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61-649: The university's second campus is located in Künzelsau, the economic centre of the Hohenlohe district, its third in Schwäbisch Hall. Source: Business-related subjects: Economic & Cultural Area Studies: Language Area Studies: Egypt (4) Argentina (1) Armenia (1) Australia (1) Brazil (4) Chile (1) France Indonesia (2) Ireland (1) Jordan (1) Cuba (2) Morocco (1) Tunisia (2) In terms of number of students, Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences

122-589: A confessional division arose when the two sons of Georg Friedrich II of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Christian (founder of the Bartenstein line) and Ludwig Gustav (founder of the Schillingsfürst line), converted to the Catholic Church . After the extinction of two other protestant side lines, Waldenburg in 1679 and Waldenburg- Pfedelbach in 1728, the whole property of the main branch Hohenlohe-Waldenburg

183-510: A government office for the county of Gleichen at Ehrenstein Castle until 1848. Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen , had acquired the estates of Slawentzitz , Ujest and Bitschin in Silesia by marriage in 1782, an area of 108 square miles, where his grandson Hugo zu Hohenlohe-Öhringen , Duke of Ujest, established calamine mines and founded one of the largest zinc smelting plants in

244-531: A higher lord, was that they had been granted Imperial immediacy , and as such were the equals in most respects to the other individuals or entities, such as the secular and ecclesiastical territorial rulers of the Empire (margraves, dukes, princes, counts, archbishops, bishops, abbots, etc.) and the free imperial cities , that also enjoyed Imperial immediacy. However, unlike all of those, the Imperial knights did not possess

305-530: A museum, to the state. The existing branches of the Hohenlohe family are descended from the lines of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg , established in 1551 by Ludwig Kasimir (d. 1568) and Eberhard (d. 1570), the sons of Count Georg I (d. 1551). Since Georg had become protestant on his deathbed, the reformation was introduced in the county and confirmed by the Peace of Augsburg in 1556. In 1667 however,

366-500: A total population of 350,000–450,000 inhabitants. These figures, however, are drawn from claims for compensation made after the upheavals of the French Revolution, and are more accurate for their description of geographical extent than of the total membership in the order. There were at least 400 families possessing land and many more of knightly rank that did not possess land, the so-called Personalisten . With these latter included,

427-451: Is an example. By the late eighteenth century, the organization of the circles was as following: Franconian Circle (six cantons) Swabian Circle (five cantons) (Note: The semi-autonomous District Ortenau was affiliated with canton Neckar-Schwarzwald. District Ortenau served as the chief organizational connection to the empire for the Alsatian immediate nobility that had been absorbed by

488-580: Is part of the East Franconian German dialect group and the population still values its traditional distinct identity. Notable members of the von Hohenlohe family include: (*) still owned by members of the House of Hohenlohe The Legion de Hohenlohe was a unit of foreign soldiers serving in the French Army until 1831, when its members (as well as those of the disbanded Swiss Guards ) were folded into

549-461: Is the largest University of Applied Sciences in the state of Baden-Württemberg . Hohenlohe The House of Hohenlohe ( pronounced [hoːənˈloːə] ) is a German princely dynasty. It formerly ruled an immediate territory within the Holy Roman Empire , which was divided between several branches. In 1806, the area of Hohenlohe was 1,760 km² and its estimated population

610-634: The Battle of Kitzingen gaining Uffenheim in the aftermath. In 1273 Kraft of Hohenlohe fought at the Battle on the Marchfeld on the side of king Rudolf of Habsburg . By 1300, town and castle Schillingsfürst had also passed into the possession of the Hohenlohe lords. Hohlach later became part of the Principality of Ansbach , a subsequent state of the Hohenzollern Burgraviate of Nuremberg , to which

671-726: The Franconian Circle . They also had six voices in the Franconian College of Imperial Counts (Fränkisches Reichsgrafenkollegium) of the Imperial Diet ( Reichstag ). The right to vote in the Imperial Diet gave a German noble family the status of imperial state ( Reichsstände ) and made them belong to the High Nobility ( Hoher Adel ), on a par with ruling princes and dukes. By 1455, Albrecht of Hohenlohe had acquired

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732-561: The Hohenzollern margraves of Ansbach in 1448. Hohenlohe-Hohenlohe was divided into several branches, two of which were Hohenlohe-Weikersheim and Hohenlohe-Uffenheim- Speckfeld (1330–1412). Hohenlohe-Weikersheim, descended from count Kraft I (died 1313), also underwent several divisions, the most important following the deaths of counts Albert and George in 1551. At this time the two main branches of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein and Hohenlohe-Waldenburg were founded by George's sons. Meanwhile, in 1412,

793-531: The Imperial Aulic Council . Lacking access to the Imperial Diet, in 1650 the immediate knights organized themselves into three circles ( Ritterkreise ): the Franconian, Swabian, and Rhenish Circles. The Circles in turn were divided into cantons ( Ritterkantone ), each of which exercised a high degree of autonomy. Each canton possessed a directorate ( Direktorium ), led by a director ( Ritterhauptmann ), who

854-757: The ius reformandi (the right to establish an official Christian denomination in their territories). The knightly families had the right of house legislation, subject to the Emperor's approval, and so could control such things as the marriage of members and set the terms of the inheritance of family property. Imperial knights did not, however, have access to the Imperial Diet. Concerning the rights of Free Imperial Knights, Joseph Friederich von Ledersheim wrote in 1715 (De jure et privilegiis nobilium liberorum et immediatorum, Von des H. Röm. Reichs Freyen unmittelbahren Ritterschafft Discursus): Section XII: “…they possess forestry rights (ius forestae)…the right of hunting (ius venandi);

915-522: The jus retractus , the right to buy back any land sold to a non-knight for the original price within three years, and the jus collectandi , the right to collect taxes for the upkeep of the knightly order, even on estates that had been sold to non-knights. The knights also had the right to tax their subjects directly, and also possessed the feudal rights to the corvée and the bannum . The knights' reputation for heavy taxes (the maligned Rittersteuer ) and high judicial fines rendered them an anachronism in

976-666: The Act of the Confederation of the Rhine . Therefore, the region of Hohenlohe is presently located for the most part in the north eastern part of the State of Baden-Württemberg (forming the counties of Hohenlohe , Schwäbisch Hall and the southern part of Main-Tauber-Kreis ), with smaller parts in the Bavarian administrative districts of Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia . The Hohenlohisch dialect

1037-477: The Church, or to brigandage . The minority of ministeriales rich enough to weather the crises soon came to be identified with the remnants of the free nobility, and were thus seen as constituting one noble order. By 1422, some of these nobles had achieved jurisdictional autonomy under the Emperor (‘ immediacy ’), and the corporation of free imperial knights was born. The other ministeriales that did not manage to receive

1098-518: The Emperor could be held by an institution: the family of Thurn und Taxis held the imperial post as an immediate fief from the Emperor. Mediate entities were subjects arranged under an intermediate jurisdiction between the entity itself and the Emperor. The Imperial Knights were called very often to war by the emperor and therefore won significant influence in the Military and the Administration of

1159-482: The Empire and also over the more powerful nobles. Every Canton had its own Ritterhauptmann or Captain and kept detailed records of noble families and properties. The Imperial Knights were exempt from imperial taxes and were not required to quarter troops. After the Protestant Reformation , most Imperial Knights remained Catholic and their families made up a substantial fraction of noble Catholics in much of

1220-627: The Empire outside Austria and Bavaria. This eventually led to the Imperial Knights exerting significant influence in the selection of several prince-bishops and prince-archbishops , giving them some influence in the Imperial Diet and the College of Princes. Over time the title of Imperial Knight became a title of nobility rather than occupation. Many Imperial Knights even as early as the 16th century are more famous for their scholarly, artistic, or diplomatic work than their military achievements. During

1281-460: The French reunions of the seventeenth century.) Rhenish Circle (three cantons) Whether or not an individual, an institution, or an area was directly subject to the Emperor's authority defined the status of ‘immediate’ and ‘mediate’ subject of the Empire (reichsunmittelbar, reichsmittelbar). The distinction was not restricted to noble subjects of the Emperor; for example, a number of high officials in

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1342-550: The Hohenlohe family had sold the nearby town of Uffenheim in 1378, and Hohlach some time later. Yet, the name Hohenlohe remained attached to the county with its other territories. The branch of Hohenlohe-Brauneck received Jagstberg Castle (near Mulfingen ) as af fief from the Bishop of Würzburg around 1300, which later came to various other feudal holders, but repeatedly also back to the House of Hohenlohe. The Lords of Hohenlohe-Brauneck became extinct in 1390, their lands were sold to

1403-722: The House of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst inherited the dukedom of Ratibor in Silesia in 1834, together with the principality of Corvey in Westphalia. While the Silesian property was expropriated in Poland in 1945, Corvey Abbey remains owned by the Duke of Ratibor to this day, together with further inherited properties in Austria. The Holy Roman Emperors granted the title of Imperial Prince ( Reichsfürst ) to

1464-645: The Italian counties of Molise and Romagna in 1229/30, but they were not able to hold them for long. Gottfried was a tutor and close advisor to the emperor's son king Conrad IV . When the latter survived an assassination attempt plotted by bishop Albert of Regensburg, he granted Gottfried some possessions of the Prince-Bishopric of Regensburg , namely the Vogt position for the Augustine Stift at Öhringen and

1525-496: The Protestant Religion in churches and schools not only in their own hereditary territories but also in those fiefs held from another state…they are able whenever they wish to abolish and introduce either religion [Catholic or Protestant] if they hold the position of vogt over the possessions.” All matters relating to the Imperial Knights' legal status as immediate vassals of the Emperor (house laws, debt, etc.) were managed by

1586-600: The Waldenburg line (in 1744) and to the Neuenstein (Öhringen) line (in 1764). In 1757, the Holy Roman Emperor elevated possessions of the Waldenburg line to the status of Imperial Principality. In 1772, the Holy Roman Emperor elevated possessions of the Neuenstein and Langenburg lines to the status of Imperial Principality. On 12 July 1806, the principalities became parts of the kingdoms of Bavaria and of Württemberg by

1647-407: The branch of Hohenlohe-Uffenheim-Speckfeld had become extinct, and its lands passed to other families by marriage. George Hohenlohe was prince-bishop of Passau (1390–1423) and archbishop of Esztergom (1418–1423), serving King Sigismund of Hungary (the later King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor). In 1450, Emperor Frederick III granted Kraft of Hohenlohe (died 1472) and his brother, Albrecht,

1708-558: The castle and lordship of Bartenstein (near Schrozberg ). In 1472 the town and castle of Pfedelbach were bought by the Hohenlohe family. In 1586, Weikersheim was inherited by count Wolfgang who reconstructed the medieval Weikersheim Castle into a Renaissance palace. When the last Weikersheim count, Carl Ludwig, died around 1760, his lands were divided between the Langenburg, Neuenstein and Öhringen branches; in 1967, Prince Constantin of Hohenlohe-Langenburg sold Weikersheim Castle, meanwhile

1769-578: The demise of the Holy Roman Empire in 1803, the Knights' estates, which were generally enclaves , were seized by the great territorial states like Bavaria and Württemberg in the so-called Rittersturm . In 1806, the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine gave the great states unilateral powers and the Imperial Knights' possessions, hitherto completely independent under the Emperor, formally became part of

1830-464: The emperor elevated their lordship Hohenlohe to the status of an imperial county . The county remained divided between several family branches, however still being an undivided Imperial Fief under the imperial jurisdiction, and was to be represented by the family's senior vis-à-vis the imperial court . The Hohenlohes were Imperial Counts having two voices in the Diet (or Assembly, called Kreistag ) of

1891-654: The eyes of imperial reformers. From 1577 on, the Imperial Knights met in a congress called the Generalkorrespondenztag ("General Correspondence Diet"), but the Circles and especially the Cantons became somewhat more important as their proximity meant that their interests were more closely aligned. Some immediate imperial fiefs, however, fell outside the structure of the Circles and their Cantons. The autonomous barony ( Freiherrschaft ) of Haldenstein (in modern-day Switzerland)

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1952-525: The first time in 1178 which is derived from the no longer existing Hohlach Castle near Simmershofen in Middle Franconia. His brother Heinrich also called himself so from 1182 (in the versions “Hohenlach” or “Holach”) which later was to become Hohenlohe . The name means “high-lying wood” (high Loh). The name Hohenlohe was probably adopted because Weikersheim was a fiefdom of the Comburg monastery, but Hohlach

2013-533: The former Duchy of East and West Franconia, which also included the Franconian region of Baden-Württemberg around Heilbronn-Hohenlohe. The dynasty is related to the Staufers around the famous Emperor Barbarossa , and also to the British royal family through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh , Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria 's half-sister Princess Feodora of Leiningen . The first ancestor

2074-569: The heads of its branches, and the title of prince/princess for the other members. From 1861, the Hohenlohe- Öhringen branch was also of ducal status as dukes of Ujest . Due to the continuous lineage of the dynasty until the present time, it is considered to be one of the longest-lived noble families in Germany and Europe. The large state coat of arms of Baden-Württemberg today bears the Frankish rake of

2135-593: The imperial courts and the chancery were immediate, whether noble or not. Arising from the feudal connection between tenure of land and jurisdiction, the status of immediate subject was further distinct from that of a state of the Empire. There were many immediate territories that were not states of the Empire, and there could be states that were not immediate. Examples of tiny immediate territories include villages ( Gochsheim and Sennfeld near Schweinfurt ), and some farms in Upper Swabia. The status of immediate subject of

2196-400: The late 15th century and into a single body in 1577, and fought to win recognition. This status, beholden only to the Emperor himself rather than through a more powerful noble, meant the Imperial Knights were "immediate subjects" (their fealty was unmediated by another lord). As such, the Imperial Knights exercised a limited form of sovereignty within their territories. The Imperial Knighthood

2257-466: The need for permission they are able to call and hold assizes….they acknowledge no court but that of the Emperor, even though they hold no fiefs of the Emperor; the privilege against new fiefs being erected, the right to arbitration (ius Austregarum) no less than other states of the Empire have, even if they hold certain mediate fiefs from another prince.” Section XV: “they enjoy the freedom of religion (pace religionis fruuntur) and therefore of establishing

2318-520: The newly-raised French Foreign Legion for service in Algeria. Imperial knight The Free Imperial Knights (German: Reichsritter Latin : Eques imperii ) were free nobles of the Holy Roman Empire , whose direct overlord was the Emperor . They were the remnants of the medieval free nobility ( edelfrei ) and the ministeriales . What distinguished them from other knights, who were vassals of

2379-471: The order: personal and landed. Landed members were families enrolled in a Circle and Canton who owned an immediate fief, and thus were subordinate to the Emperor directly. The personal members (Personalisten) were non-landed members – regularly admitted – who had not yet acquired estates under knightly jurisdiction. As a result, the Personalisten were not included in claims made for compensation. Consequently,

2440-590: The residence of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1527 and remained the headquarters of the Order until 1809. The son Heinrich von Hohenlohe (d. 1249) became Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. His grandsons, Gottfried and Conrad, supporters of Emperor Frederick II , founded the lines of Hohenlohe-Hohenlohe and Hohenlohe-Brauneck in 1230, the names taken from their respective castles. The emperor granted them

2501-462: The right to establish an archive (ius archivi, a right of sovereignty); the capacity to make laws (facultatem leges atque statuas condendi); to send ambassadors (ius mittendi legatos) not only to the Emperor but to other kings and princes and those of whatever status; the right to establish pacts (ius constituendi foederae), of conducting war (bellum movendi), of constructing fortifications and walling forts (fortalitia extruendi et arces muniendi); without

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2562-634: The sons of Elizabeth of Hanau , heiress of Ziegenhain, the title Count of Ziegenhain ( Graf zu Ziegenhain ) and invested them with the County of Ziegenhain . Actually, the Landgraves of Hesse soon took the County of Ziegenhain. After decades of, sometimes armed, conflict, the Hohenlohe gave up their claim to Ziegenhain in favor of the Hessian landgrave in a settlement with financial compensation in 1495. In this context,

2623-480: The status of Estates ( Stände ) of the Empire, and therefore were not represented, individually or collectively, in the Imperial Diet . They tended to define their responsibilities to the Empire in terms of feudalized obligations to the Emperor, including personal service and strictly voluntary financial offerings paid to the Emperor himself. To protect their rights and avoid vassalage to more powerful nobles, they organized themselves into three unions (Partheien) in

2684-604: The status of immediate vassals of the Emperor were gradually transformed into a titled nobility of free status: the Freiherren (Barons). By 1577, the Imperial Knights achieved the status of a noble corporate body within the empire: the corpus equestre . In the Peace of Westphalia , the privileges of the Imperial Knights were confirmed. The knights paid their own tax (voluntary) to the Emperor, possessed limited sovereignty (rights of legislation, taxation, civil jurisdiction, police, coin, tariff, hunt; certain forms of justice), and

2745-399: The stronger elements of the unfree ministeriales that had won noble status. Around 1300, the manorial economy suffered contraction due to the fluctuation in the price of agricultural foodstuffs. Ministeriales who were in a stronger economic position were better able to survive the weakening of their basis as landowners. The vast majority languished in poverty, resorting to selling lands to

2806-458: The territorial nobility. The immediate status of the Imperial Knights was recognized at the Peace of Westphalia . They never gained access to the Imperial Diet , the parliament of lords, and were not considered Hochadel, the high nobility, belonging to the Lower Nobility . The Free Imperial Knights arose in the 14th century, the fusion of the remnants of the old free lords ( Edelfrei ) and

2867-433: The territories of the higher rulers, by whose territory they were surrounded. They, for the most part, took the title of Freiherr and submitted themselves to their new lords. Exact numbers of Free Imperial Knights are difficult to assess. It is often stated that there were 350 knightly families in all three Circles, owning around 1,500 estates (around 200 German square miles , or about 4,400 English square miles ), with

2928-626: The third son, died around 1183; he had five sons, of whom Andreas, Heinrich and Friedrich entered the Teutonic Order and thus the clergy, as a result of which the House of Hohenlohe lost important possessions around Mergentheim to the order. Like Hohlach Castle, these had probably fallen to the Lords of Weikersheim through marriage. In 1219 Mergentheim became the seat of the Mergentheim Commandery  [ de ] . Mergentheim Palace became

2989-493: The total number of knightly families rises to perhaps as high as 500. The discrepancies in the numbers stem from the list of membership for the Lower Rhenish canton being incomplete and from the absence of Personalisten from the claims of compensation. From early on, the membership of the corporation of Imperial Knights controlled access to admission to its Circles and Cantons. There were two kinds of membership possible within

3050-459: The towns of Neuenstein and Waldenburg . Gottfried's son Kraft I acquired the town of Ingelfingen with Lichteneck Castle. In 1253 the town and castle of Langenburg were inherited by the lords of Hohenlohe, after the lords of Langenburg had become extinct. During the Interregnum the Hohenlohe sided with the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg and defeated the count of Henneberg and his coalition at

3111-506: The wife of Conrad von Pfitzingen named Sophie was an illegitimate daughter of Conrad III Hohenstaufen, King of Germany , with a noble lady named Gerberga. The Hohenlohe family therefore later boasted of a kinship with the Imperial House of Hohenstaufen . Heinrich von Weikersheim is mentioned in documents from 1156 to 1182 and Adelbert von Weikersheim around 1172 to 1182. The latter used Hohenlohe ("Albertus de Hohenloch") as his name for

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3172-540: The world. His son, prince Christian Kraft (1848–1926), sold the plants and went almost bankrupt with a fund in which he had invested in 1913; the mines he had still kept were depropriated by communist Poland in 1945. Until then, this branch had its headquarters in Slawentzitz and also owned estates in Hungary. After their expulsion and expropriation, the branch returned to Neuenstein. The Catholic branch of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg

3233-534: The Öhringen-Neuenstein branch (Kirchberg Castle was sold in 1952), but the branches of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (residing at Langenburg Castle) and Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen still exist, the latter being divided into Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen-Öhringen (which became extinct in 1960) and Hohenlohe-Oehringen (today residing at Neuenstein Castle ). The two actual heads of the branches of Langenburg and Oehringen are traditionally styled Fürst . The two princes of Hohenlohe-Oehringen-Neuenstein and of Hohenlohe-Langenburg entertained

3294-481: Was 108,000. The motto of the house is Ex flammis orior ( Latin for 'From flames I rise'). The Lords of Hohenlohe were elevated to the rank of Imperial Counts in 1450, and from 1744, the territory and its rulers were princely. In 1825, the German Confederation recognized the right of all members of the house to be styled as Serene Highness (German: Durchlaucht ), with the title of Fürst for

3355-590: Was Brauneck Castle halfway between Weikersheim and Hohlach. The dynasty's influence was soon perceptible between the Franconian valleys of the Kocher , Jagst and Tauber rivers, an area that was to be called the Hohenlohe Plateau. Their original main seats were Weikersheim, Hohlach and Brauneck (near Creglingen ). Of Konrad von Weikersheim's three sons, Konrad and Albrecht died childless. Heinrich I von Hohenlohe,

3416-607: Was a regional phenomenon limited to southwestern and south-central Germany— Swabia , Franconia and the Middle Rhine area—zones which were highly fragmented politically and where no powerful states were able to develop. In northern and northeastern Germany, as well as in Bavaria and the Archduchy of Austria , the local nobles, facing larger states and stronger rulers, were incapable of developing and maintaining their independence. They formed

3477-415: Was an imperial fiefdom that granted its owners the status of imperial knight . Hohlach Castle secured the Rothenburg − Ochsenfurt road. However, Hohlach soon lost its importance; the family's holdings were expanded from Weikersheim, which is located about 20 km further west, southwards to form the county of Hohenlohe. Haltenbergstetten Castle near Pfitzingen, south of Weikersheim, was built around 1200, as

3538-403: Was elected for life, and a council ( Ritterräte ), whose members were elected for fixed terms. The director and councilors were knights themselves, but the daily activities of the Direktorium were carried out by legal experts ( Konsulenten ) and committees ( Ausschüsse ) staffed by non-nobles. The Knights as a group were governed by the General Directorate ( Generaldirektorium ). This exercised

3599-514: Was inherited by the catholic counts. Of the Lutheran branch of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein , which underwent several partitions and inherited the county of Gleichen in Thuringia (with its residence at Ehrenstein Castle in Ohrdruf ) in 1631, the senior line became extinct in 1805, while in 1701 the junior line divided itself into three branches, those of Hohenlohe-Langenburg , Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen and Hohenlohe-Kirchberg . The branch of Kirchberg died out in 1861, with its lands and castle passing to

3660-489: Was mentioned in 1153 as Conrad, Lord of Weikersheim , where the family had the Geleitrecht (right of escorting travellers and goods and charging customs) along the Tauber river on the trading route between Frankfurt and Augsburg until the 14th century. It is likely that Conrad was a son of Conrad von Pfitzingen, who was already mentioned in documents in 1136/1141 and owned a castle of that name near Weikersheim. Allegedly, according to some, however unconfirmed sources,

3721-562: Was soon divided into three side branches, but two of these had died out by 1729. The surviving branch, that of Schillingsfürst, was divided into the lines of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst and Hohenlohe-Bartenstein , with further divisions following. The four catholic lines which still exist today (with their heads styled Fürst ) are those of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (at Schillingsfürst), Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (at Waldenburg), Hohenlohe-Jagstberg (at Haltenbergstetten) and Hohenlohe-Bartenstein (at Bartenstein). A side branch of

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