61-531: Hephzibah Menuhin (20 May 1920 – 1 January 1981) was an American-Australian pianist, writer, and human rights campaigner. She was sister to the violinist Yehudi Menuhin and to the pianist, painter, and poet Yaltah Menuhin . She was also a linguist and writer, co-authoring several books and writing many papers with her second husband, Richard Hauser. Hephzibah Menuhin was born in San Francisco, California . Through her father Moshe Menuhin , Menuhin
122-532: A "more civil" society. She was a long-term member of the Women's Electoral Lobby (WEL), and is still pursuing feminist change by putting revaluing social contributions and wellbeing onto political agendas, as well as recognising the common ground between Australia's First Nations and feminist values of the importance of the social. Eva Maria Hauser was born into a Jewish family in Vienna in 1938, less than three weeks before
183-815: A boy of mixed Welsh and Nigerian background, who grew up with Clara. They founded the Institute for Human Rights and Responsibilities , and the Centre for Group Studies, and later moved to Friends Hall, a Quaker settlement house in Bethnal Green, in the East End of London. They later ran a Human Rights refuge from their house at 16 Ponsonby Place in Pimlico . This also became the base for The Institute for Social Research, which Sir Richard Hauser ran until his death. They worked on small-steps conciliation and attempted to help minorities all over
244-550: A dependent people, should be the very last means to be adopted by those who themselves know too well the awful significance, the unforgettable suffering of such an existence. It is unworthy of my great people, the Jews, who have striven to abide by a code of moral rectitude for some 5,000 years, who can create and achieve a society for themselves such as we see around us but can yet deny the sharing of its great qualities and benefits to those dwelling amongst them. Menuhin regularly returned to
305-619: A member of the awards jury at the 1955 Queen Elisabeth Music Competition , Menuhin secured a Rockefeller Foundation grant for the financially strapped Grand Prize winner at the event, Argentine violinist Alberto Lysy . Menuhin made Lysy his only personal student, and the two toured extensively throughout the concert halls of Europe. The young protégé later established the International Menuhin Music Academy (IMMA) in Gstaad , in his honor. Menuhin made several recordings with
366-569: A milestone collection of 80 CDs entitled The Menuhin Century , curated by his long-time friend and protégé Bruno Monsaingeon , who selected the recordings and sourced rare archival materials to tell Menuhin's story. From 1984 until his death in 1999 he was the first guest conductor of Sinfonia Varsovia with which he performed over 300 times (nearly half of which were between 1996 and 1998). He said that "working with no other orchestra gave me as much satisfaction as my work, as soloist and conductor, with
427-614: A musical instrument, with one on the human voice. Menuhin wrote some, while others were edited by different authors. In 1991, Menuhin was awarded the prestigious Wolf Prize by the Israeli Government. In the Israeli Knesset he gave an acceptance speech in which he criticised Israel's continued occupation of the West Bank: This wasteful governing by fear, by contempt for the basic dignities of life, this steady asphyxiation of
488-560: A postage stamp as part of a series of four stamps honouring women who have advanced the cause of gender equality—the other three women were Germaine Greer , Elizabeth Evatt and Anne Summers . It was only after settling in Australia that Cox started to become aware of her Jewish identity and the Jewish community. She is agnostic and a humanist . According to her Twitter profile in March 2014, Cox
549-672: A profound effect on her, forcing her to confront the meaning of her own Jewish heritage, and they entered a romantic relationship which lasted for several years. In 1951 she and Yehudi played at the opening of the Royal Festival Hall in London, then made a concert tour of Australia and played and broadcast for the ABC . She supported all types of causes with concerts and recitals, such as the National Music Camp Association, and she
610-664: A pupil's concert. On 29 February 1924, he formally debuted at the Oakland Auditorium followed by a solo performance with the San Francisco Symphony under the direction of Alfred Hertz and a recital at the Scottish Rite Hall. His reputation preceded him to New York for his debut there on 17 March 1926, at the Manhattan Opera House. In 1923, when he was seven years old, Menuhin appeared as solo violinist with
671-681: A single mother in the early 1970s, graduating with an Honours degree in Sociology from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in 1974, and became a tutor and research consultant in that department. In the 1970s, Cox became a spokeswoman for the WEL and she later helped to found the Women's Economic Think Tank. Cox was director of the New South Wales Council for Social Service (NCOSS) from 1977 to 1981 and she
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#1732885169254732-628: A specialist in teaching young children, and later with Lev Shorr, a Russian-born grand-pupil of Theodor Leschetizky and future teacher of Leon Fleisher . She gave her first recital in San Francisco in 1928 when she was eight. She then studied with Rudolf Serkin in Basel and Marcel Ciampi in Paris. In 1933 she and Yehudi made their first recording (a Mozart sonata), which won the Candid Prize as best disc of
793-430: Is alive; its very shape embodies its maker's intentions, and its wood stores the history, or the soul, of its successive owners. I never play without feeling that I have released or, alas, violated spirits." Eva Cox Eva Maria Cox AO (née Hauser ; born 21 February 1938) is an Austrian-born Australian writer, feminist, sociologist, social commentator and activist. She has been an active advocate for creating
854-504: Is based in Sydney, Australia and seeks to "make the societies we live in more civil, with feminism, fairness and equity, with less emphasis on economic materialism". On her personal website, she refers to herself as a " political junkie " and explains her passion for activism by suggesting, " My father used to embarrass me and adolescent friends by asking what we had done to save the world that day, so maybe it's genetic to feel that if something
915-549: Is the longest in the history of the music industry. He made his first recording at age 13 in November 1929, and his last in 1999, when he was nearly 83 years old. He recorded over 300 works for EMI, both as a violinist and as a conductor. In 2009 EMI released a 51-CD retrospective of Menuhin's recording career, titled Yehudi Menuhin: The Great EMI Recordings . In 2016, the Menuhin centenary year, Warner Classics (formerly EMI Classics) issued
976-747: Is widely considered one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century. He played the Soil Stradivarius , considered one of the finest violins made by Italian luthier Antonio Stradivari . Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City to Moshe Menuhin , a Lithuanian Jew from Gomel in modern Belarus , and Marutha, a Crimean Karaite . Through his father Moshe, he was descended from a rabbinical dynasty. Moshe and Marutha (née Sher) met in Mandatory Palestine before marrying in New York in 1914. In late 1919,
1037-612: The Anschluss (12 March 1938) that left her and her family stateless. The following year, she traveled with her mother Ruth, a final-year medical student, to England, UK; she spent the war—technically as an enemy alien in Surrey . Her father, Richard Hauser, joined the British Army in Palestine , and her grandparents and other relatives sought refuge in Sydney. After the war, her father worked for
1098-697: The San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. Persinger then agreed to teach him and accompanied him on the piano for his first few solo recordings in 1928–29. Julia Boyd records: On 12 April 1929 it [the Semperoper ] cancelled its advertised programme to make way for a performance by the twelve-year-old Yehudi Menuhin. That night he played the Bach, Beethoven and Brahms violin concertos to an ecstatic audience ... The week before, Yehudi had played in Berlin with
1159-512: The Sydney and Melbourne Symphony Orchestras and she and Yehudi played together many times during his 1940 tour of Australia. She gave solo recitals, supported local activities such as the Griller Quartet, and was involved with Richard Goldner in the foundation of Musica Viva Australia . She befriended many displaced European musicians who had emigrated to Australia. During this time she played
1220-625: The University of Sydney from 1956 to 1957, where she met Germaine Greer and Robert Hughes and became associated with the Sydney Push . However, she chose to leave university to travel throughout Europe, where she met John Cox. They married on return to Sydney, and in 1964, they became parents of a daughter, named Rebecca. Rebecca was conceived in Hughenden, Queensland , where Eva Cox had gone to reunite with her husband after they had separated. In 1969 they separated again. Cox returned to study as
1281-806: The Yehudi Menuhin Archive , which includes sheet music marked up for performance, correspondence, news articles and photographs relating to Menuhin, autograph musical manuscripts, and several portraits of Paganini . Menuhin played a number of famous violins, arguably the most renowned of which is the Lord Wilton Guarnerius 1742 . Others included the Giovanni Bussetto 1680 , Giovanni Grancino 1695 , Guarneri filius Andrea 1703 , Soil Stradivarius , Prince Khevenhüller 1733 Stradivari , and Guarneri del Gesù 1739 . In his autobiography Unfinished Journey , Menuhin wrote: "A great violin
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#17328851692541342-604: The Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists , today one of the world's leading forums for young talent. Many of its prizewinners have gone on to become prominent violinists, including Tasmin Little , Nikolaj Znaider , Ilya Gringolts , Julia Fischer , Daishin Kashimoto and Ray Chen . In the 1980s, Menuhin wrote and oversaw the creation of a "Music Guides" series of books; each covered
1403-726: The 1970s on Jalousie , an album of 1930s classics led by duetting violins backed by the Alan Claire Trio. In 1975, in his role as president of the International Music Council , he declared October 1 as International Music Day. The first International Music Day, organised by the International Music Council, was held that same year, in accordance with the resolution taken at the 15th IMC General Assembly in Lausanne in 1973. In 1977, Menuhin and Ian Stoutzker founded
1464-655: The Australian 'Aspro' pharmaceutical fortune. In quick succession, Yehudi (aged 21) married Nola, and Hephzibah (aged 17) married Lindsay, abandoning her plans to give her debut recital in Carnegie Hall , New York. She moved with Lindsay Nicholas to his grazing property "Terrinallum" near Derrinallum, Victoria , where she spent the next 13 years. She started a traveling library for children and bore two sons, Kronrod and Marston Nicholas. However, while she curtailed her musical career, she did not entirely abandon it. She played with
1525-630: The Australian premiere of Bartók 's Second Piano Concerto . Both of the Menuhins' marriages to the Nicholases ended in divorce. Hephzibah's own two children remained with their father, Lindsay Nicholas. In 1947, she played at the Prague Spring Music Festival in a concert organised by Paul Morawetz, a Melbourne businessman. He took her to see the Theresienstadt concentration camp , which had
1586-675: The Bath Festival and the recording of their Grammy Award -winning album West Meets East (1967). During this time, he commissioned composer Alan Hovhaness to write a concerto for violin, sitar, and orchestra to be performed by himself and Shankar. The resulting work, entitled Shambala (c. 1970), with a fully composed violin part and space for improvisation from the sitarist, is the earliest known work for sitar with western symphony orchestra, predating Shankar's own sitar concertos, but Menuhin and Shankar never recorded it. Menuhin also worked with famous jazz violinist Stéphane Grappelli in
1647-736: The British ballerina and actress Diana Gould , whose mother was the pianist Evelyn Suart and stepfather was Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt . The couple had two sons, Gerard , notable as a Holocaust denier and far right activist, and Jeremy , a pianist. A third child died shortly after birth. In the 1960s and 1970s they lived in Highgate at 2 The Grove , a house later owned by Sting . The name Yehudi means "Jew" in Hebrew . In an interview republished in October 2004, he recounted to New Internationalist magazine
1708-526: The Federal Shadow Minister for Social Services, Senator Don Grimes . In 1989, she commenced operating a small private consultancy firm, Distaff Associates, and lectured from 1994 until 2007 at Australia's University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), where she finished as program director of social inquiry. Cox delivered the 1995 Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) Boyer Lectures presentation, entitled "A Truly Civil Society", which highlighted
1769-734: The German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler , who had been criticized for conducting in Germany during the Nazi era. Menuhin defended Furtwängler, noting that the conductor had helped a number of Jewish musicians to flee Nazi Germany. In 1957, he founded the Menuhin Festival Gstaad in Gstaad , Switzerland. In 1962, he established the Yehudi Menuhin School in Stoke d'Abernon , Surrey. He also established
1830-581: The Menuhin Odyssey by Philip Bailey, who worked on the Menuhin staff from 1976 until Yehudi's death in 1999, was published in late 2008. This book contains some information concerning Hephzibah's life. Yehudi Menuhin Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin (22 April 1916 – 12 March 1999), was an American-born British violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in Britain. He
1891-413: The Menuhins moved to Paris, Persinger suggested Menuhin go to Persinger's old teacher, Belgian virtuoso and pedagogue Eugène Ysaÿe . Menuhin did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but he disliked Ysaÿe's teaching method and his advanced age. Instead, he went to Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu , under whose tutelage he made recordings with several piano accompanists, including his sister Hephzibah. He
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1952-489: The Philharmonic under Bruno Walter to an equally rapturous response. A newspaper critic said of his Berlin performance: "There steps a fat little blond boy on the podium, and wins at once all hearts as in an irresistibly ludicrous way, like a penguin, he alternately places one foot down, then the other. But wait: you will stop laughing when he puts his bow to the violin to play Bach's violin concerto in E major no.2." When
2013-584: The San Francisco Bay Area, sometimes performing with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. One of the more memorable later performances was of Edward Elgar 's Violin Concerto, which Menuhin had recorded with the composer in 1932. On 22 April 1978, along with Stéphane Grappelli , Yehudi played Pick Yourself Up , taken from the Menuhin & Grappelli Play Berlin, Kern, Porter and Rodgers & Hart album as
2074-537: The Sinfonia Varsovia Orchestra." In his Unfinished Journey: Twenty Years Later he added "It was a true inspiration to spend as much time with them [Sinfonia Varsovia] as possible, to enjoy the deep satisfaction I derive from our music-making together.". In 1991, he became Principal Guest Conductor of the English Symphony Orchestra , a position he also held until his death. In 1990 Menuhin
2135-659: The United Nations Refugee Association in Rome, Italy, where Cox continued her schooling for two years. In 1948 she joined her mother's extended family in Sydney. In Sydney she attended Sydney Girls' High School . Two years after arrival, her father began a relationship with the pianist Hephzibah Menuhin , who was at that time married to an Australian grazier, Lindsay Nicholas, and living in western Victoria . Hauser and Menuhin divorced their respective spouses to marry, and Menuhin became Cox's stepmother. Cox attended
2196-573: The United States and Canada in 1967, and Australia in 1970 and 1975. In 1977 she was a member of the judges' panel for the first Sydney International Piano Competition . In Melbourne that year she played at a concert at which her son, Dr Marston Nicholas, made his public debut as a cellist. In 1979 Hephzibah Menuhin made her last Australian concert appearances, playing with Yehudi and the Sydney String Quartet . She appeared with her brother for
2257-701: The charity Live Music Now, the largest outreach music project in the UK. Live Music Now pays and trains professional musicians to work in the community, bringing the experience to those who rarely get an opportunity to hear or see live music performance. At the Edinburgh Festival Menuhin premiered Priaulx Rainier 's violin concerto Due Canti e Finale , which he had commissioned Rainier to write. He also commissioned her last work, Wildlife Celebration , which he performed in aid of Gerald Durrell 's Wildlife Conservation Trust . In 1983, Menuhin and Robert Masters founded
2318-683: The composer's penultimate work. He performed for Allied soldiers during World War II and, accompanied on the piano by English composer Benjamin Britten , for the surviving inmates of a number of concentration camps in June and July 1945 after their liberation in April of the same year, most famously Bergen-Belsen . He returned to Germany in 1947 to play concerto concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic under Wilhelm Furtwängler as an act of reconciliation,
2379-437: The festival was first directed by the impresario Ian Hunter in 1948. After the first year the city tried to run the festival itself, but in 1955 asked Hunter back. In 1959 Hunter invited Menuhin to become artistic director of the festival. Menuhin accepted, and retained the post until 1968. Menuhin also had a long association and deep friendship with Ravi Shankar , beginning in 1952, leading to their joint performance in 1966 at
2440-504: The first Jewish musician to do so in the wake of the Holocaust , saying to Jewish critics that he wanted to rehabilitate Germany's music and spirit. Menuhin credited German philosopher Constantin Brunner with providing him with "a theoretical framework within which I could fit the events and experiences of life". He and Louis Kentner (brother-in-law of his wife, Diana ) gave the first performance of William Walton 's Violin Sonata, in Zürich on 30 September 1949. Following his role as
2501-402: The first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bach 's sonatas and partitas for solo violin , although his Sonata No. 2, in A minor, was not released until all six were transferred to CD. His interest in the music of Béla Bartók prompted him to commission a work from him – the Sonata for Solo Violin , which, completed in 1943 and first performed by Menuhin in New York in 1944, was
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2562-416: The first prominent yoga masters teaching in the West. Menuhin also took lessons from Indra Devi , who opened the first yoga studio in the U.S. in Los Angeles in 1948. Both Devi and Iyengar were students of Krishnamacharya , a famous yoga master in India. Menuhin died in Martin Luther Hospital in Berlin, Germany, from complications of bronchitis. Soon after his death, the Royal Academy of Music acquired
2623-474: The footsteps of Jack Mundey who was prominent in the Green Bans movement, she became a patron of the campaign to save the public housing of Millers Point from further development. Cox was appointed as an Officer (AO) of the Order of Australia in 1995 for her services to women's welfare and was named Humanist of the Year in 1997 by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies . In 2011, she received an Australia Post Legends Award and her face appeared on
2684-447: The importance of social capital. Cox's book Leading Women was published the following year and explored the topic of power in relation to gender. She is a prolific writer and social commentator and her articles can be read in Crikey and The Conversation. From 2007 to 2015, Cox was a Fellow of the Centre for Policy Development . From 2007 she has been a professorial fellow at Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning at UTS—Cox works with
2745-405: The interval act at the 23rd Eurovision Song Contest for TF1 . The performance came direct from the studios of TF1 and not that of the venue ( Palais des Congrès ), where the contest was being held. Menuhin hosted the PBS telecast of the gala opening concert of the San Francisco Symphony from Davies Symphony Hall in September 1980. His recording contract with EMI lasted almost 70 years and
2806-594: The last time at the Royal Festival Hall in London in November 1979. Hephzibah Menuhin died in London on 1 January 1981, following a lengthy illness. Her brother, Yehudi, dedicated his Royal Albert Hall concert on 08 February 1981 and his Carnegie Hall concert of 22 February 1981 to her memory. Her recordings include Schubert's Trout Quintet with members of the Amadeus Quartet , Mozart concertos with her brother conducting, trios with Yehudi and Maurice Gendron , and sonatas with Yehudi. The annual $ 8,000 Hephzibah Menuhin Memorial Scholarship for young Australian pianists
2867-527: The latter on evidence bases for social policy. Cox continues as the director of Distaff Associates and is convenor of the Women's Equity Think Tank (WETTANK), a further development of the Women's Economic Think Tank. In March 2014, Cox joined former Australian High Court judge Michael Kirby , among others, to become a patron of Touching Base, a New South Wales-based organisation that provides information, education and support for disabled clients, sex workers and disability service providers. In 2015, following in
2928-400: The music program at The Nueva School in Hillsborough, California , sometime around then. In 1965 he received an honorary knighthood from the British monarchy. In the same year, Australian composer Malcolm Williamson wrote a violin concerto for Menuhin. He performed the concerto many times and recorded it at its premiere at the Bath Festival in 1965. Originally known as the Bath Assembly,
2989-502: The pair became American citizens and changed the family name from Mnuchin to Menuhin. Menuhin's sisters were concert pianist and human rights activist Hephzibah , and pianist, painter and poet Yaltah . Menuhin's first violin instruction was at age four by Sigmund Anker (1891–1958); his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to teach him, and Persinger agreed. Menuhin took lessons for a while from Persinger at his Hyde Street studio. He made his first public solo appearance in November 1921, at
3050-405: The story of his name: Obliged to find an apartment of their own, my parents searched the neighbourhood and chose one within walking distance of the park. Showing them out after they had viewed it, the landlady said: "And you'll be glad to know I don't take Jews." Her mistake made clear to her, the antisemitic landlady was renounced, and another apartment found. But her blunder left its mark. Back on
3111-505: The street my mother made a vow. Her unborn baby would have a label proclaiming his race to the world. He would be called "The Jew". Menuhin became an honorary citizen of Switzerland, and then also of the United Kingdom, in 1970 and 1985, respectively. Along with Albert Einstein , Menuhin was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' World Convention (PWC), also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950-51 at Palais Electoral, Geneva , Switzerland. Menuhin
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#17328851692543172-399: The world, and she was a passionate supporter of women's and children's rights. In 1977 Hephzibah Menuhin became the President of the British chapter of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom . Hephzibah and Richard Hauser wrote "The Fraternal Society" (Bodley Head) together. In 1962 she and Yehudi toured Australia. She toured with Yehudi and the Menuhin Festival Orchestra :
3233-428: The year. Her public debut was on 13 October 1934, at the Salle Pleyel in Paris. The siblings performed in the New York Town Hall and Queen's Hall in London, and Hephzibah gave solo recitals in most of the major cities of Europe and America. In March 1938, after a concert at the Royal Albert Hall , Bernard Heinze introduced Hephzibah and Yehudi to the Australian brother and sister Lindsay and Nola Nicholas, heirs to
3294-409: Was a pescetarian . In 1953, Life published photos of him in various esoteric yoga positions. In 1952, Menuhin was in India, where Nehru , the new nation's first Prime Minister, introduced him to an influential yogi B. K. S. Iyengar , who was largely unknown outside the country. Menuhin arranged for Iyengar to teach abroad in London, Switzerland, Paris, and elsewhere. He became one of
3355-404: Was also a student of Adolf Busch in Basel . He stayed in the Swiss city for a bit more than a year, where he started to take lessons in German and Italian as well. According to Henry A. Murray , Menuhin wrote: Actually, I was gazing in my usual state of being half absent in my own world and half in the present. I have usually been able to "retire" in this way. I was also thinking that my life
3416-404: Was awarded a Churchill Fellowship in 1980. Cox was part of the feminist magazine Refractory Girl during the 1980s and became a media spokeswoman, in addition to her activism in anti-war and feminist issues. She also established the first Commonwealth-funded after-school childcare centre, at Glenmore Road Public School in Paddington , New South Wales. In 1981 and 1982, Cox was an adviser to
3477-444: Was descended from a distinguished rabbinical dynasty. Her mother, Marutha, has been described as "dominant and controlling". The Menuhin children had little formal schooling. Hephzibah spent only five days at a San Francisco school, where she was classed as educationally backward. Her parents took her out of school and taught her to read and write at home. She started studying the piano at the age of four, initially with Judith Blockley,
3538-490: Was established in 1980. It is administered alternately by the University of Melbourne Faculty of Music and the Sydney Conservatorium of Music . The principal soloist's dressing room at the Melbourne Arts Centre's Hamer Hall was named in Hephzibah's honour. In 1998 Curtis Levy produced and directed a documentary, Hephzibah . A biography An Exacting Heart was published in 2008 by Jacqueline Kent. A biography of Yehudi Menuhin and his family entitled Yehudiana – Reliving
3599-759: Was outspoken about the influence of television on children. In Sydney she was soloist in Juan José Castro 's piano concerto, with the composer conducting (he was at that time the chief conductor of the Victorian Symphony Orchestra ). In 1954 she moved to Sydney, where she gave concerts and opened her home to anyone in need. In Sydney, Hephzibah Menuhin met and became involved with Richard Hauser , an Austrian Quaker sociologist and social commentator who had moved to Sydney with his family, then wife Ruth Hauser, and their daughter Eva . Hephzibah divorced her husband and married Hauser in Sydney in 1955. Two years later Menuhin and Hauser moved to London with their daughter, Clara Menuhin-Hauser, where they fostered Michael Alexander Morgan,
3660-495: Was the first conductor for the Asian Youth Orchestra which toured around Asia, including Japan, Taiwan, Singapore and Hong Kong with Julian Lloyd Webber and a group of young talented musicians from all over Asia. Menuhin was married twice, first to Nola Nicholas, daughter of an Australian industrialist and sister of Hephzibah Menuhin 's first husband Lindsay Nicholas. They had two children, Krov and Zamira (who married pianist Fou Ts'ong ). Following their 1947 divorce he married
3721-486: Was tied up with the instrument and would I do it justice? His first concerto recording was made in 1931, Bruch's G minor, under Sir Landon Ronald in London, the labels calling him "Master Yehudi Menuhin". In 1932 he recorded Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in B minor for HMV in London, with the composer himself conducting; in 1934, uncut, Paganini's D major Concerto with Emile Sauret 's cadenza in Paris under Pierre Monteux . Between 1934 and 1936, he made
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