it has been almost impossible for the past six months to run the magazine". The following year, Hillman said he was thinking about launching a " conservative Republican " morning newspaper in Washington, D.C. , but nothing came of it. Hillman periodicals also had

360-409: A publication named Flight , edited by Norton Wood. (Wood had previously served as managing editor of a highly classified monthly report on air weapons prepared by McGraw-Hill under contract with the U.S. Air Force . Wood had been a member of the editorial staff of This Week Magazine and of the U.S. Camera Publishing Co.) Flight contained stories of the tremendous revolution going on in the skies -

400-634: A religion, "cosmotarianism", based on physical culture. He claimed that his regimen would enable him to reach the age of 150. At the peak of his career, Macfadden owned several hotels and a major building in Dansville, New York . He also opened a restaurant in New York City in 1902 called Physical Culture, which was one of the city's first vegetarian venues. Physical Culture vegetarian restaurants were established in other cities such as Philadelphia and Chicago. By 1911, there were twenty such restaurants. Macfadden

440-464: A retrospective of his work. Soyer was hired in 1940, along with eight other prominent American artists, to document dramatic scenes and characters during the production of the film The Long Voyage Home , a cinematic adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's plays. He also illustrated two books for Isaac Bashevis Singer , entitled A Little Boy in Search of God and Love and Exile . Soyer died from cancer at

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480-1000: The Art Students League , the New School for Social Research and the National Academy. He was an artist of the Great Depression , and during the 1930s, Raphael and his brother Moses engaged in Social Realism, demonstrating empathy with the struggles of the working class. In 1939, the twins worked together with the Works Project Administration , Federal Art Project (WPA-FAP) mural at the Kingsessing Station post office in Philadelphia . Soyer deeply admired fellow American artist Thomas Eakins, and produced

520-497: The Fourteenth Street School of painters that included Reginald Marsh , Isabel Bishop , Kenneth Hayes Miller , Peggy Bacon and, his teacher, Guy Pene du Bois . Soyer persistently investigated a number of themes—female nudes, portraits of friends and family, New York and, especially, its people—in his paintings, drawings, watercolors and prints. He also painted a vast number of self-portraits throughout his career. Soyer

560-649: The Jungle (1929) and Love and War Stories (1930), originated as Good Story magazines. In 1931, Macfadden purchased the assets of the Mackinnon-Fly magazine publishers, which gave him the pioneering sci-fi pulp Amazing Stories , and several other titles; they were published under the Teck Publications imprint. This apparently made Good Story expendable and financial support was withdrawn almost immediately. The Teck titles lasted under Macfadden control until being sold in

600-620: The Tarrytown School read: "To Meet the Needs of a Nation at War". The boys at the Tarrytown School wore uniforms and were subject to military-type discipline and corporal punishment. The Macfadden School operated from 1936 to 1950, and the Tarrytown School operated from 1943 to 1954. The Macfadden Foundation also operated Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee. The foundation began in 1931 when he gave $ 50 million to it. Macfadden

640-640: The age of 87 in his home in New York City on November 4, 1987. He is buried at Acacia Cemetery in Queens, New York. His work is included in many public museum collections including the Butler Institute of American Art , the National Gallery of Art , Smithsonian American Art Museum , Metropolitan Museum of Art , Whitney Museum of American Art , Hirshhorn Museum , among others. Art collector Victor Ganz started collecting art in his teenage years with

680-460: The body. For example, one photograph showed Macfadden lifting a 100-pound dumbbell over his head immediately after a seven-day fast. Macfadden acknowledged the difficulties of fasting and did not support it as an ascetic practice, but rather because he believed its ultimate benefits outweighed its costs. He was particularly opposed to the consumption of white bread, which he called the "staff of death". Macfadden established many "healthatoriums" in

720-651: The border-line cultists that oppose scientific medicine and devote themselves to the promotion of some single conception of disease causation, prevention, and treatment." Some of Macfadden's publications also drew criticism for their erotic and sexual content. He was targeted by the Society for the Suppression of Vice for producing "pornographic" posters to promote one of his Physical Culture Exhibitions. Macfadden's legacy after his death has largely been tarnished by details of his private life. James Whorton , PhD, notes that

760-499: The collection. Source: Bernarr Macfadden Bernarr Macfadden (born Bernard Adolphus McFadden , August 16, 1868 – October 12, 1955) was an American proponent of physical culture , a combination of bodybuilding with nutritional and health theories. He founded the long-running magazine publishing company Macfadden Publications . Born in Mill Spring, Missouri , Macfadden changed his first and last names to give them

800-431: The eastern and midwestern states. These institutions offered educational programs, such as "The Physical Culture Training School". Although he gained his reputation for physical culture and fitness, he gained much notoriety for his views on sexual behavior. He viewed intercourse as a healthy activity and not solely a procreative one; this was a different attitude than most physicians had at the time. He also attempted to found

840-538: The field when he was a book publisher, commissioning artists to illustrate new editions of classic literature . He was married to Rita Hillman. He began his collection with such American painters as Raphael Soyer and Preston Dickinson , and expanded it to include impressionist and other painters. He eventually established the Alex Hillman Family Foundation, a private foundation in Manhattan , to oversee

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880-472: The glamorous and eccentric character of Macfadden's life has led to a predilection for "the amusing tale or shocking incident" in describing it. Whorton argued that this distracts from Macfadden's real beliefs and significance, causing research to be directed "to the outer person, to actions rather than motives." Macfadden wrote over 100 books. This is a partial list of titles: Raphael Soyer Raphael Zalman Soyer (December 25, 1899 – November 4, 1987)

920-830: The large annual and biennial American exhibitions of the Whitney Museum of American Art , the Carnegie Institute , the Art Institute of Chicago , the Corcoran Gallery of Art , the National Academy of Design , and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts . He was also a member of the Society of American Graphic Artists . Soyer's teaching career began at the John Reed Club , New York, in 1930 and included stints at

960-399: The larger 'digest' size. The long-running Hillman paperbacks first appeared in 1948 and lasted until 1961. In 1944, Hillman launched a digest-sized , general-interest, "slick" (glossy paper) magazine, Pageant , with an initial print run of 500,000 copies. To obtain the paper during World War II wartime rationing, Hillman ended his detective magazines and comics, which together brought in

1000-457: The late '30s, after which Macfadden was absent from the pulp field. Macfadden also contributed to many articles and books including The Virile Powers of Superb Manhood (1900), MacFadden's Encyclopedia of Physical Culture (1911–1912), Fasting for Health (1923), and The Milk Diet (1923). Macfadden popularized the practice of fasting that previously had been associated with illnesses such as anorexia nervosa . He felt strongly that fasting

1040-479: The once-familiar movie magazine Photoplay , and the tabloid newspaper, The New York Evening Graphic . Macfadden's magazines included SPORT , a preeminent sports magazine prior to Time Inc. 's Sports Illustrated . Ghost Stories was a nod in the direction of the rapidly growing field of pulp magazines , though it was a large-size magazine that preserved Macfadden's confessional style for most of its stories. In 1928, Macfadden made more overt moves into

1080-470: The pulps with, for example, Red Blooded Stories (1928–29), Flying Stories (1928–29), and Tales of Danger and Daring (1929). These were all unsuccessful. In 1929, Macfadden underwrote Harold Hersey 's pulp chain, the Good Story Magazine Company . Macfadden titles like Ghost Stories and Flying Stories continued as Good Story publications. Other intended Macfadden pulps, like Thrills of

1120-459: The purchases of watercolors by Louis Eilshemius and Jules Pascin , and an oil painting by Raphael Soyer. On February 8, 1931, Soyer married Rebecca Letz, who was friends with his sister Fanny. Together they had one daughter. He was a close friend of Arshile Gorky and his wife Agnes, whom he painted while pregnant (fully clothed). In 1953, Soyer co-founded the magazine Reality: A Journal of Artists' Opinions , published by figurative artists as

1160-677: The talents of Captain America creators Joe Simon and Jack Kirby . Hillman's most notable character, however, continuing in new stories by another publisher, Eclipse Comics , in the 1980s, was the Charles Biro , Dick Wood and Al Camy-created aviator -adventurer Airboy in Air Fighters Comics and its successor, Airboy Comics . Hillman ceased publishing comic books in 1953, while continuing to launch such new magazines as Homeland , and People Today , while also distributing The Freeman ,

1200-431: The transition within a decade from air travel as men had understood it for two generations to an entire new era of flight at supersonic speeds and fantastic altitudes, of strange new shapes in aircraft design, of combat planes without pilots, and rocket voyages into outer space. Flight chronicled the revolution in the skies with lines of defense of the " H-Bomb " with futuristic drawings by Matt Greene artistically depicting

1240-462: Was 13, however, he moved to St. Louis and took a desk job. Quickly his health reverted again and by 16 he described himself as a "physical wreck". He started exercising again with dumbbells , walking up to six miles a day with a lead weight in his clothes, and he became a vegetarian . He quickly regained his previous health. In 1899, Macfadden founded Physical Culture (1899–1951?), an American magazine on bodybuilding, health, and fitness, and

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1280-446: Was a Russian -born American painter , draftsman , and printmaker . Soyer was referred to as an American scene painter . He is identified as a Social Realist because of his interest in men and women viewed in contemporary settings which included the streets, subways, salons and artists' studios of New York City . He also wrote several books on his life and art. His brothers Moses Soyer and Isaac Soyer were also painters. He

1320-705: Was a proponent of raw foodism and a follower of Sylvester Graham 's philosophies. His Macfadden Foundation established two boarding schools for young boys and girls in Westchester County, New York : the Macfadden School in Briarcliff Manor (Scarborough), originally for ages 4 – 12, and the Tarrytown School in Tarrytown . On March 7, 1943, the advertisement in The New York Times Magazine for

1360-418: Was adamant in his belief in representational art and strongly opposed the dominant force of abstract art during the late 1940s and early 1950s. After his time in art school, Soyer did not immediately begin working as a professional artist, and instead painted during his free time while working other jobs. Soyer's first solo exhibition took place in 1929. Beginning in the early 1930s, he showed regularly in

1400-528: Was at Cooper Union where he met Chaim Gross , who became a lifelong friend from that time. He continued his studies at the National Academy of Design from 1918 until 1922 and, subsequently, at the Art Students League of New York intermittently between 1920 until 1926. While at ASL, he studied with Guy Pene du Bois and Boardman Robinson , taking up the gritty urban subjects of the Ashcan school . After his formal education ended, Soyer became associated with

1440-471: Was born as Raphael Schoar . He and his identical twin brother, Moses , were born in Borisoglebsk , Tambov , a southern province of Russia, on December 25, 1899. Their father, Abraham Shauer, a Hebrew scholar, writer and teacher, raised his six children in an intellectual environment in which much emphasis was placed on academic and artistic pursuits. Their mother, Bella, was an embroiderer. Their cousin

1480-467: Was editor up to the August 1912 issue. In May 1919, readers letters to Physical Culture magazine which told their personal stories resulted in a new magazine, True Story , and, later, True Detective , True Story , True Romance (magazine) . Aided by long-time Supervising Editor Fulton Oursler , Macfadden eventually grew a publishing empire, including Liberty , Dream World , Ghost Stories ,

1520-901: Was married four times and had eight children. His son Jack appeared on Groucho Marx 's show You Bet Your Life (December 31, 1953) and talked about his father, who was then 84 years old. He met his third wife, Mary Williamson Macfadden, in England when she won a contest "for the most perfect specimen of England womanhood," sponsored by Macfadden; she was a champion British swimmer. The couple had eight children: Helen, Byrne, Byrnece, Beulah, Beverly, Brewster, Berwyn, and Braunda. Bernarr and Mary separated in 1932, and they divorced in 1946. Macfadden had ambitions for political office. He sought election as Mayor of New York City , US Senator from Florida , and even US president. Two of Macfadden's children died for lack of medical care, as Macfadden viewed all doctors as quacks. When one of his daughters died of

1560-510: Was one of the surest ways to physical health. Many of his subjects would fast for a week to rejuvenate their body. He claimed that through fasting "a person could exercise unqualified control over virtually all types of disease while revealing a degree of strength and stamina such as would put others to shame". He saw fasting as an instrument with which to prove a man's superiority over other men. Macfadden had photographs of himself taken before and after fasts to demonstrate their positive effects on

1600-767: Was painter and meteorologist, Joshua Zalman Holland. Due to the many difficulties for the Jewish population in the late Russian Empire, the Soyer family was forced to emigrate in 1912 to the United States, where they ultimately settled in the Bronx . The family name changed from Schoar to Soyer during immigration. Raphael pursued his art education at the free schools of the Cooper Union between 1914 and 1917, studying alongside his twin Moses. It

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