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43-623: Archbishop Athenagoras of America soon after his enthronement became convinced that a seminary was needed in America to prepare American born man for the priesthood. At the 1936 Clergy-Laity Congress, he announced that the school would open next year in Pomfret, Connecticut, on an estate owned by the Archdiocese, bought for a song during the Great Depression . The establishment of the seminary in Pomfret

86-598: A Latin Church metropolitan archbishop, while those of the head of an autonomous ( sui iuris ) Eastern Catholic Churches are indicated in canon 157 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . All Catholic metropolitans are archbishops, but not all archbishops are metropolitans, though most are. As well as the much more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such

129-673: A galero with ten tassels on each side of his coat of arms , while a bishop has only six. The archiepiscopal cross behind the shield has two bars instead of one. Such a cross may be borne before him in liturgical processions. In processions and other occasions where strict protocol is observed, archbishops are ranked higher than diocesan bishops in the order of precedence . In the Anglican Communion , archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend" and addressed as "Your Grace", while bishops are styled "The Right Reverend" and addressed as "My Lord" or "Your Lordship". (In some countries, this usage

172-607: A titular archbishopric . In others, such as the Lutheran Church of Sweden , the title is only borne by the leader of the denomination. The word archbishop ( / ˌ ɑːr tʃ ˈ b ɪ ʃ ə p / ) comes via the Latin archiepiscopus . This in turn comes from the Greek αρχιεπίσκοπος , which has as components the etymons αρχι -, meaning 'chief', επί , 'over', and σκοπός , 'guardian, watcher'. The earliest appearance of neither

215-514: A full four-year liberal arts college named Hellenic College, which opened in 1968. Hellenic College Holy Cross is the only accredited Orthodox Christian college, seminary, and graduate school of theology in the Western Hemisphere . Hellenic College offers programs leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree. Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology offers graduate programs of study leading to

258-507: A metropolitan. The Oriental Orthodox custom generally agrees with the Slavic rather than the Greek with respect to the archbishop/metropolitan distinction. Instead of the term archbishop , Eastern Catholic Churches sometimes use the word archeparch by analogy with eparch , the term used for a diocesan (or eparchial) bishop. However, the word archeparch is not found in the Code of Canons of

301-459: A see is the only one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco , too small to be divided into several dioceses so as to form an ecclesiastical province. In others, the title of archdiocese is for historical reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance. Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese; examples are the Archdiocese of Avignon , which

344-599: Is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille , and the Archdiocese of Trnava , Slovakia . Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese. These are usually "aggregated" to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia , associated with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne , but not part of it. The ordinary of such an archdiocese

387-427: Is always carried before him by a priest-chaplain, and (like other archbishops) is a two-barred processional cross. However, the archbishop of Canterbury is also entitled to be preceded by the ancient primatial cross of Canterbury (still in ceremonial use) which is of an ornate historical design, made of precious metal, and with precious stones inserted, but unlike his metropolitical cross (or those of other archbishops) it

430-411: Is an archbishop. In the Anglican Communion , non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees are much less common. The Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem , established in 1841, was raised to the status of a non-metropolitan archiepiscopal see in 1957, but reduced to the status of an ordinary bishopric again in 1976. In 2014 it was again elevated to the status of non-metropolitan archbishopric, with its ordinary bearing

473-471: Is followed also by the Roman Catholic Church, but in others no distinction is made and "The Most Reverend" and "Your Excellency" are used for archbishops and bishops alike.) Anglican archbishops are entitled to be preceded by a server carrying an archiepiscopal processional cross (with two bars instead of one) in liturgical processions. The archbishop of Canterbury 's metropolitical processional cross

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516-628: Is located on a 59-acre (24 ha) campus in Brookline, Massachusetts just outside Boston on the former Weld estate. It is notable for having been the longtime practice site of the Boston Celtics . Athenagoras I of Constantinople Athenagoras I ( Greek : Αθηναγόρας Αʹ ), born Aristocles Matthaiou ("son of Matthew", a patronymic) Spyrou ([Αριστοκλής Ματθαίου Σπύρου] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= ( help ) ; 6 April [ O.S. 25 March] 1886 – July 7, 1972),

559-431: Is no difference between the official dress of archbishops, as such, and that of other bishops, Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishops are distinguished by the use in liturgical ceremonies of the pallium , but only within the province over which they have oversight. Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend" and addressed as "Your Excellency" in most cases. In English-speaking countries (except

602-931: Is not double-barred. Archbishops exist in all traditional denominations of the Eastern Christianity , including the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Oriental Orthodox Churches , Church of the East and the Eastern Catholic Churches In the Eastern Orthodox churches, the office and title of archbishop can be traced from the 4th and 5th century. Historically, the title was used variously, in terms of rank and jurisdiction. In some Eastern Orthodox churches, archbishops are ranked above metropolitans in precedence , while in others that order

645-541: Is reversed. Primates of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches below patriarchal rank are generally designated as archbishops. In the Greek Orthodox Church , archbishops are ranked above metropolitans in precedence . The reverse is true for some Slavic Orthodox churches ( Russian Orthodox , Bulgarian Orthodox ) and also for Romanian Orthodox Church , where metropolitans rank above archbishops. In terms of jurisdiction, there are two basic types of archbishops in

688-504: The Patriarchate of Constantinople , honorary archiepiscopal titles were also granted to those diocesan bishops who were exempt from jurisdictions of local metropolitans, and transferred to the direct jurisdiction of the patriarchal throne. Such titular hierarchs were contentiously styled as " autocephalous archbishops " (self-headed, just in terms of not having a metropolitan, but without connotations to real autocephaly ). For example, until

731-858: The Serbian Orthodox Church , both types were represented: the head of the autonomous Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric is styled Archbishop of Ohrid and invested with regional jurisdiction over all diocesan bishops in North Macedonia , while former diocesan bishop (late Amfilohije Radović ) of the Eparchy of Montenegro and the Littoral , with seat in Cetinje , was personally given only the honorary title Archbishop of Cetinje , but without any jurisdiction over other diocesan bishops in Montenegro . Historically, within

774-520: The Eastern Orthodox Church: real archbishops and honorary archbishops. Real archbishops are primates of autocephalous or autonomous (regional) churches, and they have actual jurisdiction over other bishops, while honorary archbishops are in fact just diocesan bishops with honorary titles of archbishops and no jurisdiction outside their own diocese. The honorary title is usually conferred to bishops of historically important sees . For example, in

817-672: The Patriarch's efforts at rapprochement in an open letter in 1965. He argued that no rapprochement was possible until the Catholic Church "renounces its new doctrines". Archbishop In Christian denominations , an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church , there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdiocese ( with some exceptions ), or are otherwise granted

860-612: The United States), a Catholic archbishop is addressed as "Your Grace", while a Catholic bishop is addressed as "Your Lordship". Before December 12, 1930, the title "Most Reverend" was only for archbishops, while bishops were styled as "Right Reverend". This practice is still followed by Catholic bishops in the United Kingdom to mirror that of the Church of England . In Roman Catholic heraldry , an archbishop has an ecclesiastical hat called

903-637: The age of 62. In January 1949, he was honored to be flown in the personal airplane of the American president Harry Truman to Istanbul, Turkey to assume his new position. As Patriarch, he was actively involved with the World Council of Churches and improving relations with the Catholic Church and the Pope . He was hospitalized on July 6, 1972, for a broken hip, but died from kidney failure in Istanbul (Constantinople)

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946-575: The country into separate dioceses. To correct that, he centralized the ecclesiastical administration in the archdiocese offices with all other bishops serving as auxiliaries, appointed to assist the archbishop, without dioceses and administrative rights of their own. He actively worked with his communities to establish harmony. He expanded the work of the clergy-laity congresses and founded the Holy Cross School of Theology . Through his capable and fatherly leadership he withstood early opposition and gained

989-713: The degrees of Master of Divinity (M.Div), Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S.), and Master of Theology (Th.M). Hellenic College has been accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education and Holy Cross School of Theology has been accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada since 1974. Holy Cross is also a member of the Boston Theological Interreligious Consortium . Hellenic College

1032-451: The end of the 8th century, bishop of Amorium was under the jurisdiction of metropolitan of Pessinus , but he was later exempt and placed under direct patriarchal jurisdiction. On that occasion, he was given an honorary title of an autocephalous archbishop , but with no jurisdiction over other bishops. Sometime later ( c.  814 ), metropolitan province of Amorium was created, and local archbishop finally gained regional jurisdiction as

1075-659: The following day at the age of 86. He was buried in the cemetery within the grounds of the Church of Saint Mary of the Spring in Balıklı, Istanbul . Athenagoras's meeting with Pope Paul VI in 1964 in Jerusalem led to rescinding the excommunications of 1054 which historically mark the Great Schism , the schism between the churches of the East and West. This was a significant step towards restoring relations between Rome, Constantinople, and

1118-453: The former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv. Many of the titular sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the personal title of archbishop ( ad personam ). They are usually referred to as archbishop of

1161-521: The love and devotion of his people. [citation needed] Archbishop Athenagoras consecrated the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York City's Upper East Side on October 22, 1933. He called it: "The Cathedral of all of Hellenism in America." In 1938, Athenagoras was naturalized as a United States citizen. On November 1, 1948, he was elected Patriarch of Constantinople at

1204-685: The other patriarchates of Eastern Orthodoxy. It produced the Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965 , which was read out on December 7, 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul (Constantinople). The declaration did not end the 1054 schism, but rather showed a desire for reconciliation between the two churches and friendlier relations. Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations did improve as now neither side

1247-421: The person's former see, is not archiepiscopal. The bishop transferred is then known as the archbishop-bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin , appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009. The title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. Another example is Arthur Roche , who

1290-427: The position of Archbishop of North and South America as the best person to bring harmony to the American diocese. The patriarch made the appointment on August 30, 1930. When Archbishop Athenagoras assumed his new position on February 24, 1931, he was faced with the task of bringing unity and harmony to a diocese that was racked with dissension between Royalists and Republicans ( Venizelists ), who had virtually divided

1333-466: The role, above ordinary bishops but below patriarchs, seems to be established for metropolitans by the 5th century. Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which one see's bishop has certain powers and duties of oversight over the others. He is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. In the Catholic Church , canon 436 of the Code of Canon Law indicates what these powers and duties are for

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1376-490: The same see: the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living archbishops emeriti of Taipei . There is no archbishop emeritus of a titular see; an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see. In the Anglican Communion , retired archbishops formally revert to being addressed as "bishop" and styled "The Right Reverend", although they may be appointed "archbishop emeritus" by their province on retirement, in which case they retain

1419-439: The see is considered sufficient and more appropriate. The rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head but because it has been granted to them personally ( ad personam ). Such a grant can be given when someone who already holds the rank of archbishop is transferred to a see that, though its present-day importance may be greater than

1462-468: The see, not as its archbishop-bishop. If an archbishop resigns his see without being transferred to another, as in the case of retirement or assignment to head a department of the Roman Curia , the word emeritus is added to his former title, and he is called archbishop emeritus of his former see. Until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see. There can be several archbishops emeriti of

1505-465: The title "Archbishop in Jerusalem", despite having no ex officio right to be the metropolitan of the province. Until 1970, a coadjutor archbishop, one who has special faculties and the right to succeed to the leadership of a see on the death or resignation of the incumbent, was assigned also to a titular see , which he held until the moment of succession. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of

1548-431: The title "archbishop" and the style "The Most Reverend", as a right. Archbishop Desmond Tutu was a prominent example, as archbishop emeritus of Cape Town. Former archbishops who have not received the status of archbishop emeritus may still be informally addressed as "archbishop" as a courtesy, unless they are subsequently appointed to a bishopric (not an arch bishopric), in which case the courtesy ceases. While there

1591-466: The title nor the role can be traced. The title of "metropolitan" was apparently well known by the 4th century, when there are references in the canons of the First Council of Nicæa of 325 and Council of Antioch of 341 , though the term seems to be used generally for all higher ranks of bishop, including patriarchs. The term "archbishop" does not appear in the modern sense until the 6th century, although

1634-687: Was Bishop of Leeds until his appointment as Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments . Roche remained a bishop by virtue of his position as bishop emeritus of Leeds – rather than being transferred to a different titular archbishopric, he was appointed as an archbishop ad personam . The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones. The Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of

1677-439: Was Greek Orthodox Archbishop of North and South America from 1930 to 1948 and the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1948 to 1972. Athenagoras was born as Aristocles Matthew Spyrou on April 6 [ O.S. March 25] 1886 in the village of Vasiliko , near Ioannina , Epirus (then Ottoman Empire ). He has been described as having been of Aromanian , Albanian , or Greek descent. Athenagoras

1720-658: Was tonsured a monk , given the name Athenagoras, and ordained to the diaconate . He served as archdeacon of the Diocese of Pelagonia before becoming the secretary to Archbishop Meletius (Metaxakis) of Athens in 1919. While still a deacon, he was elected the Metropolitan of Corfu in 1922 and straightway raised to the episcopacy. Returning from a fact-finding trip to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in America in 1930, Metropolitan Damaskinos recommended to Patriarch Photios II that he appoint Metropolitan Athenagoras to

1763-542: Was a bold experiment, fraught with difficulties. Demetrios Michaelides, who entered the Holy Cross in the 1937, remembered: "The first year was very hard. We were isolated. Being the first class of the start of the seminary was a challenge. The school had very little money, which was a hardship for all. There was not much money for food or books or other supplies. People from Boston and Worcester would bring food for us." In 1966, Holy Cross expanded its undergraduate division into

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1806-511: Was officially calling the other heretics, but it was not an agreement for "full communion" in which both sides would essentially accept the other entirely, nor did such a development come later. Most Orthodox leaders were mildly positive and accepting toward the move, seeing the old excommunication as too sharp a measure. There was one who strongly objected: Metropolitan Philaret of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad challenged

1849-472: Was the son of Matthew N. Spyrou, a doctor, and Helen V. Mokoros. Athenagoras devoted himself to religion at an early age because of the encouragement he received from his mother and a priest from his village. After completing his secondary education in 1906, he entered the Holy Trinity Theological School at Halki , near Istanbul , and was ordained a deacon in 1910. Upon graduating, he

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