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101-670: The municipality lies in the Western Palatinate west of Lauterecken at an elevation of about 300 m above sea level on a brook called the Sulzbach, which rises within municipal limits and then flows less than a kilometre down to the Grumbach, which is also known hereabouts as the Rüllbach. The mountains around the village reach elevations of 340 to 360 m above sea level. The municipal area measures 296 ha, of which roughly 8 ha

202-511: A treaty was signed between Austria and Bavaria in which the various territorial changes were agreed on. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Emperor Francis I of Austria ceded various regions to King Maximilian I of Bavaria . These included, in addition to various regions east of the Rhine, the following regions west of the Rhine: These changes took effect on 1 May 1816. In accordance with

303-756: A blood pudding sausage called grieweworscht ("griewe" are speck (bacon) cubes, so lit. "sausage with bacon bits"), lewwerknedel (Leberknödel) (or lewwerknepp , liver dumplings), and fleeschknepp (Fleischknödel: meat dumplings). Sauerkraut is the typical side dish in all seasons, but especially in winter, as are mashed potatoes and brown gravy. Also eaten are dampfnudels , which can be served with either sweet sauces or side dishes (such as wine, vanilla sauce, or canned fruit such as plums, prunes, or pears) or with savory side dishes (such as potato soup, vegetable soup, goulash, or pepper pork). 49°26′N 7°46′E  /  49.433°N 7.767°E  / 49.433; 7.767 Spring (hydrology) A spring

404-547: A cooperation project with Kutztown University ). In the same village one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association. Many more Palatines emigrated in the course of the 19th century, and the great majority of them to North America, so that in the US temporarily "Palatine" was a common designation for German Americans . Johann Heinrich Heinz (1811–1891), the father of Henry John Heinz who founded

505-433: A few decades ago, the greater part of the population worked mainly at agriculture . Besides the farmers, there were also farmhands, forestry workers, quarrymen and a few craftsmen. There were hardly any other job opportunities. Now that only a few people work at agriculture, most members of the workforce must commute to jobs elsewhere. As early as 1955, there were 52 villagers in the workforce, 46 of whom commuted. Noteworthy

606-480: A few schoolteachers’ names. In 1632, schoolteacher Jakob Schwarz lost his wife and all his children to the Plague , before he himself died a few weeks later. In the time that followed, the schoolteacher’s post, which involved a one-class school, was continuously occupied. At first, classes were taught at a herdsman’s house, and indeed this was for all schoolchildren from not only Herren-Sulzbach but also every other village in

707-504: A heat source for thousands of years. In the 20th century, they became a renewable resource of geothermal energy for heating homes and buildings. The city of Beppu, Japan contains 2,217 hot spring well heads that provide the city with hot water. Hot springs have also been used as a source of sustainable energy for greenhouse cultivation and the growing of crops and flowers. Springs have been represented in culture through art, mythology, and folklore throughout history. The Fountain of Youth

808-450: A holiday village. Herren-Sulzbach is a clump village set against a mountain slope, and it has old buildings. The church with its Romanesque building elements stands in the hollow at the village’s upper end. The graveyard lies on the right side of the road that links the village with the Grumbach valley and Bundesstraße 270. There is altogether very little in the way of new building. The former schoolhouse stands at Hauptstraße 22, near

909-662: A house. There were formerly opportunities for vocational education in Offenbach and Idar-Oberstein . Young farmers could go to agricultural schools in Meisenheim and Baumholder , and after the 1968 regional reform, in Kusel , too. Nowadays, vocational education is only to be had at the vocational colleges in Kusel. Gymnasien are to be found in Lauterecken , Meisenheim and Kusel. Running through

1010-474: A kind of mythic quality in that some people falsely believe that springs are always healthy sources of drinking water. They may or may not be. One must take a comprehensive water quality test to know how to use a spring appropriately, whether for a mineral bath or drinking water. Springs that are managed as spas will already have such a test. Springs are often used as sources for bottled water. When purchasing bottled water labeled as spring water one can often find

1111-414: A network of cracks and fissures—openings ranging from intergranular spaces to large caves , later emerging in a spring. The forcing of the spring to the surface can be the result of a confined aquifer in which the recharge area of the spring water table rests at a higher elevation than that of the outlet. Spring water forced to the surface by elevated sources are artesian wells . This is possible even if

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1212-493: A new creation. In 1818, the cantons were merged into 12 administrative districts called Landkommissariat . In 1862, these were designated individually as Bezirksamt . In 1939, each one became a Landkreis (rural district). As his first provincial governor, King Maximilian selected the Privy Councillor ( Hofrat ) Franz Xaver von Zwack , whose name gave rise to the popular Palatine nickname for Bavarians, Zwockel . In 1832

1313-669: A number of Franconian territories on both sides of the Rhine formerly held by the Counts palatine ( Pfalzgrafen ) of Lotharingia . By the late 12th century, the Count palatine had achieved the status of a Prince-elector ( Kurfürst ), becoming one of the seven higher nobles with the privilege of electing the Emperor , as confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356 . In 1214, the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach

1414-584: A place with a name ending in —bach , was likely founded, like most places with names ending thus, in the 8th century. The village belonged until the early 12th century to the Nahegau , when it passed to the Waldgraves , who may be considered the Nahegau counts’ successors. The church that stands today holds clues in the oldest parts of its building that it must originally have been built about one thousand years ago. Sulzbach

1515-637: A royal palace in Edenkoben , and by restoring Speyer Cathedral under the direct supervision of King Ludwig I. The new town of Ludwigshafen was named after the king. Despite these attempts, the Palatinate's representatives to the Bavarian Parliament always prided themselves on the claim that they came from a more progressive region. Indeed, they tried to promote their liberalism, which the French had introduced to

1616-510: A secondary occupation. Herren-Sulzbach also produced a number of Wandermusikanten (see the Eßweiler article for more on this phenomenon). Over the last decade, agricultural operations have been being given up. A big building firm has its head office in the village. It could be that schoolchildren were being taught in Herren-Sulzbach even before 1600. The church register begun in 1627 mentions

1717-700: A squad under the command of Edgar Julius Jung . On 9 January 1924, Heinz was assassinated while dining at the Wittelsbacher Hof in Speyer. Other leading members of the separatist movement were killed on 12 February, in a shooting in Pirmasens . By then, a treaty between Bavaria and the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (the supreme council of the Allied occupation forces) of January 1924 recognised

1818-447: A support for the drawbridge . In 1714 and 1715, the aisleless , quireless, wooden-roofed nave that still stands today was built. Noteworthy inside is the gallery upon eight-sided wooden pillars whose balustrade bears paintings of Bible stories. These pictures of simple composition are ascribed to the painter Johann Georg Engisch. They were renovated from the ground up in 1971 and 1972. The Stumm organ comes from 1822. Beginning in 1606,

1919-511: Is a mythical spring which was said to restore youth to anyone who drank from it. It has been claimed that the fountain is located in St. Augustine, Florida , and was discovered by Juan Ponce de León in 1513. However, it has not demonstrated the power to restore youth, and most historians dispute the veracity of Ponce de León's discovery. Pythia, also known as the Oracle at Delphi was the high priestess of

2020-471: Is a natural exit point at which groundwater emerges from the aquifer and flows onto the top of the Earth's crust ( pedosphere ) to become surface water . It is a component of the hydrosphere , as well as a part of the water cycle . Springs have long been important for humans as a source of fresh water , especially in arid regions which have relatively little annual rainfall . Springs are driven out onto

2121-481: Is an example of an entire creek vanishing into the groundwater system. The water emerges 9 miles (14 km) away, forming some of the discharge of Mammoth Spring in Arkansas . Human activity may also affect a spring's discharge—withdrawal of groundwater reduces the water pressure in an aquifer, decreasing the volume of flow. Springs fall into three general classifications: perennial (springs that flow constantly during

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2222-576: Is greater than human body temperature, usually in the range of 45–50 °C (113–122 °F), but they can be hotter. Those springs with water cooler than body temperature but warmer than air temperature are sometimes referred to as warm springs. Hot springs or geothermal springs have been used for balneotherapy , bathing, and relaxation for thousands of years. Because of the folklore surrounding hot springs and their claimed medical value, some have become tourist destinations and locations of physical rehabilitation centers. Hot springs have been used as

2323-406: Is made up of 6 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 25 May 2014, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Herren-Sulzbach’s mayor is Michael Theobaldt. The municipality’s arms might be described thus: A riband sinister sable between Or a lion rampant sinister gules armed and langued azure and argent a cross Maltese of the third. The upper charge in

2424-602: Is one of the greatest wine-producing regions in Germany, and in the last two decades has become well known for its prize-winning white and reds of highest quality produced by a number of talented young winemakers. Major rivers include the Upper Rhine tributaries Lauter , Queich and Speyerbach , as well as Schwarzbach and Glan in the west. Historically the Electoral Palatinate and several other territories were part of

2525-411: Is said to result in the absorption of the minerals from the water. Some springs contain arsenic levels that exceed the 10 ppb World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water . Where such springs feed rivers they can also raise the arsenic levels in the rivers above WHO limits. Water from springs is usually clear. However, some springs may be colored by the minerals that are dissolved in

2626-485: Is settled and 69 ha is wooded. Herren-Sulzbach borders in the north on the municipality of Merzweiler , in the east on the municipality of Grumbach , in the south on the municipality of Buborn , in the southwest on the municipalities of Deimberg and Kirrweiler and in the west on the municipality of Homberg . Also belonging to Herren-Sulzbach is the outlying centre known as the Feriendorf Rheinpfalz ,

2727-501: Is that the population figures during the 19th century did not grow as quickly here as in the neighbouring village of Homberg , and then before the turn of the 21st century, they actually began to shrink steadily. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Herren-Sulzbach: The Romans apparently maintained a post somewhere near what is today Herren-Sulzbach that they called Salisso . Springs that are particularly mineral-laden are found in this area, although

2828-755: Is the Donnersberg with a height of 687 m (2,254 ft), situated in the North Palatine Uplands near Kirchheimbolanden . Most of the major Palatinate towns ( Ludwigshafen , Speyer , Landau , Frankenthal , Neustadt ) lie in the lower eastern part of the Upper Rhine Plain down to the River Rhine. Here the German Wine Route ( Deutsche Weinstraße ) passes through the Palatinate wine region . It

2929-569: The Amish , Mennonites , and Fancy Dutch in the United States, is derived primarily from the Palatine German language which many Mennonite refugees brought to Pennsylvania in the years 1717 to 1732. The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe , was founded 1996 in the village of Ober-Olm , which is located close to Mainz, the state capital (and is published bi-annually as

3030-716: The Amt of Grumbach. Later, after the First World War , the Treaty of Versailles stipulated, among other things, that 26 of the Sankt Wendel district’s 94 municipalities had to be ceded to the British - and French- occupied Saar . The remaining 68 municipalities then bore the designation “Restkreis St. Wendel-Baumholder”, with the first syllable of Restkreis having the same meaning as in English, in

3131-542: The Bezirksämter : Speyer, Ludwigshafen, Frankenthal, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, and Zweibrücken. They remain separate to this day. Between 1919 and 1923, during the occupation, there were French-backed attempts at separating the Palatinate from Bavaria and the Empire. On 1 June 1919, Eberhard Haaß, founder of the "Free Palatine Association" (1918), proclaimed the "Palatine Republic", but failed to occupy

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3232-604: The Congress of Vienna to the Principality of Lichtenberg , a newly created exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld , which as of 1826 became the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . As part of this state, it passed in 1834 to the Kingdom of Prussia , which made this area into the Sankt Wendel district. The former cantons were changed into Prussian Ämter , and Herren-Sulzbach belonged to

3333-703: The Glan valley in May 1632. In the autumn of that same year, the Plague claimed 38 lives within one month. In schoolteacher Schwarz’s family alone, six people died: his wife and five of their children. Only slowly did the village recover from these losses after the war, only to be stricken with further setbacks in French King Louis XIV’s wars of conquest. Until the time of the French Revolution , Herren-Sulzbach remained under

3434-483: The H. J. Heinz Company in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , emigrated from Kallstadt , Palatinate, to the United States in 1840. Arguably the most famous dish in Palatinate is the saumagen , literally "sow's stomach", a dish that consists of a thick, crispy-fried casing (sow stomach) stuffed with a mixture of pork, potatoes, and seasonings. Other traditional meat dishes of the region include bratwurst, Palatinate liverwurst,

3535-648: The Missouri and Arkansas Ozarks , which contain 10 known of first-magnitude; and 11 more in the Thousand Springs area along the Snake River in Idaho . The scale for spring flow is as follows: Minerals become dissolved in the water as it moves through the underground rocks . This mineral content is measured as total dissolved solids (TDS). This may give the water flavor and even carbon dioxide bubbles, depending on

3636-446: The Pfalz (Palatinate). The historic Electorate of the Palatinate had spanned both sides of the Rhine with Heidelberg and Mannheim as its capitals on the eastern side, whereas the new "Palatinate" established in 1815–16 lay solely on the left bank of the Rhine. It included territories that had never been part of the historical Palatinate (e.g., territories of the former Bishopric of Speyer,

3737-585: The Rheinkreis became the focal point of liberal movements. The Hambach Festival , a large gathering near Neustadt an der Weinstraße , proved fertile ground for what came to be considered a milestone in German history. In 1835, King Ludwig I of Bavaria 's romantic outlook gave rise to the adoption of new, historically evocative names for the administrative districts of Bavaria. As such, the Rheinkreis officially became

3838-496: The Rhenish Palatinate ( Rheinpfalz ), is a historical region of Germany . The Palatinate occupies most of the southern quarter of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Rheinland-Pfalz ), covering an area of 2,105 square miles (5,450 km ) with about 1.4 million inhabitants. Its residents are known as Palatines ( Pfälzer ). The Palatinate borders Saarland in the west, historically also comprising

3939-578: The Temple of Apollo . She delivered prophesies in a frenzied state of divine possession that were "induced by vapours rising from a chasm in the rock". It is believed that the vapors were emitted from the Kerna spring at Delphi. The Greek myth of Narcissus describes a young man who fell in love with his reflection in the still pool of a spring. Narcissus gazed into "an unmuddied spring, silvery from its glittering waters, which neither shepherds nor she-goats grazing on

4040-549: The Left Bank of the Rhine the former French départements of the Sarre and Mont-Tonnerre, except where set forth in the same treaty, were to fall "with full sovereignty" and ownership rights within the overlordship of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria ( Herrschaft Sr. Maj. des Kaisers von Oesterreich ). Initially, however, joint Austro-Bavarian administration was retained. On 14 April 1816,

4141-692: The Order of Saint John. The relationship with the Counts of Grumbach, though, wove itself even more tightly. Beginning in 1606, 62 members of the Rhinegravial house were buried in the crypt at the Herren-Sulzbach church. The village suffered particularly badly during the Thirty Years' War under occupation by foreign troops, and the Plague struck the village, too. Great harm was done by the Spanish troops who passed through

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4242-488: The Palatinate, but today belong to other German territories. The Palatinate is divided into four non-administrative sub-regions, comprising the following rural districts and independent towns and cities: Like most of Southwestern Germany, the Palatinate’s climate is either humid subtropical in areas below 300 meters or oceanic on higher ground. The average annual temperatures vary from around 11-14 degrees Celsius in

4343-566: The Palatinate, to the whole Bavarian kingdom. German historian Heiner Haan described the special status accorded the Palatinate within Bavaria as being one of a Hauptstaat (main state, i.e. Bavaria) with a Nebenstaat (adjacent state, i.e. the Palatinate). In May/June 1849, after the failed revolution of 1848 , and as part of the Imperial Constitution campaign , separatist elements wanted

4444-558: The Palatinate, was occupied by French revolutionary troops . As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the First French Republic annexed the region. In 1798, the French introduced a new administrative system with the establishment of departments. The area of the Palatinate largely became the Département of Mont Tonnerre , laying the cornerstone of its regional identity today. Minor parts of today's region were attached to

4545-465: The Protestant parish of Herren-Sulzbach was founded that same year. Belonging to it from the beginning were all villages in the Amt of Grumbach but for those that lay on the river Glan . Only in 1808, when Grumbach was raised to a parish in its own right, did the arrangement change. Hausweiler and Merzweiler were then assigned to the newly founded parish of Grumbach. Until the Thirty Years' War , all

4646-592: The Rhine, and the southern part of the Prussian Rhine Province , to form the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate . The Palatinate formed the administrative district ( Regierungsbezirk ) of the Pfalz. This reorganisation came with smaller losses of former district territory to the Saarland, especially in the area of Sankt Wendel . As part of the 1969 administrative reform, some minor border changes were made in

4747-587: The Waldgraves and Rhinegraves. Thus, the village, along with others, was pledged in 1363 by Johann von Dhaun to Sponheim -Starkenburg. Clearly, however, it did not belong to those villages of the court that were pledged in 1443 to the County of Veldenz as the “poor people of Grumbach ” and later redeemed by the Waldgraviate. It may have been the knightly order’s importance that kept Herren-Sulzbach out of this pledge. In

4848-420: The area belonged to the eastern part of Frankish Austrasia , which—as Rhenish Franconia —became part of East Francia according to the 843 Treaty of Verdun . From the Middle Ages until 1792, the Palatinate was divided into 45 secular and ecclesiastical territories , some of which were very small. The largest and most important of these was the Electorate of the Palatinate ( Kurfürstentum Pfalz ), encompassing

4949-565: The arms, the lion, stands for the village’s former allegiance to the Waldgraves and Rhinegraves, while the other charge, the Maltese cross , is the traditional device borne by the Knights Hospitaller (Order of Saint John), who once held a seat in Herren-Sulzbach. The arms have been borne since 1964 when they were approved by the Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of the Interior. The following are listed buildings or sites in Rhineland-Palatinate ’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: Herren-Sulzbach holds its " Kirmes " (church consecration festival) on

5050-401: The church. It was built in 1849 and expanded in 1890. In 1966, the Evangelical church community built the municipal hall with financial support from the municipality. The holiday village Rheinpfalz came into being in 1970 with 46 holiday dwellings and lies outside the village to the side of the linking road to Bundesstraße 270. It is assumed that the area around what is now Herren-Sulzbach

5151-409: The church’s crypt served as the burying place for the Grumbach feudal lords. Among Herren-Sulzbach’s pastors have been a few descendants of the well known Pietist Philipp Jakob Spener (1635-1705), such as Johann Karl Spener, Friedrich Wilhelm Spener, Friedrich Philipp Spener and August Ludwig Jakob Euler. Even the regional historical researcher, Otto Karsch, was the pastor in Sulzbach. The council

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5252-413: The course of time, mainly through land clearing and endowments. The convent at Sulzbach lost much of its original importance when, in the course of the 14th century, another of the Order’s seats sprang up in Meisenheim , where travel links were more favourable. As greatly important as the Order of Saint John might have been for the village, the Herren-Sulzbach villagers themselves were held to be subjects of

5353-404: The district to secede from Bavaria and establish its own " Palatine Republic ". A separatist uprising was suppressed by Prussian military intervention. The Palatinate's union with Bavaria persisted after it became part of the German Empire in 1871, and, indeed, after the Wittelsbach dynasty was deposed, and Bavaria became a free state of the Weimar Republic in 1918. In 1910, the town of Landau

5454-447: The early 14th century an estate in Herren-Sulzbach, whose buildings were renovated and expanded in the course of time. People first spoke of the altes Gebäu (“old building”), and then later of the Haus Sulzbach . It is believed to have been a stately house with a watermain built of clay pipes. It was fed by a spring , which is still known today as the Pfaffenbrunnen (roughly “Cleric’s Spring”). The Order’s landholds grew considerably in

5555-476: The form of a particular name, an associated legend , the attribution of healing qualities to the water through the numinous presence of its guardian spirit or of a Christian saint , or a ceremony or ritual centered on the well site. Christian legends often recount how the action of a saint caused a spring's water to flow - a familiar theme, especially in the hagiography of Celtic saints. The geothermally heated groundwater that flows from thermal springs

5656-556: The former French administrative structure, the subdivision of the district into arrondissements, cantons, mayoralties, and municipalities was, in large measure, retained. The Bavarian government also preserved the French legal system (Code Napoléon), giving the Palatinate a distinct legal status within the Bavarian kingdom. At the next lower level, the three former French arrondissements were continued as Kreisdirektion ("Circle", i.e. district, "direction") of Frankenthal, Kaiserslautern, and Zweibrücken. Kreisdirektion Landau was, however,

5757-446: The government building in Speyer. On 23 November 1923, Franz Josef Heinz proclaimed the "Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the Rhenish Republic " at Speyer, after gaining control of the towns of Kaiserslautern, Neustadt, and Landau, and after the capitulation of the Palatine government. In the following days, several more towns fell into his group's hands. The Bavarian government reacted sharply. It organised

5858-586: The imperial city of Speyer or Kirchheimbolanden , which had formerly belonged to the Weilburg branch of Nassau ). To avoid confusion of the new Palatinate and the former one (and with the Upper Palatinate ), the name Rhenish Palatinate ( Rheinpfalz ) became common and is still used today, but was never made its official name. Another term, that of Rhenish Bavaria ( Rheinbayern ), though used occasionally, never gained great currency, but can, nonetheless, be found sometimes on older maps. The Bavarian Royal Family tried to encourage Palatine unity with Bavaria by erecting

5959-496: The lordship of the Counts of Grumbach. During the time of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era that followed, Herren-Sulzbach belonged to the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Grumbach, the Canton of Grumbach, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld and the Department of Sarre . In 1793, French Revolutionary troops advanced through the Glan valley and stationed themselves in the villages near Grumbach , and this included Sulzbach. One night, some 90 Prussian hussars thrust into

6060-623: The mountain nor any other cattle had touched, which neither bird nor beast nor branch fallen from a tree had disturbed." (Ovid) The early 20th century American photographer, James Reuel Smith created a comprehensive series of photographs documenting the historical springs of New York City before they were capped by the city after the advent of the municipal water system. Smith later photographed springs in Europe leading to his book, Springs and Wells in Greek and Roman Literature, Their Legends and Locations (1922). The 19th century Japanese artists Utagawa Hiroshige and Utagawa Toyokuni III created

6161-731: The nature of the geology through which it passes. This is why spring water is often bottled and sold as mineral water , although the term is often the subject of deceptive advertising . Mineral water contains no less than 250 parts per million (ppm) of tds. Springs that contain significant amounts of minerals are sometimes called ' mineral springs '. (Springs without such mineral content, meanwhile, are sometimes distinguished as 'sweet springs'.) Springs that contain large amounts of dissolved sodium salts , mostly sodium carbonate , are called 'soda springs'. Many resorts have developed around mineral springs and are known as spa towns . Mineral springs are alleged to have healing properties. Soaking in them

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6262-432: The neighbouring departments of the Sarre and Bas-Rhin . The French further subdivided the department into cantons, mayoralties and municipalities, and introduced their legal system ( Napoleonic Code ) and the metric system . Following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the capture of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the Allies in January 1814, the region was, from 2 February 1814, initially under

6363-584: The north. The Diocese of Speyer and the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate still exist today largely based on the historic boundaries of the old Bavarian district. The Pfalz was initially one of five districts in Rhineland-Palatinate; however, in 1968, the district was merged with the neighbouring district of Rheinhessen to form the district of Rheinhessen-Pfalz . On 1 January 2000, all administrative districts of Rheinland-Pfalz were dissolved. Many Pennsylvania Dutchmen are descendants of Palatine immigrants. The Pennsylvania Dutch language , spoken by

6464-401: The order founded on the island of Rhodes a sovereign knightly state. After the Reformation there was, besides the original Catholic branch a new Protestant branch, the Bailiwick of Brandenburg of the Chivalric Order of Saint John of the Hospital at Jerusalem , which persists to this day. Since 1859, the Catholic branch has borne the name Order of Malta. The Order of Saint John acquired in

6565-400: The outlet is in the form of a 300-foot-deep (91 m) cave. In this case the cave is used like a hose by the higher elevated recharge area of groundwater to exit through the lower elevation opening. Non-artesian springs may simply flow from a higher elevation through the earth to a lower elevation and exit in the form of a spring, using the ground like a drainage pipe. Still other springs are

6666-418: The parish that did not yet have its own school. In 1684, the Rhinegraves transferred to the village a school estate to maintain the teacher. At the same time, the municipality bought an empty house to serve as the schoolhouse. In 1846, a purpose-built schoolhouse, which for those days was quite big for a village school, was built, complete with a teacher’s dwelling. This served as Herren-Sulzbach’s school until it

6767-407: The prevailing Bavarian administrative structure, the region became one of eight Bavarian districts ( Kreise ). From 1808, Bavaria embarked on the administrative reorganisation of its territory, creating districts which, as in France, were named after the main local rivers. Thus, the new district along the Rhine was given the name Rheinkreis (i.e. the Rhine district), with Speyer as its capital. Of

6868-489: The provisional authority of the General Government of the Middle Rhine . However, from 16 June of the same year, it was placed under the administration of the Imperial-Royal ("k.k.") Austrian and Royal Bavarian Joint Land Administration Commission ( k. k. östreichischen und k. bairischen gemeinschaftliche Landes-Administrations-Kommission ). In the main treaty agreed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and dated 9 June 1815, Article 51 stated ( inter alia ) that on

6969-430: The recharge include the size of the area in which groundwater is captured, the amount of precipitation, the size of capture points, and the size of the spring outlet. Water may leak into the underground system from many sources including permeable earth, sinkholes, and losing streams . In some cases entire creeks seemingly disappear as the water sinks into the ground via the stream bed. Grand Gulf State Park in Missouri

7070-424: The region is covered by the Palatinate Forest ( Pfälzerwald ), including the Palatinate Forest Nature Park popular with hikers. With about 1,771 km (684 sq mi), it is Germany's largest contiguous forested area, and is part of the Franco-German Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve . The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. Its highest mountain

7171-413: The reorganisation of German states during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II . While Bavaria itself was part of the U.S. occupation zone, the Palatinate was occupied by French forces. The French reorganised their occupation zone by founding new states, so that in 1947 the Palatinate was combined with Rhenish Hesse ( Rheinhessen ), the former parts of the People's State of Hesse west of

7272-446: The result of pressure from an underground source in the earth, in the form of volcanic or magma activity. The result can be water at elevated temperature and pressure, i.e. hot springs and geysers . The action of the groundwater continually dissolves permeable bedrock such as limestone and dolomite , creating vast cave systems. Spring discharge, or resurgence , is determined by the spring's recharge basin. Factors that affect

7373-565: The school journals all by himself. For a time he had as many as 90 pupils to teach in one class. In 1968, the school was dissolved. The last schoolteacher was Hans Joachim Krüger. Afterwards, the primary school pupils at first attended school at the Offenbach primary school while Hauptschule students went to the Offenbach-St. Julian Hauptschule, which had several streams. The old schoolhouse has since passed into private ownership and now serves as

7474-655: The sense of “left over”. Herren-Sulzbach belonged to this district until 1937, when it, along with the whole Restkreis , was merged into the Birkenfeld district , which up until that time had been an exclave of Oldenburg . This new, bigger Birkenfeld district lay within the Prussian Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz. After the Second World War , the village at first lay within the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz in

7575-801: The state's Saarpfalz District. In the northwest, the Hunsrück mountain range forms the border with the Rhineland region. The eastern border with Hesse and the Baden region runs along the Upper Rhine river, while the left bank, with Mainz and Worms as well as the Selz basin around Alzey , belong to the Rhenish Hesse region. In the south, the German- French border separates the Palatinate from Alsace . One-third of

7676-513: The status quo and guaranteed that the Palatinate would remain a part of Bavaria, thereby putting an end to separatist attempts. Under Nazi rule, from 1933 to 1945, the Palatinate officially remained part of Bavaria, but was otherwise totally reorganised—it was merged with the Saarland into the Gau Westmark , with headquarters in Saarbrücken . The union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following

7777-410: The surface by various natural forces, such as gravity and hydrostatic pressure . A spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater is known as a hot spring . The yield of spring water varies widely from a volumetric flow rate of nearly zero to more than 14,000 litres per second (490 cu ft/s) for the biggest springs. Springs are formed when groundwater flows onto

7878-459: The surface. This typically happens when the water table reaches above the surface level, or if the terrain depresses sharply. Springs may also be formed as a result of karst topography , aquifers or volcanic activity . Springs have also been observed on the ocean floor , spewing warmer, low- salinity water directly into the ocean. Springs formed as a result of karst topography create karst springs , in which ground water travels through

7979-562: The then newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate . In the course of administrative restructuring in this state in 1968, the Amt of Grumbach was dissolved. Herren-Sulzbach now passed to the then newly founded Verbandsgemeinde of Lauterecken in the Kusel district, and at the same time it was transferred from the Regierungsbezirk of Koblenz to the then newly founded Regierungsbezirk of Rheinhessen-Pfalz . Rhineland-Palatinate’s Regierungsbezirke have since been dissolved. Herren-Sulzbach has remained rurally structured to this day. Until

8080-446: The third weekend in May. Old customs such as were once common in all villages of the Glan area are otherwise hardly ever observed nowadays. In the time after the Second World War , the number of agricultural operations shrank sharply, though the amount of land usable for farming was largely preserved. Thus, the operations still in business became bigger. The main occupation was changed into

8181-568: The time of the Reformation , the Order of Saint John lost its influence in Herren-Sulzbach. In 1556, under its Grand Master Prince Georg von Schilling, it first pledged all its holdings to the Lordship of Grumbach under Rhinegrave Philipp Franz. In the early 17th century, these holdings passed into the County’s ownership against a price of 3,200 Rhenish guilders , thus ending the village’s relationship with

8282-647: The valleys and 8-10 degrees in the highlands. Wet air from the prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds leads to precipitation in the Mittelgebirge ranges, while it warms up on its way further down to the Rhine Valley; giving the valleys a considerably drier climate than the surrounding Palatine Forest . During the Holy Roman Empire prior to World War II , it was also referred to as Rhenish Bavaria and Lower Palatinate ( Unterpfalz ), which designated only

8383-409: The village and, first, led off 40 horses that had been tied up in the village, without being noticed. Then, they slew a few officers who had been staying at the rectory, and other French soldiers in other houses in the village. Later, French soldiers from Grumbach began destroying houses in Sulzbach, but had to withdraw in the face of advancing Prussians. In 1816, Herren-Sulzbach passed under the terms of

8484-547: The village of Herren-Sulzbach is Kreisstraße 64, which branches off from Bundesstraße 270 at the way out of the village of Grumbach to the north, linking this with Landesstraße 373 near Homberg . The nearest Autobahn interchange is the one near Kusel , some 25 km away. Serving Lauterecken , some 5 km away, is a railway station on the Lautertalbahn . Palatinate (region) The Palatinate ( German : Pfalz ; Palatine German : Palz ), or

8585-509: The village spring itself is not as remarkable in this way. Over the centuries, the village has borne the following names: Solzbach (1290), Soltzbach (1319) and Herren Sultzbach (1550). Because there are many places with the name Sulzbach, the word Herren (“Lords’”) was prefixed to the village’s name as early as the Middle Ages . It refers to the Order of Saint John , which maintained a convent in

8686-526: The village. In the 17th century, the name prefix disappeared again, only to be revived in 1928 as part of the municipality’s new official name. A further source states that the municipality’s name most likely means “place at the salt spring”. From the Early Middle Ages onwards, Sulzbach was the hub of a parish. The current church itself dates, at least in its oldest parts, from the Romanesque period. It

8787-448: The villagers were Protestant, but thereafter, other denominations were also tolerated. None, however, ever earned any particular significance. Even today, the overwhelming majority of Herren-Sulzbach inhabitants are Evangelical . Of the original Romanesque church, only the tower is preserved. The churchtower is both a watchtower and a defensive tower. On each side it has arrowslits and on the south side are two jutting stones that served as

8888-594: The water test for that spring on the website of the company selling it. Springs have been used as sources of water for gravity-fed irrigation of crops. Indigenous people of the American Southwest built spring-fed acequias that directed water to fields through canals. The Spanish missionaries later used this method. A sacred spring, or holy well, is a small body of water emerging from underground and revered in some religious context: Christian and/or pagan and/or other. The lore and mythology of ancient Greece

8989-431: The water. For instance, water heavy with iron or tannins will have an orange color. In parts of the United States a stream carrying the outflow of a spring to a nearby primary stream may be called a spring branch , spring creek , or run. Groundwater tends to maintain a relatively long-term average temperature of its aquifer; so flow from a spring may be cooler than other sources on a summer day, but remain unfrozen in

9090-639: The western part of the Electorate of the Palatinate ( Kurfürstentum Pfalz ), as opposed to the Upper Palatinate ( Oberpfalz ). Formerly a Celtic region, this area was conquered by the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus in about 12 BCE; thereafter, it was part of the province of Germania Superior . During the decline of the Empire, Alamannic tribes settled here; their territory was conquered by Francia under King Clovis I about 496. From 511 onwards,

9191-543: The winter. The cool water of a spring and its branch may harbor species such as certain trout that are otherwise ill-suited to a warmer local climate . Springs have been used for a variety of human needs - including drinking water, domestic water supply, irrigation, mills , navigation, and electricity generation . Modern uses include recreational activities such as fishing, swimming, and floating; therapy ; water for livestock; fish hatcheries; and supply for bottled mineral water or bottled spring water. Springs have taken on

9292-569: The year); intermittent (temporary springs that are active after rainfall, or during certain seasonal changes); and periodic (as in geysers that vent and erupt at regular or irregular intervals). Springs are often classified by the volume of the water they discharge. The largest springs are called "first-magnitude", defined as springs that discharge water at a rate of at least 2800 liters or 100 cubic feet (2.8 m ) of water per second. Some locations contain many first-magnitude springs, such as Florida where there are at least 27 known to be that size;

9393-569: Was enfeoffed with these estates, which they ruled until 1918, together with the collateral branch of Palatine Zweibrücken from 1410. Needing stronger protection, they lost control with the reunification with Bavaria under Elector Charles Theodore in 1777. The major ecclesiastical territory in the region was the Bishopric of Speyer . The Imperial city of Landau joined the Alsatian Décapole in 1521 to preserve its status. Nevertheless, it

9494-407: Was already settled in prehistoric times . Nevertheless, such early habitation has yet to be borne out by any archaeological finds from that time. It could be that as early as Gallo-Roman times, a small settlement had arisen within what are now Herren-Sulzbach’s limits. It is very questionable, though, whether this had anything to do with Salisso (see Municipality’s name below). Sulzbach, as

9595-639: Was declared independent of the Bezirksamt . After World War I , French troops occupied the Palatinate under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles . In 1920, the western Bezirksämter of Sankt Ingbert and Homburg ( Saarpfalz ) were separated from the Bavarian Palatinate, and became part of the newly established Saarland , which, according to the peace treaty, was governed by the League of Nations . That same year, seven more towns were declared independent of

9696-457: Was eventually dissolved in the 1960s. Standing before the building, besides a fountain, were great limetrees . Meanwhile, schools had been springing up in more and more neighbouring villages. The school journals, which were kept beginning in 1877, are still fully preserved in three volumes. They contain exhaustive accounts of events that happened in the village. Schoolteacher Rudolf Licht, who served in Sulzbach from 1905 to 1949, filled one volume of

9797-642: Was eventually moved to Sulzbach. The origin of the Knights of Saint John was a hospital for pilgrims and the sick in Jerusalem . Raymond du Puy de Provence (1083-1160), the order’s first Grand Master (1120-1160) enacted sometime about 1155 the order’s first constitution. The order first quickly spread in Mediterranean Europe. Beginning in 1137, the Knights also took on the task of armed border protection, thereby becoming an ecclesiastical knightly order. In 1309,

9898-471: Was replete with sacred and storied springs—notably, the Corycian , Pierian and Castalian springs. In medieval Europe, pagan sacred sites frequently became Christianized as holy wells. The term "holy well" is commonly employed to refer to any water source of limited size (i.e., not a lake or river, but including pools and natural springs and seeps), which has some significance in local folklore . This can take

9999-691: Was seized by France after the Thirty Years' War . Other larger regional entities included the Duchy of Zweibrücken and the Prince-Bishopric of Speyer . The Prince-Bishopric held possessions on both sides of the Rhine. For centuries, the Electoral Palatinate and Bavaria maintained dynastic links because both were ruled by members of the Wittelsbach family. In 1794, the Left Bank of the Rhine , including

10100-654: Was surely the hub of a parish at that early date, too. Modern researchers cannot clearly tell whether the Sulzbach church’s forerunner was a church in the Kirrweiler area that now no longer exists. Whatever the truth is, in 1290, the Herren-Sulzbach church passed into the ownership of the Order of Saint John , which had its seat at first at the Schönbornerhof near Homberg , and then at the Commenturhof in Buborn . The actual convent

10201-541: Was taken over in 1290 by the Order of Saint John . The Order soon owned roughly 500 Morgen (about 160 ha) of land. Sometime in the time that followed, a preceptory arose in Sulzbach. In 1556, the Reformation was introduced. Although the Order remained in existence, even in the Protestant church, they could no longer hold their ground in Sulzbach. In the Waldgravial-Rhinegravial House of Grumbach,

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