35-508: Heinrich Kramer ( c. 1430 – 1505, aged 74-75), also known under the Latinized name Henricus Institor , was a German churchman and inquisitor . With his widely distributed book Malleus Maleficarum (1487), which describes witchcraft and endorses detailed processes for the extermination of witches, he was instrumental in establishing the period of witch trials in the early modern period . Professor Malcolm Gaskill has described Kramer as
70-626: A "superstitious psychopath." Born in Schlettstadt, now Sélestat , Alsace , he joined the Dominican Order at an early age and while still a young man was appointed Prior of the Dominican house of his native town. At some date before 1474 he was appointed Inquisitor for the Tyrol , Salzburg , Bohemia and Moravia . His eloquence in the pulpit and tireless activity received recognition at Rome and he
105-767: A large part of the Latin Empire of Constantinople along the east coast of the Adriatic, most of the Peloponnesus and settlements in the Sea of Marmora, the Black Sea and the Aegean. The relationship between the bishop, the patriarch and the doge was complex. The bishops of Olivolo, and then Castello, were technically suffragans of the Patriarch of Grado. In practice they maintained independence. From
140-741: A playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. The title of the " Wilhelmus ", national anthem of the Netherlands , preserves a Latinised form of the name of William the Silent . In English, place names often appear in Latinised form. This is a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often uses Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of anglicised forms or
175-449: A prosperous burgher named Sebastian, was described as an "aggressive, independent woman who was not afraid to speak her mind". Right after Kramer had arrived in the city, she had passed him in the street, spat and cursed him publicly: "Fie on you, you bad monk, may the falling evil take you". Later, it was discovered she was not attending Kramer's sermons and encouraged others to do likewise, all of which were brought against her as charges for
210-764: Is the ordinary bishop of the Archdiocese of Venice . The bishop is one of only four patriarchs in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church. The other three are the Patriarch of Lisbon , the Patriarch of the East Indies and the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem . Presently, the only advantage of this purely formal title is the bishop's place of honor in papal processions . In the case of Venice, an additional privilege allows
245-476: Is the practice of rendering a non - Latin name in a modern Latin style. It is commonly found with historical proper names , including personal names and toponyms , and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script (e.g. Cyrillic ). For authors writing in Latin, this change allows
280-466: The Patriarchate of Old Aquileia on the mainland and Patriarchate of Grado . In 774 or 775, Pope Adrian I and John IV, Patriarch of Grado, authorized the establishment of an episcopal see on the island of Olivolo . The first bishop, Obelerius, was nominated, invested and enthroned by the doge and consecrated by the patriarch. The Bishop of Olivolo was subordinate to Grado and had jurisdiction over
315-579: The Tridentine reforms , founding the seminary, holding synods and collecting the regulations made by his predecessors (Constitutiones et privilegia patriarchatus et cleri Venetiarum). In 1581 the visita Apostolica was sent to Venice; a libellus exhortatorius was published, in which the visita highly praised the clergy of Venice. In 1751, Pope Benedict XIV abolished the Patriarchate of Aquileia by creating two new archbishops in Udine and Gorizia . With this act
350-637: The Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in his Golden Bull recognized the full independence of Venice, along with freedom from tributes, trade restrictions and customs duties. The Republic of Venice began its Golden Age under the Doge Enrico Dandolo (1192–1205). Under him the French Crusading army of the Fourth Crusade was used to bring Trieste and Zara under Venetian sway, and then to obtain
385-564: The Patriarchate of Grado and the Diocese of Castello , incorporating them both in the new Patriarchate of Venice by the Papal Bull "Regis aeterni." Thus Venice succeeded to the whole metropolitan jurisdiction of Grado's ecclesiastical province, including the sees of Dalmatia . In 1466 the territory of the Patriarchate was expanded by merging the suppressed Diocese of Equilio . The election of
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#1732876335533420-629: The Patriarchate of Venice became sole heir to the throne of St. Mark in northeastern Italy. After 1797 and the fall of the Republic of Venice under the rule of Napoleon , the bishopric rule of the doge on the Basilica and St. Mark's relics was lacking. Then in 1807, by favor of the Viceroy of Italy , the Neapolitan Nicola Gambroni was promoted to the Patriarchate and of his own authority transferred
455-651: The Patriarchate of Venice, while the dioceses of the Venetian territory were placed under its metropolitan jurisdiction. Cardinal Giuseppe Sarto , afterwards Pius X, succeeded in 1893; he was refused recognition by the Italian Government, which claimed the right of nomination formerly employed by the Habsburg Emperor of Austria and in earlier times by the Venetian Senate , but after eleven months this pretension
490-510: The authority of prosecuting and investigating cases of sorcery, was included in the forefront of the book, first published in 1487. Kramer failed in his attempt to obtain endorsement for this work from the top theologians of the Inquisition at the Faculty of Cologne , and they condemned the book as recommending unethical and illegal procedures, as well as being inconsistent to what they perceived as
525-547: The crime of witchcraft. Helena even disrupted one of his sermons "by loudly proclaiming that she believed Institor to be an evil man in league with the devil". During her trial, as Kramer focused heavily on the sexuality of Scheuberin, he was accused by the bishop of having "presumed much that had not been proved". Kramer remained in Innsbruck to continue the investigation, collect evidence, and interrogate suspected witches. Golser and Kramer exchanged letters encouraging Kramer to quit
560-512: The custody of the bishop. Instead, he was taken to the doge's chapel, and planning began to create a magnificent new temple, St Mark's Basilica , suitable for such important relics. The legend that St. Mark himself had preached the Gospel at Venice grew up in later times. In 1074, the Bishop of Olivolo began to be styled the Bishop of Castello. Enrico Contarini was the first to hold this title. In 1084
595-715: The early 19th century, Europe had largely abandoned Latin as a scholarly language (most scientific studies and scholarly publications are printed in English), but a variety of fields still use Latin terminology as the norm. By tradition, it is still common in some fields to name new discoveries in Latin. And because Western science became dominant during the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of Latin names in many scholarly fields has gained worldwide acceptance, at least when European languages are being used for communication. Patriarch of Venice The Patriarch of Venice ( Latin : Patriarcha Venetiarum ; Italian : Patriarca di Venezia )
630-476: The end of the republic, patriarchs have rarely been of Venetian origin, and three of them became pope in the 20th century alone: Pius X (1903), John XXIII (1958) and John Paul I (1978). The Venetian islands at first belonged to the diocese of Altino or of Padua , under jurisdiction of the archbishop of Aquileia , believed to be the successor of St. Mark . During the Lombard invasion (568–572) many bishops of
665-434: The head of an inquisitorial commission with the stated intention of "bringing witches to justice". Despite being granted episcopal jurisdiction to conduct trials by Georg Golser, bishop of Brixen, the latter eventually acquired a distaste for Kramer's alleged scandals. This most likely referred to the whole interrogation of Helena Scheuberin in Innsbruck and six other citizens accused of witchcraft. Helena herself, married to
700-609: The invaded mainland escaped under protection of the Byzantine fleet in the eastern lagoons. The archbishop himself took refuge in Grado , where he was claimed as patriarch, during the schism of the Three Chapters . At the end of the invasion, many of the ancient dioceses of the mainland were restored by the Lombards, while the exiles supported the new sees in the lagoons. Two patriarchs emerged:
735-497: The investigation, ending with a final letter in 1486 in which Golser ordered Kramer to leave his diocese, the trials in Innsbruck finally being suspended. Kramer finally relented and returned to Cologne. In response to the Bishop's criticism, Kramer began to write a treatise on witchcraft that later became the Malleus Maleficarum (commonly translated as "The Hammer of Witches"). The bull Summis desiderantes , which gave him
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#1732876335533770-530: The islands of Olivolo, Rialto , Luprio, Gemini, Scopulo or Dorsoduro , Spinalonga, Biria and other minor islands of the central group. The diocese's cathedral was San Pietro di Castello . In 828 the body of Saint Mark the Evangelist was smuggled from Alexandria , Egypt, to Venice. When the ship reached Olivolo island in Venice, the saint made signs (or so it was claimed) showing he did not want to be placed in
805-515: The middle of the 11th century the patriarchs took up residence for most of the time at San Silvestro, Venice , while the bishop was based at San Pietro on the east of the city. An important role was played by the primicerio , based in Saint Mark's , who represented the doge and the city government. The primicerio invested the bishops, abbots and patriarchs. In 1451, upon the death of Domenico Michel, Patriarch of Grado, Pope Nicholas V suppressed
840-501: The name to function grammatically in a sentence through declension . In a scientific context, the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent. Latinisation may be carried out by: Humanist names, assumed by Renaissance humanists , were largely Latinised names, though in some cases (e.g. Melanchthon ) they invoked Ancient Greek . Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, sometimes involving
875-677: The original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are: Latinisation is a common practice for scientific names . For example, Livistona , the name of a genus of palm trees, is a Latinisation of Livingstone . During the age of the Roman Empire , translation of names into Latin (in the West) or Greek (in the East) was common. Additionally, Latinised versions of Greek substantives , particularly proper nouns , could easily be declined by Latin speakers with minimal modification of
910-627: The original word. During the medieval period , after the Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the main bastion of scholarship was the Roman Catholic Church , for which Latin was the primary written language. In the early medieval period, most European scholars were priests and most educated people spoke Latin, and as a result, Latin became firmly established as the scholarly language for the West. By
945-573: The orthodox Catholic doctrines of demonology . In the overall evaluation, his works were praised and his prestige was growing. He was asked by the Nuremberg council to provide expert consultation on the procedure of witch trial in 1491. In 1495 he was summoned by the Master General of the Order , Joaquin de Torres, O.P. to Venice and gave very popular public lectures and disputations. They were worthy of
980-659: The patriarch belonged to the Senate of Venice, and this practice sometimes led to differences between the republic and the Holy See. Likewise, parishioners elected their parish priests, by the right of patronage . Girolamo Quirini, OP (1519–54), had many disputes with the clergy, the Government, and the Holy See. To avoid these disputes, the Senate decreed that in future only senators should be eligible. Those elected after this were frequently laymen. Giovanni Trevisan , OSB (1560), introduced
1015-413: The patriarch, even if he is not a cardinal , the use of the colour red in non-liturgical vestments. In that case, the red biretta is topped by a tuft, as is the custom with other bishops who are not cardinals. The diocese of Venice was created in 774 as suffragan of the Patriarchate of Grado . It was only in 1451 that, in consideration of the political influence of the city, its bishops were accorded
1050-504: The patriarchal seat to the Basilica of St. Mark, uniting the two chapters. He also reduced the number of parish churches from seventy to thirty. The work of enlarging the choir of the basilica brought to light the relics of St. Mark in 1808. In 1811 Napoleon intruded into the See of Venice Stefano Bonsignore , Bishop of Faenza , but in 1814 that prelate returned to his own see. In 1819 the Diocese of Torcello and Diocese of Caorle were merged in
1085-744: The presence and patronage of the Patriarch of Venice . He also wrote treatises Several Discourses and Various Sermons upon the Most Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist (Nuremberg, 1496); A Tract Confuting the Errors of Master Antonio degli Roselli (Venice, 1499); followed by The Shield of Defence of the Holy Roman Church Against the Picards and Waldenses which were quoted by many authors. He was appointed as papal nuncio and his assignment as inquisitor
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1120-449: The title of patriarch by the pope . By a relatively recent tradition, the Patriarch of Venice is created a cardinal at the consistory following his appointment, though nothing requires the pope to do so. The current patriarch Francesco Moraglia has not been made a cardinal. In the last centuries of the Republic of Venice (to 1797), exceptionally among Catholic bishops, the patriarch
1155-560: Was changed to Bohemia and Moravia by Pope Alexander VI in 1500. Summers observes that 17th-century " Dominican chroniclers, such as Quétif and Échard , number Kramer and Sprenger among the glories and heroes of their Order ". He passed his last days intensely writing and preaching until his death in Kroměříž in Moravia , in 1505. Latinized name Latinisation (or Latinization ) of names , also known as onomastic Latinisation ,
1190-681: Was elected by the Venetian Senate , who always chose a member of one of the hereditary patrician families of the city, and usually a layman who was only ordained to take up the patriarchate. The papacy obliged them to pass an examination in theology, though many evaded this. Usually the new patriarch was a Venetian diplomat or administrator, as with Lorenzo Priuli in 1591 or Francesco Vendramin in 1608, though some were career clerics, who had usually been previously in positions in Rome, such as Federico Cornaro in 1631. The patriarchs normally remained in Venice, and in this period none were elected pope . Since
1225-517: Was the right-hand man of the Archbishop of Salzburg . The papal bull Summis desiderantes which Pope Innocent VIII published in 1484 acknowledges the existence of witches and explicitly empowers the inquisition to prosecute witches and sorcerers . The bull aimed to reaffirm the jurisdiction of Kramer, who was denied authority as an inquisitor in Germany. One year later, he went to Innsbruck as
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