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73-595: In 1615, Dürer copyist Jobst Harrich painted a duplicate, which is now at the Städel of Frankfurt . The side panels, executed by Dürer's workshop basing from his drawings, are at the Staatliche Kunsthalle of Karlsruhe . The painting was commissioned by Frankfurt merchant Jakob Heller, for the Dominican church of the city. In 1615, the central panel, the only one by Dürer alone, was sold to Maximilian I of Bavaria ;

146-428: A pointer in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer. The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by

219-446: A computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system. In addition to moving a cursor , computer mice have one or more buttons to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and scroll wheels , which enable additional control and dimensional input. The earliest known written use of

292-583: A contentious relationship with his copyists, who often made mistakes that remained uncorrected until the advent of Urtext editions ; some musicologists have devoted a lot of effort to identifying Beethoven's copyists. Copyist programmes are run by a number of museums that offer permits to members of the public. These permits grant artists access to museums, enabling them to produce their own copies of artworks. Copyists copy to enhance their skills or to financially benefit by selling their work. The Louvre in Paris

365-586: A copy was ordered to replace the original in its location at the church's high altar. The central panel was destroyed by a fire in Munich in 1729. The famous drawing of two praying hands in the Albertina in Vienna is a study for one of the apostles in the central panel. The side panels, executed by Dürer's assistants, were completed by other four commissioned to Matthias Grünewald in 1510. The side shutters were detached in

438-643: A large organization believed at first that his company sold lab mice . Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $ 415. In 1982, Logitech introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse. That same year Microsoft made the decision to make the MS-DOS program Microsoft Word mouse-compatible, and developed

511-543: A living from selling their copies made in the Prado, however copyists find it much harder to do this in the 21st century. Artists frequently only paint a selected area of the work, due to time constraints or individualistic stylistic decisions. However, to discourage and prevent the sale of exact forgeries, the copy must be different in size or scale. At the MET, the copyist's work must be different in its dimensions by 10% in comparison to

584-402: A lower rank such as amateur. Being a female copyist in the 19th century regularly had negative implications upon a woman's reputation due to the high risk of slander and damnation. The nature of their work meant that it was relatively easy for men to engage with them, for example by escorting them to the gallery. As a result, rumours would frequently be spread and often result in the ruining of

657-489: A metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret. Another early trackball was built by Kenyon Taylor , a British electrical engineer working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original Ferranti Canada , working on the Royal Canadian Navy 's DATAR (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952. DATAR

730-547: A mouse as well. The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the Xerox 8010 Star in 1981. By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The Sun-1 also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming Apple Lisa was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for

803-532: A mouse controlling a computer system was done by Doug Engelbart in 1968 as part of the Mother of All Demos . Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use optical movement detection with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to

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876-568: A mouse device named Rollkugelsteuerung (German for "Trackball control") was shown in a sales brochure by the German company AEG - Telefunken as an optional input device for the SIG ;100 vector graphics terminal, part of the system around their process computer TR 86 and the TR 440  [ de ] main frame. Based on an even earlier trackball device, the mouse device had been developed by

949-505: A pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes. Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This incremental rotary encoder scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately quadrature phase . The mouse sends these signals to

1022-401: A self-portrait in the background, next to a table with his signature and the date. The internal side panels were painted by assistants from Dürer's drawings. At left is he Martyrdom of St. James ; Jacob Heller appears below, kneeling inside a niche with his coat of arms. At right is Martyrdom of St. Catherine of Alexandria , with the donor's wife, Katharina von Melem. The choice of the saints

1095-403: A similar product. Modern computer mice took form at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor Jean-Daniel Nicoud and at the hands of engineer and watchmaker André Guignard . This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during

1168-635: A tradition that still occurs in many copyist programmes today, but the availability of permits is more limited in the 21st century. Permits are renewable, artists often complete more than one session. Copyists are still required to follow certain traditions such as being required to cover the floor with a drop cloth to prevent damage to the gallery floors at the MET. Notable artists such as Picasso began practising their art as copyists in museums. The utility of this programme has frequently been emphasised, for instance artists such as Paul Cézanne and Cennino Cennini . Ingres and Delacroix highly emphasised

1241-419: A user can drag and drop a picture representing a file onto an image of a trash can, indicating the intention to delete the file. This intuitive and visual approach to interaction has become synonymous with organizing digital content and simplifying file management tasks. Standard Semantic Gestures In addition to the drag and drop gesture, several other semantic gestures have emerged as standard conventions within

1314-539: A variety of different pieces in their collection. Their selection is subject to certain conditions, such as safety concerns and whether the piece is in the permanent collection. In 1880, only two copyists were allowed at paint the Mona Lisa in the Louvre at one time, due to its popularity. The Prado forbids the copying of certain works, such as Las Meninas , because they attract crowds. Some copyists used to be able to make

1387-441: A woman's standing in society. Sources Computer mouse A computer mouse (plural mice , also mouses ) is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the pointer (called a cursor) on a display , which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of a computer . The first public demonstration of

1460-474: Is "mice"; the online Oxford Dictionaries cites a 1984 use, and earlier uses include J. C. R. Licklider 's "The Computer as a Communication Device" of 1968. The trackball , a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by Ralph Benjamin as part of a post- World War II -era fire-control radar plotting system called the Comprehensive Display System (CDS). Benjamin was then working for

1533-401: Is the drag and drop gesture, which has become pervasive across various applications and platforms. The Drag and Drop Gesture The drag and drop gesture is a fundamental gestural convention that enables users to manipulate objects on the screen seamlessly. It involves a series of actions performed by the user: This gesture allows users to transfer or rearrange objects effortlessly. For instance,

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1606-454: Is typically designed to be plug compatible with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by RadioShack for their Color Computer (but also usable on MS-DOS machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input) was the best-known example. Early optical mice relied entirely on one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and an imaging array of photodiodes to detect movement relative to

1679-754: The Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum, two others survived in a museum at Stuttgart University, two in Hamburg, the one from Aachen at the Computer History Museum in the US, and yet another sample was recently donated to the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum (HNF) in Paderborn. Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken's attempt to patent the device

1752-471: The Mozilla web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary-button click, and will often open the link in a new tab or window in response to a click with the tertiary (middle) mouse button. The German company Telefunken published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968. Telefunken's mouse

1825-604: The 18th century, and each of the two panels composing them were separated in 1804. The central panel, depicting the Assumption and Coronation of the Virgin , was perhaps inspired by Raphael 's Oddi Altarpiece . It is not known if Dürer saw Raphael's work in Perugia , during a hypothetical trip to Rome after his stay in Venice , or if he knew it from etchings or drawings. Mary is shown while

1898-481: The 1990s, most copyists worked by hand to write out scores and individual instrumental parts neatly, using a calligraphy pen, staff paper , and often a ruler. Producing parts for an entire orchestra from a full score was a huge task. In the 1990s, copyists began using scorewriters – computer programs which are the music notation equivalent of a word processor . (Such programs include Sibelius , Finale , MuseScore , LilyPond , and many others ). Scorewriters allow

1971-458: The 1990s. In 1985, René Sommer added a microprocessor to Nicoud's and Guignard's design. Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent"; though optical mice from Mouse Systems had incorporated microprocessors by 1984. Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses potentiometers rather than encoder wheels, and

2044-484: The British Royal Navy Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used analog computers to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a joystick . Benjamin felt that a more elegant input device was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose. The device was patented in 1947, but only a prototype using

2117-488: The Dawn of a Global World . Oxford University Press, 2023. ISBN 9780198873105 Copyist A copyist is a person who makes duplications of the same thing. The modern use of the term is mainly confined to music copyists, who are employed by the music industry to produce neat copies from a composer or arranger 's manuscript . However, the term is sometimes used for artists who make copies of other artists' paintings. Until

2190-644: The Holy Trinity (Jesus at right, the Eternal Father at the center and, at top, the Holy Spirit Dove) crowns her, surrounded by a multitude of cherubims; this iconography was popular in northern Europe art at the time, and was used, for example, in a panel by Enguerrand Quarton now at the Louvre Museum (1454). Below, around the empty sepulcher, the apostles observe the scene in astonished postures. Dürer added

2263-420: The act; a copy is based upon honesty and does not try to replace the original. In the late 19th century, the number of copies which were sold under false pretences were high due to the absence of any considerable legislative deterrence. The treatment of forgeries of art were not as severe as other types of forgery such as that of legal documents, whereby the punishment was death (until 1832). The reasoning behind

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2336-854: The command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods. Challenges and Benefits of Gestural Interfaces While gestural interfaces offer a more immersive and interactive user experience, they also present challenges. One of the primary difficulties lies in the requirement of finer motor control from users. Gestures demand precise movements, which can be more challenging for individuals with limited dexterity or those who are new to this mode of interaction. However, despite these challenges, gestural interfaces have gained popularity due to their ability to simplify complex tasks and improve efficiency. Several gestural conventions have become widely adopted, making them more accessible to users. One such convention

2409-517: The company in 1966 in what had been a parallel and independent discovery . As the name suggests and unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken model already had a ball (diameter 40 mm, weight 40 g ) and two mechanical 4-bit rotational position transducers with Gray code -like states, allowing easy movement in any direction. The bits remained stable for at least two successive states to relax debouncing requirements. This arrangement

2482-480: The composer or songwriter to enter the melodies, rhythms and lyrics to their compositions into the computer using a computer mouse or keyboard or by playing the notes on a MIDI -equipped instrument. Once a composition is fully entered into a scorewriting program, the computer can be instructed to print out the parts for all of the different instruments. Both handwritten and computer-based copying require significant understanding of musical notation , music theory ,

2555-420: The computer system via the mouse cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting IC in modern mice. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen. The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under

2628-513: The device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named Rollkugel ) that was embedded into radar flight control desks. This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by Rainer Mallebrein  [ de ] at Telefunken Konstanz for the German Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung  [ de ] (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding workstation system SAP 300 and

2701-435: The drag and drop convention, form the building blocks of gestural interfaces, allowing users to interact with digital content using intuitive and natural movements. At the end of 20th century, digitizer mice (puck) with magnifying glass was used with AutoCAD for the digitizations of blueprints . Other uses of the mouse's input occur commonly in special application domains. In interactive three-dimensional graphics ,

2774-630: The earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968, and together with light pens and trackballs , it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year. Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of DM  1,500 per piece to the already up to 20-million DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased. They were installed at more than 20 German universities including RWTH Aachen , Technische Universität Berlin , University of Stuttgart and Konstanz . Several Rollkugel mice installed at

2847-408: The experience as a way to enhance their artistic abilities. These perspectives mirrored contemporary misconceptions around women lacking intelligence and so inferior to their male counterparts. These attitudes meant that women were rarely accused of being a fraud, because this would have implied the possession of mental skill (deceit). Initially only men were professional copyists, with women adopting

2920-420: The few axes of movement mice can detect. When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button. Often, the primary (leftmost in a right-handed configuration) button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary (rightmost in a right-handed) button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item. For example, on platforms with more than one button,

2993-523: The file in a window. Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI: The Concept of Gestural Interfaces Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of

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3066-611: The first PC-compatible mouse. The Microsoft Mouse shipped in 1983, thus beginning the Microsoft Hardware division of the company. However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the Macintosh 128K (which included an updated version of the single-button Lisa Mouse ) in 1984, and of the Amiga 1000 and the Atari ST in 1985. A mouse typically controls the motion of

3139-427: The forward-backward motion of the mouse and the other the left-right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc has

3212-667: The gestural interface paradigm. These gestures serve specific purposes and contribute to a more intuitive user experience. Some of the notable semantic gestures include: Crossing-based goal: This gesture involves crossing a specific boundary or threshold on the screen to trigger an action or complete a task. For example, swiping across the screen to unlock a device or confirm a selection. Menu traversal: Menu traversal gestures facilitate navigation through hierarchical menus or options. Users can perform gestures such as swiping or scrolling to explore different menu levels or activate specific commands. Pointing: Pointing gestures involve positioning

3285-648: The inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013. By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the Augmentation Research Center (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in Reno, Nevada , Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt

3358-462: The keyboard". In 1964, Bill English joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype. They christened the device the mouse as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common mouse . According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer in English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on

3431-463: The lack of judicial constraints was due to the insignificant economic impact. Another reason why the number of forgeries was high is because it was harder to identify a copy due to shortcomings in technology. Copying in the 19th century was not constrained by gender, in terms of accessibility. However, gender stereotyping was prevalent regardless: female copyists frequently had their work denounced as lacking creativity. Male copyists were viewed as using

3504-405: The mouse became widely used in personal computers. In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect. Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System ( NLS ) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose – but ultimately

3577-456: The mouse cursor over an object or element to interact with it. This fundamental gesture enables users to select, click, or access contextual menus. Mouseover (pointing or hovering): Mouseover gestures occur when the cursor is positioned over an object without clicking. This action often triggers a visual change or displays additional information about the object, providing users with real-time feedback. These standard semantic gestures, along with

3650-454: The mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow. Mouse Gestures in Action To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger

3723-495: The mouse won out because of its speed and convenience. The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two potentiometers perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one axis . At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year. On 2 October 1968, three years after Engelbart's prototype but more than two months before his public demo ,

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3796-617: The mouse's motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation. For example, in the first-person shooter genre of games (see below), players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the mouse up will cause the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A related function makes an image of an object rotate so that all sides can be examined. 3D design and animation software often modally chord many different combinations to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with

3869-557: The mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975. Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, Honeywell produced another type of mechanical mouse. Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. Key Tronic later produced

3942-495: The musical styles and conventions of different styles of music (e.g., regarding appropriate ornamentation, harmony rules pertaining to accidentals , etc.), and strong attention to detail and past conventions. Johann Sebastian Bach 's second wife, Anna Magdalena , regularly copied compositions by her husband and sometimes by other composers, e.g. " Bist du bei mir " in the Notebook for Anna Magdalena Bach . Ludwig van Beethoven had

4015-407: The original work. Upon completion, a copyist's work produced in the Louvre is subject to an examination to check for any forgeries. One such violation would be if the work was less than one-fifth bigger or smaller than the original. After inspection, the copy is then stamped and signed by a member of the Louvre's copy staff. The difference between a forgery and a copy involves the intention behind

4088-420: The pointer. Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open

4161-431: The popularity of the programme. There are now selection processes involving the submission of a portfolio , along with a list of potential pieces the artist would like to copy. Upon a successful application, artists are normally able to copy their first or second choice. The permits tend to be given to locals, since the artists will be required to spend a lot of time in the gallery. The museums allow artists to pick from

4234-408: The screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time. As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author. On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as The Mother of All Demos . Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before

4307-466: The term mouse or mice in reference to a computer pointing device is in Bill English 's July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control". This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a mouse , with the cord resembling its tail . The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious. According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English,

4380-410: The term also came about because the cursor on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device. The plural for the small rodent is always "mice" in modern usage. The plural for a computer mouse is either "mice" or "mouses" according to most dictionaries, with "mice" being more common. The first recorded plural usage

4453-548: The terminal SIG 3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963. Development for the TR ;440 main frame began in 1965. This led to the development of the TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86 terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing Rollkugel trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in 1966, so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for

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4526-521: The tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using pulse-code modulation radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian five-pin bowling ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project. Douglas Engelbart of the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International ) has been credited in published books by Thierry Bardini , Paul Ceruzzi , Howard Rheingold , and several others as

4599-470: The underlying principles of the planimeter to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data. On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a " bug ", which is a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels". He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with

4672-607: The underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light. The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone. Laser diodes provide good resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Later, more surface-independent optical mice use an optoelectronic sensor (essentially,

4745-466: The value of learning from other painters by going to the Louvre and discovering their artistic personalities. The benefits of copying were addressed in a study by Okada and Ishibashi (2004). It was found that copying caused the participants to assess and compare their own artistic style with others, which led to more creative pieces, in comparison to the control group. At some centres the availability of permits has been drastically reduced over time due to

4818-486: The way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted trackball and became the predominant form used with personal computers throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required. The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects

4891-430: Was chosen so that the data could also be transmitted to the TR 86 front-end process computer and over longer distance telex lines with c. 50  baud . Weighing 465 grams (16.4 oz), the device with a total height of about 7 cm (2.8 in) came in a c. 12 cm (4.7 in) diameter hemispherical injection-molded thermoplastic casing featuring one central push button. As noted above,

4964-580: Was connected to the two donors' names. The external panels were painted in grisaille , with the participation of a young Matthias Grünewald. They include eight depiction of saints; one, St. Lawrence, is signed "MGN". St. Cyriacus is portrayed during the exorcism of Artemia, daughter of Roman emperor Diocletian . He hold a book with the exorcism formula: ": AVCTORITATE DOMINI NOSTRI IHSVXPHISTI EXORCIZO TE PER ISTA TRIA NOMINA EDXAI EN ONOMATI GRAMMATON IN NOMINE PATRIS ET FILII ET SPIRITVS SANCTI AMEN". Rublack, Ulinka. Dürer's Lost Masterpiece: Art and Society at

5037-475: Was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse. Alan Kay designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap. Inspired by PARC 's Alto, the Lilith , a computer which had been developed by a team around Niklaus Wirth at ETH Zürich between 1978 and 1980, provided

5110-517: Was one of the first museums to enable artists to copy art in 1793. Other major museums soon followed such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET) in New York City in 1872. To become a copyist in 1880 at the Louvre, a simple request at the office of the secretary was sufficient. After gaining permission to use the museum, a complementary easel was provided to the artist for a year. This is

5183-540: Was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness. For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to touch screens in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display. In 1970, they developed a device named " Touchinput - Einrichtung " ("touch input device") based on a conductively coated glass screen. The Xerox Alto

5256-460: Was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A digital computer calculated

5329-487: Was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. Bill English , builder of Engelbart's original mouse, created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox PARC . The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on

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