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70-1944: As of 2013, the Heidelberg tramway network had the following lines: Weinheim – Viernheim – Käfertal – Mannheim – Edingen – Wieblingen – Hauptbahnhof – Bismarckplatz – Neuenheim – Handschuhsheim – Dossenheim - Schriesheim – Weinheim Bismarckplatz – Adenauerplatz – Poststraße – Stadtbücherei – Stadtwerke – Hauptbahnhof – Betriebshof – Jahnstraße – Bunsengymnasium – Technologiepark – Heiligenbergschule – Hans-Thoma-Platz → no evening service, Mon–Fri only Bismarckplatz – Seegarten – Stadtbücherei – Ringstraße – Montpellierbrücke – Hauptbahnhof Süd – Gadamerplatz – Eppelheimer Terrasse – Henkel-Teroson-Straße – Marktstraße – Kranichweg/Stotz - Jakobsgasse - Eppelheim Rathaus - Kirchheimer Straße Burgstraße – Biethsstraße – Hans-Thoma-Platz – Kapellenweg – Blumenthalstraße – Kußmaulstraße – Brückenstraße – Bismarckplatz – Adenauerplatz – Poststraße – Stadtbücherei – Römerkreis Süd – Christuskirche – S-Bahnhof Weststadt/Südstadt – Bergfriedhof – Bethanien-Krankenhaus – Rheinstraße – Markscheide – Eichendorffplatz – Rohrbach Markt – Ortenauer Straße – Freiburger Straße – Rohrbach Süd – Zementwerk – Johannes-Reidel-Straße – Georgi-Marktplatz – Kurpfalz-Centrum – Moltkestraße – Leimen Friedhof → After 21:00, departs from Bismarckplatz; evening and early morning weekend services towards Handschuhsheim are served by line 5 (Schriesheim Bahnhof – Schriesheim Süd – Dossenheim Nord – Dossenheim Bahnhof – Dossenheim Süd –) Burgstraße – Biethsstraße – Hans-Thoma-Platz – Heiligenbergschule – Technologiepark – Bunsengymnasium – Jahnstraße – Betriebshof – Hauptbahnhof – Stadtwerke – Römerkreis Süd – Christuskirche – S-Bahnhof Weststadt/Südstadt – Bergfriedhof – Bethanien-Krankenhaus – Rheinstraße – Markscheide – Eichendorffplatz – Rohrbach Markt – Ortenauer Straße – Freiburger Straße – Rohrbach Süd → Serving Schriesheim only weekdays in

140-410: A higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate

210-509: A key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during

280-560: A link with the Weschnitztalbahn there. Owing to low demand, however, passenger service was discontinued in 1960 on the whole line and replaced with a bus service, while the tracks between Viernheim and Lampertheim were torn up (the right-of-way can still be discerned in the woods today as a broad lane). Only goods service was continued between Weinheim and Viernheim by Deutsche Bahn , until it, too, ceased. It was, however, revived in July 2004 by

350-680: A new location. At the old location, there is a monument to Friedrich Schiller and the Zum Zwischen-Akt pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas. In 1964, the City Hospital ( Städtisches Krankenhaus ) became part of the Heidelberg University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim . In 1967, the University of Mannheim was established in the city. In 1975,

420-724: A parish, as do the Evangeliumschristen-Baptisten ("Gospel Christian Baptists"), the New Apostolic Church and the Jehovah's Witnesses . There has been no Jewish community in town since National Socialist times. The synagogue on Hügelstraße, consecrated on 31 August 1827, was destroyed by the SA along with some locals on 10 November 1938 during the Kristallnacht pogrom . The municipal election held on 27 March 2011 yielded

490-558: A result of the invention of the pre-combustion chamber by Prosper L'Orange , Benz & Cie. developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the Grosskraftwerk Mannheim (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By 1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a population of 385,000. During World War II , air raids on Mannheim completely destroyed

560-451: A temporary transport system. A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a new May Market ground, synagogue, mosque, State Museum for Technology and Work , Carl-Benz stadium and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened. Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past, the city

630-518: Is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ), bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with summer months often averaging above 21 degrees (71 F). Mannheim, population 315,000, is the 2nd largest city in Baden-Württemberg . Its location near the Rhine and Neckar rivers spurred Mannheim's industrialization and transition into a major city in the early 19th century. The city

700-502: Is Germany's leading university in the fields of business and economics and attracts students from around the world. Described by Die Zeit as the ' Harvard of Germany', it is seen as the training grounds of German business leaders. More than 12,000 students were enrolled in the 2013/14 semester. The university town also houses one of the medical schools of Heidelberg University (at the University Hospital Mannheim ),

770-507: Is a cathedral, a theatre which is considered good, an observatory, a gallery of pictures at the château, and some private collections. About two kilometres (one point two miles) below the town the Russian Army crossed the Rhine in 1813. Population 18,300. During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of the " Mannheim School " of classical music composers . Mannheim was said to have one of

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840-522: Is a large château here belonging to the Grand Duke and a very good garden; part of the château was destroyed when the town was bombarded and has never since been repaired, the other part is occupied by the Grand Duchess, widow of the late Grand Duke who was succeeded by his uncle having left only three daughters. She is the sister of Eugene Beauharnais [sic; in fact, she was his second cousin]. There

910-569: Is a midsize industrial town on Mannheim 's outskirts and is found in the Rhine Neckar agglomeration and economic area. It is the second biggest town in Bergstraße district in Hesse , Germany . Since 1994 it has also borne the title Brundtlandstadt , as it has been taking part in an energy conservation pilot project. In 1968, the town hosted the eighth Hessentag state festival. Viernheim lies in

980-510: Is home to many factories, offices and headquarters of several major corporations such as Roche , ABB , IBM , Siemens , Unilever and more. Mannheim's SAP Arena is home to German ice hockey record champions Adler Mannheim as well as the popular handball team Rhein-Neckar Löwen . Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of " UNESCO City of Music ". In 2020, Mannheim

1050-838: Is located at the confluence of the Upper Rhine and the Neckar in the Kurpfalz ( Electoral Palatinate ) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain , Germany's warmest region, between the Palatine Forest and the Oden Forest . Mannheim forms a continuous urban zone of around 500,000 inhabitants with Ludwigshafen am Rhein in the Rhineland-Palatinate , while some northern suburbs lie in Hesse . Hamburg

1120-698: Is run by the Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr GmbH (RNV). A regional busline of Busverkehr Rhein-Neckar runs to Weinheim as well as Lampertheim and Worms . There are also two town buslines run by the RNV daughter company V-Bus. All public transport is integrated into the Rhine-Neckar Transport Association. Viernheim is the endpoint of the Weinheim–Viernheim railway line built in 1905, which originally ran on by way of Lampertheim to Worms to afford

1190-580: Is the Romanesque Mannheim Water Tower , completed in 1886 and rising to 60 metres (200 feet) above the highest point of the art nouveau area Friedrichsplatz . Mannheim is well-known for its inventions, including the automobile , the bicycle , and the tractor , which is why the city is often called the "city of inventions". The city is the starting and finishing point of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route , which follows

1260-481: Is the only other German city with such a presence in two states other than its own. Central Mannheim's streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern unusual for German cities, leading to its nickname Quadratestadt ( Square City ) and tourism slogan " Leben im Quadrat " (" Life in the Square "). Within a ring of avenues surrounding the city centre, there are squares, numbered from A1 to U6, instead of street names. At

1330-613: The A ;6 ), the two outlying centres which are each made up of only one road, Neuzenlache and Ziegelhütte (south of the A 659 and the outlying farms northeast of town. Viernheim grew out of a Carolingian king's court. Viernheim had its first documentary mention in 777 in the Lorsch codex , the Lorsch Abbey 's book of documents. Through donations, it ended up in the Abbey’s ownership. In 1232,

1400-826: The Archbishopric of Mainz . Owing to changing lords in the 15th and 16th centuries, the townsfolk had to convert seven times because of the Peace of Augsburg . When the town passed back to the Electorate of Mainz , however, Roman Catholicism kept its place as the local denomination. In the early 20th century, the Lutheran townsfolk who had by now been drawn to the town got their own church in Viernheim. Today in Viernheim, there are three Catholic parishes, St. Michael , St. Hildegard merged in 2015, St. Marien and St. Aposteln , which belong to

1470-622: The Bundesgartenschau ( Federal horticulture show ) was celebrated in Luisen and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine (the Kurt Schumacher Bridge ) were built, the pedestrian zone was established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the Aerobus was installed as

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1540-622: The FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007 14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium. In 2002, Hobby Horse Polo was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg. The Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim is an annual international horse show held during the Mannheimer Maimarkt since 1964. According to Forbes magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and

1610-615: The Nine Years' War . After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720 when Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine began construction of Mannheim Palace and the Jesuit Church ; they were completed in 1760. In 1819, Norwich Duff wrote of Mannheim: Mannheim is in the Duchy of Baden and situated at

1680-516: The Old High German firni (“old”, “from long ago”) or the Celtic vernos (“ alder ”). The Viernheim town flag is blue-white-red. Viernheim is twinned with: Viernheim lies on the A 659 , which leads directly to Mannheim and Weinheim , and also affords a direct link to three further Autobahnen , the A 5 , the A 6 and the A 67 . Because of the two Autobahn junctions,

1750-593: The Rhine and 10 km (6 mi) west of the Bergstrasse. Viernheim borders in the north on the town of Lampertheim (in Hessen ), in the northeast on the towns of Hemsbach and Weinheim , in the south on the community of Heddesheim (all three in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis ), and in the west on the district-free city of Mannheim (all in Baden-Württemberg ). Viernheim is divided into several sections. It has been

1820-663: The Rhine rift , and although it also lies in Hesse, it is bounded on the west, south and east by Baden-Württemberg. North of the Viernheim woods, in Lampertheim, begins the Hessisches Ried . East of Viernheim lies the town of Weinheim, which is where the district’s namesake Bergstraße begins, and which also marks the beginning of the Odenwald . The town lies roughly 10 kilometres (6 miles) northeast of Mannheim , 10 km (6 mi) east of

1890-712: The Tivoli (in the south at the Rhein-Neckar-Zentrum ), Hinter den Zäunen (“Behind the Fences”, south of the OEG tracks), Gewerbegebiet Eins ("Commercial Area One", in the northeast, north of Friedrich-Ebert-Straße and east of Lorscher Straße) and the new development that has sprung up over the last few years, Bannholzgraben, east of Janusz-Korczak-Allee (L 3111). Moreover, there are also the Sportgebiet West (“Sport Area West”, west of

1960-520: The University City of Mannheim ( German : Universitätsstadt Mannheim ), is the second-largest city in Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart , the state capital, and Germany 's 21st-largest city , with a population of around 317,000. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar , Germany's seventh-largest metropolitan region , with nearly 2.4 million inhabitants. Mannheim

2030-523: The Viernheimer Kreuz and the Viernheimer Dreieck , Viernheim is also well known to many drivers. Viernheim is linked to the surrounding cities by a narrow-gauge railway and a busline. The electric narrow-gauge railway ( Oberrheinische Eisenbahn , OEG), nowadays designated line 5R, is usually regarded as an interurban . Since 1887 it has run to Mannheim , Weinheim and Heidelberg , and

2100-506: The " Rhine shift ". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C (95 °F) and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C (104 °F) on 7 August 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can be very high for the latitude (around 25 °C / 77 °F). In September 2016, the average temperature in Mannheim was 18.6 °C, highest in Baden-Württemberg. In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has

2170-451: The 2010s, partially due to its large university population. The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners in the city of Mannheim by nationalities. In total 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The Neckarstadt-West district has the biggest foreign population with 68,9%, while the Wallstadt district has the smallest one with 23,1%. A large part of

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2240-777: The Abbey’s holdings were given to the Archbishops of Mainz , but only in 1308 did Viernheim pass to Mainz. In 1439, however, the town was pledged to the Schönau Abbey, who in turn sold it to the Electorate of the Palatinate . After the Thirty Years' War , it passed back to Mainz, and thence under the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss in 1803 to the Grand Duchy of Hesse , out of which came the People's State of Hesse in 1918. Once in

2310-523: The Lion of Hesse armed and crowned Or and langued gules, below party per pale gules a six-spoked wheel argent and Or a Gothic four sable. The arms were introduced in 1926. The charge in the upper part of the escutcheon is the Lion of Hesse, which expresses the town's longstanding status as part of Hesse. Below the fess line on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side is the Wheel of Mainz , which stands for

2380-578: The MVV GmbH daughter company ConTrain. The old railway station today houses a municipal leisure and meeting place bearing the name Treff im Bahnhof (“Meeting in the Railway Station”). Viernheim has four industrial area with many middle-class businesses. Many well known firms, such as Pfenning Logistics, have their warehouses in Viernheim and Buderus has its distribution centre there. Plisch GmbH and Hommel Hercules Werkzeuge also have their head offices in

2450-937: The Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and zeitraumexit . There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, SV Waldhof Mannheim , who currently are playing in the third tier 3. Liga , but who have played in

2520-437: The People's State, the town was assigned first to the Amtsvogtei of Lorsch . When Landratsbezirke – another kind of administrative division – were created in 1821, Viernheim was assigned to Heppenheim . From 1832 to 1839 came a spell under Bensheim 's jurisdiction. From 1848, the town then belonged to Heppenheim district, which in 1938 was merged with Bensheim district to form today’s Bergstraße district . In 1948, Viernheim

2590-446: The best court orchestras in Europe under the leadership of the conductor Carlo Grua . The royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778, as Charles Theodore had become Elector of Bavaria and moved to Munich . Two decades later, in 1802, Mannheim was removed from the Palatinate and given to the Grand Duchy of Baden . In 1819, August von Kotzebue was assassinated in Mannheim. The climate crisis of 1816–17 caused famine and

2660-417: The city centre. Mannheim was heavily damaged during aerial bombing by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Allied bombing raids razed the city centre of Mannheim at night-time area bombing , killing thousands of civilians. In the meantime, 2,262 of Mannheim's Jews were sent to Nazi concentration camps . Some sources state that the first deliberate strategic bombing of

2730-412: The city was a centre for political and revolutionary activity. In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founded the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, BASF ) in Mannheim, but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because Mannheim residents feared air pollution from its operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in

2800-402: The city was first recorded as Mannenheim in a legal transaction in 766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the Codex Laureshamensis from Lorsch Abbey . The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form of a Germanic name such as Hartmann or Hermann . Mannheim remained a mere village throughout the Middle Ages. In 1606, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine started building

2870-403: The confluence of the Rhine and Neckar over both of which there is a bridge of boats. This is the third town of this name having been twice burnt. The houses are large, and the streets are broad and at right angles to each other, and is one of the most airy clean towns I have seen in Germany. It was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were razed in 1806 and gardens fill their places. There

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2940-404: The deanery of Bergstraße-West of the Bishopric of Mainz, and two Lutheran parishes, Auferstehungskirche ("Church of the Resurrection") and Christuskirche , which both belong to the deanery of Bergstraße-Süd of the Lutheran Church in Hesse and Nassau . Besides the two big churches, the Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden in Deutschland ("League of Free Evangelical Parishes in Germany") has

3010-409: The death of many horses in Mannheim. That year Karl Drais invented the first bicycle. Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of Rhine Harbour in 1828 and the construction of the first Baden railway , which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840. Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim gradually began. In the March Revolution of 1848 ,

3080-422: The first German Football League which is called GFL1. As of 2018, between 500 and 900 people watch each game. Rhein-Neckar Löwen are a handball team playing in the professional German Handball League . The WWE visited Mannheim in 2008. Around 10,000 fans attended the event. UFC fighter Dennis Siver lives and trains in Mannheim. Mannheim hosted the European Show Jumping Championships in 1997, and

3150-412: The first half of 1915. When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison. After the First World War , the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As

3220-438: The following results: Heading the town is the Mayor ( Bürgermeister ) who is directly elected by the people for a term of six years. Mayor Matthias Baaß (SPD) has been in office since 1997 and was re-elected on 7 June 2009 to his third term with 72.1% of the vote. The next mayoral election is planned for 2015. At his side is the First Town Councillor ( Erster Stadtrat ), along with 11 part-time councillors. They are all chosen by

3290-443: The former highest German ice hockey league known as Bundesliga ). The city is home to the Mannheim Tornados , the oldest operational baseball and softball club in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga and have won the championship 11 times, more than any other club. In 2003, the American football club Mannheim Bandits  [ de ] was founded. The Mannheim Bandits are playing in

3360-404: The fortress of Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues. On 24 January 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city", whether it really was one by then or not. Mannheim was mostly levelled during the Thirty Years' War around 1622 by the forces of Johan Tilly . After being rebuilt, it was again severely damaged by the French Army in 1689 during

3430-449: The immigrants are from the Balkans and European countries. The distribution of Mannheim's population by religious affiliation (as of December 31, 2020) is Roman Catholic 25.4%, Protestant 20.0%, and other/ none 54.6%. The National Theatre Mannheim was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premiere of Die Räuber , written by Friedrich Schiller , was shown. Recently, smaller stages have opened, such as

3500-464: The local, everyday speech and town expansions, though, that have yielded most of the divisions. They therefore have no precisely defined bounds. The Stadtkern , or town core, is made up of the Innenstadt ("Inner Town") and the Altstadt ("Old Town") lying around it. Among the other neighbourhoods are the Nordstadt ("North Town", north of Nibelungenstraße and Wormser Straße), the Nordweststadt ("Northwest Town", west of Kreuzstraße and Am Königsacker),

3570-439: The old fairground, and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city is aimed at a diverse range of events without a dominant central event. In 2001, the City hospital was officially and legally awarded with the title University Hospital Mannheim . In 2023, Mannheim hosted the Bundesgartenschau 2023 (National Garden Show); the second time after 1975. Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest summer region,

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3640-435: The opening of the Oberrheinische Eisenbahn (a regional narrow-gauge railway still serving a roughly triangular route among Weinheim , Mannheim and Heidelberg ) in 1887, the town began to become more of a workers’ residential community as many inhabitants found work in the factories in nearby Mannheim and Weinheim. Many workers, however, kept farming as a sideline. The location of industry in Viernheim itself began with

3710-479: The opening of the Weinheim-Worms railway (now mostly derelict) in 1905, and further strengthened after the Second World War , bringing along with it a sharp rise in population. Given the town's favourable road links to three Autobahnen , it grew into a midsize industrial town. In 1994 came its designation as a “Brundtland Town”, and its attendant participation in an energy conservation pilot project. During World War II , Viernheim did not suffer severe damage, since

3780-591: The rushhour every 20 minutes (10 times a day) Burgstraße – Biethsstraße – Hans-Thoma-Platz –Kapellenweg – Blumenthalstraße – Kußmaulstraße – Brückenstraße – Bismarckplatz – Altes Hallenbad – Campus Bergheim – Volkshochschule – Betriebshof – Czernybrücke – Gadamerplatz – Hauptbahnhof Süd – Rudolf-Diesel-Straße – Messplatz – Ilse-Krall-Straße – Albert-Fritz-Straße – Odenwaldstraße – Kirchheim Rathaus – Kirchheim Friedhof [REDACTED] Media related to Trams in Heidelberg at Wikimedia Commons Viernheim Viernheim ( German pronunciation: [ˈfɪʁnhaɪ̯m] )

3850-459: The southern base of that system is Mannheim Palace , one of the largest palace complexes in the world. It was the former home of the Prince-elector of the Electoral Palatinate, and now houses the University of Mannheim , which repeatedly receives top marks in business administration and is sometimes known as the " Harvard of Germany". The Mannheim May Market is the largest regional consumer exhibition of Germany. The civic symbol of Mannheim

3920-406: The top tier, the Bundesliga ; and VfR Mannheim , winner of the German championship in 1949 , now playing in the sixth tier Verbandsliga Baden . The Adler Mannheim (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an ice hockey team playing in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga , having won the German championship a total of eight times (7 times Deutsche Eishockey Liga and one time

3990-509: The town assembly ( Stadtverordnetenversammlung ) for terms of six and five years respectively and reflect the assembly's political makeup at the time of their appointments. The Mayor, the First Town Councillor and the 11 part-time councillors together form the town's executive ( Magistrat ). Following is a list of the town's mayors since 1822 (from 1649 to 1822, eight Schultheißen – roughly "sheriffs" – are known to history): The town's arms might be described thus: Party per fess, above azure

4060-410: The town had no strategic or industrial importance. So the Viernheim railway station served for a while as Mannheim station, after the Mannheim Central Station was destroyed in an air-raid in 1942. On 23 June 2016, a hostage incident occurred within a cinema in the town. No hostages were injured and the gunman was shot and killed by the Spezialeinsatzkommando . For a long time, Viernheim belonged to

4130-405: The town's former allegiance to the Electorate of Mainz . On the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side is a Gothic figure of four, which used to be the local logo, making the arms canting , that is to say, suggestive of the town's name, since the German word for “four” is vier . Although it sounds rather like the first syllable in the town's name, it seems likelier that this comes from

4200-663: The town. The Rhein-Neckar-Zentrum shopping centre, opened in 1972, is nationally famous and probably the most well known. In Viernheim there are two regional daily newspapers : The following free advertising fliers are distributed weekly: The following regional media see Viernheim as part of their feeder and distribution area: Further schools with specific profiles are to be found in the neighbouring cities. The nearest colleges and universities are found in nearby Mannheim and Heidelberg . Mannheim Mannheim ( German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm] ; Palatine German : Mannem or Monnem ), officially

4270-503: The tracks of the first long-distance automobile trip in history. A Großstadt (major city with more than 100,000 inhabitants) since 1896, Mannheim is now an important industrial and commercial city, a university town , and a major transportation hub between Frankfurt and Stuttgart, including an ICE interchange (the Mannheim Hauptbahnhof ), Germany's second-largest marshalling yard (the Mannheim Rangierbahnhof ), and Germany's largest inland port (the Mannheim Harbour ). The city

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4340-424: The war occurred at Mannheim during a Royal Air Force night raid on 16 December 1940. Today around one third of the city consists of buildings from before 1950. In late March 1945, the Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim, which was potentially well-defended by German forces. However, the German forces abandoned the city and the U.S. 44th Infantry Division entered unopposed on 29 March 1945. There

4410-419: The world. After opening a workshop in Mannheim in 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, Karl Benz patented the first motor car in 1886. He was born in Mühlburg (now part of Karlsruhe). The Schütte-Lanz company , founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was the Zeppelin works. When World War I broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played

4480-411: Was classified as a global city with ' Sufficiency ' status by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Mannheim is a smart city ; the city's electrical grid is installed with a power-line communication network. A brick kiln excavated in 1929 in the Seckenheim district, which operated from 74 AD to the early second century, attests to settlement in Roman times. The name of

4550-468: Was economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway land. Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events throughout 2007. The 400th anniversary proper

4620-513: Was granted town rights by the newly founded Land of Hesse. During the 19th century the tobacco industry gained some importance, since several small tobacco manufacturers were founded. Rolling cigars provided additional income for farmers or peasants and their families during the winter. Until the end of the 19th century, Viernheim was a farming village. Bad harvests and widespread hunger in 1852 led to 458 inhabitants emigrating in this year to North America . With industrialization and

4690-410: Was heavily damaged during WWII but soon regained prominence as an industrial centre, causing rapid population growth in the 1950s. Many motor, electronic and power plant companies came to Mannheim and other cities in the Rhine-Neckar Region, including Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg , which lies just kilometres up the Neckar. The population of Mannheim started to decline in the 1980s but began to rebound in

4760-405: Was in 2006, since Frederick IV, Elector Palatine laid the foundations of Mannheim citadel on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the SAP Arena with access to the city's new eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of

4830-402: Was later a large American military occupation presence in the Mannheim area with up to 10 barracks. The first one shut down in 2007 and the last was closed in 2013 (see United States military installations below). Rebuilding of the city began industriously. Mannheim Palace and the water tower ( Wasserturm ) eventually were rebuilt and the National Theatre was replaced by a new building at

4900-410: Was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide. Many significant inventions were made in Mannheim: The University of Mannheim is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the Palatine Academy of Sciences , established in 1763, and the former Handelshochschule (Commercial College), founded in 1907. Situated in Mannheim Palace , it

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