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40-650: He graduated as an engineer from the University of Jena and moved to Costa Rica in 1887, where he founded the Physical Geographic Institute and an herbarium . With Théophile Alexis Durand he edited the exsiccata -like series Plantae Costaricenses exsiccatae . Pittier collected fungi in Costa Rica which was published as a paper in 1896 by Marietta Hanson Rousseau and Elisa Caroline Bommer , and collected spiders that were detailed or described by A. Getaz in

80-573: A paper in 1893, and collected at various dates and locations in the prior four years. That latter work also mentions a specimen from Greytown (Nicaragua) also collected by H.Pittier. Pittier arrived in Venezuela in 1917, where he classified more than 30,000 plants and devoted many years to studying the flora and fauna in the country. Henri Pittier National Park was the first national park established in Venezuela. The plant genera Pittiera (now considered

120-681: A synonym of Polyclathra ), Pittierella (now considered a synonym of Cryptocentrum ) and Pittierothamnus (now considered a synonym of Amphidasya ) are named after him. His name is also associated with Pittier's crab-eating rat , Ichthyomys pittieri . and more than 500 species honor him. The Venezuelan government grants the Henri Pittier Order of Merit to Conservation. He was the author of more than 300 papers on topics in botany, geography, forestry, anthropology , ethnography , linguistics , geology , and climatology . University of Jena The University of Jena , officially

160-467: Is a university association with the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg and the University of Leipzig . The aim is firstly to give the students the opportunity to visit with relatively few problems at the partner universities and events in order to broaden the range of subjects and topics. Currently e. g. has joined a cooperation in teaching in the field of bioinformatics. In addition,

200-427: Is known. It makes no difference if the world is offended because I have made Dr Goethe a member of my most important collegium without his having passed through the stages of minor official professor and councillor of state." The Weimaraner , a breed of gun dog is said to have been developed by August and his court for hunting. Karl August was also interested in literature, in art, in science, funding Goethe and

240-604: Is recognized in several university ranking systems. As per the QS World University Rankings for 2024, the university is ranked 461st in the world and 26th nationally. In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2024, it is placed at 201-250th globally and 22-24th within the country. The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2022 places it within the 401-500 bracket globally, and between 25th and 31st in

280-604: The Friedrich Schiller University Jena ( German : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , abbreviated FSU , shortened form Uni Jena ), is a public research university located in Jena , Thuringia , Germany . The university was established in 1558 and is counted among the ten oldest universities in Germany . It is affiliated with six Nobel Prize winners, most recently in 2000 when Jena graduate Herbert Kroemer won

320-584: The Holy Roman Empire , and began to work for the unity of Germany . The plans of Emperor Joseph II , which threatened to absorb a great part of Germany into the heterogeneous Habsburg monarchy, threw him into the arms of Prussia , and he was the prime mover in the establishment of the league of princes ( Fürstenbund ) in 1785, by which, under the leadership of Frederick the Great , Joseph's intrigues were frustrated. He was, however, under no illusion as to

360-451: The 20th century the university was promoted through cooperation with Carl Zeiss (company) and thereby enabling it to increase the student population as a mass university. In 1905 the university had 1,100 students and 112 university teachers, so this figure has since been almost twenty-fold. The Friedrich-Schiller University is the only comprehensive university in Thuringia. Since 1995, there

400-552: The Act of Confederation (5 May 1816) and his concession of liberty to the press made Weimar for a while the focus of journalistic agitation against the existing order. Metternich dubbed him contemptuously der grosse Bursche for his patronage of the revolutionary Burschenschaften , and the celebrated festival held at the Wartburg by his permission in 1817, though in effect the mildest of political demonstrations, brought down upon him

440-614: The Bachstraße received total or significant physical damage. Completely destroyed were the Botanical Garden, the psychological and the physiological institute and three chemical Institutes. An important event for the National Socialist period was the investigation of the pediatrician Yusuf Ibrahim . A Senate Commission noted the participation of the physician to the "euthanasia" murders of physically or mentally disabled children. In

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480-579: The Emperor Ferdinand I , the university was established on 2 February 1558. The university, jointly maintained by the Saxon Duchies derived from the partitioning of John Frederick's duchy, was thus named Ducal Pan-Saxon University ( German : Herzoglich Sächsische Gesamtuniversität ) or Salana (after the river Saale ). Prior to the 20th century, university enrollment peaked in the 18th century. The university's reputation reached its zenith under

520-616: The Enlightenment were developed as research institutions. 2014 the "Center of Advanced Research" (ZAF) was established. Jena University is one of the founder of The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, that was founded in 2013. It is a research centre of the German Research Foundation (DFG). Friedrich Schiller University is the only German university with chairs for either gravitational theory or Caucasus Studies. The University of Jena

560-620: The French side in all Napoleon's wars. In 1813, however, he joined the Sixth Coalition , and at the beginning of 1814 took command of a corps of 30,000 men operating in the Netherlands. At the Congress of Vienna (1815) Karl August was present in person and protested vainly against the narrow policy of the powers in confining their debates to the rights of the princes to the exclusion of the rights of

600-516: The Goethe Memorial at the Botanical Garden are reminders of the two towering geniuses of Jena . Both buildings are also open to the public. Oriental Collections/ Papyrus Collection Archaeological Collections Mineralogy & Geology History of Sciences Medicine Charles Augustus Karl August , sometimes anglicised as Charles Augustus (3 September 1757 – 14 June 1828), was

640-520: The Nobel Prize for physics. It was renamed after the poet Friedrich Schiller who was teaching as professor of philosophy when Jena attracted some of the most influential minds at the turn of the 19th century. With Karl Leonhard Reinhold , Johann Gottlieb Fichte , G. W. F. Hegel , F. W. J. Schelling and Friedrich Schlegel on its teaching staff, the university was at the centre of the emergence of German idealism and early Romanticism . As of 2014 ,

680-419: The auspices of Duke Charles Augustus , Goethe 's patron (1787–1806), when Gottlieb Fichte , G. W. F. Hegel , Friedrich Schelling , Friedrich von Schlegel and Friedrich Schiller were on its teaching staff. Founded as a home for the new religious opinions of the sixteenth century, it has since been one of the most politically radical universities in Germany. Jena was noted among other German universities at

720-565: The cooperation provides the university management the opportunity to share experiences with their regular meetings and initiate common projects. So z. B. went from the successful bid to the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) from the university network. The co-operation continues at other levels: for example in a joint mentoring program for female postdocs or in the central German archives network. And last but not least, there are common sports activities. Since October 2014,

760-525: The foundation of the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School and encouraging Weimar Classicism . Critics praised his judgment in painting; biologists found in him an expert in anatomy. His aim was to educate his people to work out their own political and social salvation, the object of education being in his view, as he explained later to the dismay of Metternich and his school, to help men to independence of judgment. To this end Herder

800-592: The meteorological institute; the botanical garden; the seminaries of theology, philology, and education; and the well-equipped clinical, anatomical, and physical institutes. After the end of the Saxon duchies in 1918, and their merger with further principalities into the Free State of Thuringia in 1920, the university was renamed as the Thuringian State University (Thüringische Landesuniversität) in 1921. In 1934

840-694: The national context. Among the collections which are open to the public are the Jena Phyletisches Museum , an institution which is unique in Europe for illustrating the history of evolution, the Ernst-Haeckel-Memorial Museum , the Mineralogical Collection which traces its roots back to Goethe and the second oldest Botanical Garden of Middle Europe . The Schiller Gardenhouse  [ de ] ( Schillers Gartenhaus ) and

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880-453: The people. His services in the war of liberation were rewarded with an extension of territory and the title of grand duke ( Großherzog ), but his liberal attitude had already made him suspect, and his subsequent action brought him still further into confrontation with the reactionary powers. He was the first of the German princes to grant a liberal constitution to his state under Article XIII of

920-419: The pharmacologist Walter Rosenthal is the president of the university; Chancellor is since 2007 the mathematician Klaus Bartholmé. The university is organized in 10 schools: Research at Friedrich Schiller University traditionally focusses on both humanities and sciences. In addition to the faculties the following "Collaborative Research Centers" ( German "Sonderforschungsbereich", short: "SFB") operate at

960-611: The power of Austria, and he refused the offer of the Hungarian crown . In 1788 Karl August took service in the Prussian army as major-general in active command of a regiment. As such he was present, with Goethe, at the Battle of Valmy in 1792, and in 1794 at the Siege of Mainz and the Battle of Pirmasenz (14 September) and Kaiserslautern (28–30 November). After this, dissatisfied with the attitude of

1000-581: The powers, he resigned, but rejoined on the accession of his friend King Frederick William III to the Prussian throne. The disastrous campaign of Jena (1806) followed. On 14 October, the day after the battle, Weimar was sacked, and Karl August, to prevent the confiscation of his territories, was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine . From this time till after the Moscow campaign of 1812 his contingent fought on

1040-455: The prince-primate, who owed the co-adjutorship of Mainz to the duke's friendship, said that he had never met a prince with so much understanding, character, frankness and true-heartedness; the Milanese , when he visited their city, called him the uomo principe , and Goethe himself said of him that "he had the gift of discriminating intellects and characters and setting each one in his place. He

1080-530: The sovereign Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach (in personal union ) from 1758, Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach from its creation (as a political union ) in 1809, and grand duke from 1815 until his death. He is noted for the intellectual brilliance of his court. Born in Weimar , he was the eldest son of Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach (Ernest Augustus II), and Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . His father died when he

1120-522: The time for allowing students to duel and to have a passion for Freiheit , which were popularly regarded as the necessary characteristics of German student life. The University of Jena has preserved a historical detention room or Karzer with famous caricatures by Swiss painter Martin Disteli . In the latter 19th century, the department of zoology taught evolutionary theory , with Carl Gegenbaur , Ernst Haeckel and others publishing detailed theories at

1160-400: The time of Darwin 's " Origin of Species " (1858). The later fame of Ernst Haeckel eclipsed Darwin in some European countries, as the term "Haeckelism" was more common than Darwinism . In 1905, Jena had 1,100 students enrolled and its teaching staff (including Privatdozenten ) numbered 112. Amongst its numerous auxiliaries then were the library, with 200,000 volumes; the observatory;

1200-729: The transfer of power and won great support among the student body elections in January 1933, achieving 49.3% of the vote, which represents the second best result. Between the Jena connections and the NS students wide-ranging human and ideological connections were recorded. When the Allied air raids to Jena in February and March struck in 1945, the University Library, the university main building and several clinics in

1240-404: The university has around 19,000 students enrolled and 375 professors. Its current president, Walter Rosenthal , has held the role since 2014. Elector John Frederick of Saxony first thought of a plan to establish a university at Jena upon Saale in 1547 while he was being held captive by emperor Charles V . The plan was put into motion by his three sons and, after having obtained a charter from

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1280-494: The university was renamed again, receiving its present name of Friedrich Schiller University . During the 20th century, the cooperation between Zeiss corporation and the university brought new prosperity and attention to Jena, resulting in a dramatic increase in funding and enrollment. During the Third Reich, staunch Nazis moved into leading positions at the university. The racial researcher and SS-Hauptscharführer Karl Astel

1320-627: The university: Participations in DFG-Collaborative Research Centres: In 2006 the research center, Jena Center – History of the 20th century, was founded. In 2007 the graduate school "Jena School for Microbial Communication" (JSMC) was established within the German Universities Excellence Initiative . In 2008 the Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB) and the interdisciplinary research center Laboratory of

1360-501: The wrath of the great powers. The grand duke was compelled to yield to the remonstrances of Prussia, Austria and Russia. The liberty of the press was again restricted in the grand duchy, but, thanks to the good understanding between the grand duke and his people, the regime of the Carlsbad Decrees pressed less heavily upon Weimar than upon other German states. Karl August died at Graditz , near Torgau , in 1828. Karl von Dalberg ,

1400-453: The young Goethe . In Karlsruhe on 3 October 1775, after he returned to Weimar and assumed the government of his duchy, Karl August married Luise Auguste , daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt . One of the first acts of the young duke was to summon Goethe to Weimar, and in 1776 he was made a member of the privy council. "People of discernment," the duke said, "congratulate me on possessing this man. His intellect, his genius

1440-719: Was appointed professor in 1933, bypassing traditional qualifications and process; he later became rector of the university in 1939. Also in 1933, many professors had to leave the university as a consequence of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service . Student fraternities – in particular the Burschenschaften – were dissolved and incorporated into the Nazi student federation. The Nazi student federation enjoyed before

1480-410: Was inspired by the noblest good-will, the purest humanity, and with his whole soul desired only what was best. There was in him something of the divine. He would gladly have wrought the happiness of all mankind. And finally, he was greater than his surroundings. ... Everywhere he himself saw and judged, and in all circumstances his surest foundation was in himself." Karl August's correspondence with Goethe

1520-623: Was only nine months old ( 28 May 1758 ), and the boy was brought up under the regency and supervision of his mother. His governor was the Count Johann Eustach von Görtz and in 1771, Christoph Martin Wieland was appointed his tutor. In 1774 the poet Karl Ludwig von Knebel came to Weimar as tutor to his brother, the young Prince Frederick Ferdinand Constantin , and in the same year the two princes set out, with Count Görtz and Knebel, for Paris . At Frankfurt , Knebel introduced Karl August to

1560-651: Was published in 2 volumes at Weimar in 1863. He left two surviving sons: Karl Frederick , by whom he was succeeded, and Karl Bernhard , a soldier, who, after the Congress of Vienna, became colonel of a regiment in the service of the King of the Netherlands, served as commander of the Dutch troops in the Belgian campaign of 1830 (the Ten Days' Campaign ), and from 1847 to 1850 held the command of

1600-408: Was summoned to Weimar to reform the educational system and the University of Jena attained the zenith of its fame under his rule. Weimar became the intellectual centre of Germany. Meanwhile, in the affairs of Germany and of Europe the character of Karl August gave him an influence out of all proportion to his position as a sovereign prince. He had early faced the problem presented by the decay of

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