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48-587: The intent behind Ingstadkleiva Fort was to block Swedish advances into Central Norway , as had happened repeatedly during the Swedish-Norwegian conflicts in the preceding centuries, for example the Hannibal War , Northern Wars , and Great Northern War . After the 1905 dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden , the Norwegian military harboured continued fears of a Swedish invasion to retake Norway. As

96-483: A foreign national is in the United States with a visa and becomes ill, the insurance that the visa holder has in his or her native country may not apply in the United States, especially if it is a country with universal health care coverage. This scenario forces hospitals to choose one of three options: Determining which option is the most ethical is often very challenging for hospital administrators. In some cases,

144-720: A matter of government policy. Repatriation measures of voluntary return , with financial assistance, as well as measures of deportation are used in many countries. As repatriation can be voluntary or forced, the term is also used as a euphemism for deportation. Involuntary or forced repatriation is the return of refugees, prisoners of war, or civil detainees to their country of origin under circumstances that leave no other viable alternatives. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights refugees under political persecution should be given political asylum . The forced return of people to any country where "life or freedom would be threatened" due to "race, religion, nationality, membership of

192-554: A mentor program to assist the repatriate. The expatriate and his/her family should feel understood by his or her company. Support can increase job satisfaction, thereby protecting the investment made by the company. Return of human remains to their nation of origin. In the United States, Native Americans' human remains are uncovered and removed from their burial sites in the construction/land development process or as part of archaeological excavations. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990 established

240-410: A number of factors including self-management , spouse's adjustment, time spent abroad and skill utilisation. What is crucial is that every individual perceives these factors in a different way. Reintegration is a process of re-inclusion or re-incorporation of a person into a group or a process, and may contribute to overcoming repatriation. Direct managers and HR staff often notice the difficulties

288-457: A particular social group or political opinion" is against Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees according to non-refoulement . While repatriation necessarily brings an individual to his or her territory of origin or citizenship, a return potentially includes bringing the person back to the point of departure. This could be to a third country, including a country of transit, which is a country

336-421: A repatriate experiences, but they are not always able to act on it. Budget shortcomings and time constraints are frequently cited as reasons why it fails to be an agenda priority. Solutions for repatriation difficulties do not have to be expensive and can lead to great benefits for the company. Basic support can consist, for example, of good communication in advance, during and after the international assignment, or

384-667: A successful attack into the centre of the country could split it in half, the Norwegian general staff in February 1906 suggested the construction of a blocking fort in the Stjørdalen valley. Ingstadkleiva was early on pointed out as a good location to block an advance from the east. Already in March that year the Minister of Defence , commanding general, and chief of the Fortress Artillery surveyed

432-623: A successful body part repatriation, see Yagan . Another example can be seen through the dedicated work of the Karanga Aotearoa Repatriation Programme, established in partnership between Māori and the New Zealand government in 2003. This programme is administered by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa), and since 2003 has repatriated over 350 Māori and Moriori ancestral remains to Aotearoa New Zealand. Article 12 of

480-576: A total population of just under 760,000 people, with the Trondheim metropolitan region accounting for roughly 275,000. There has been some political movement towards replacing the counties with larger regions. It is then expected that much of Central Norway, at least Trøndelag and Nordmøre, will form one such region due to the historical, cultural and linguistic ties. 63°29′23″N 9°50′38″E  /  63.48972°N 9.84389°E  / 63.48972; 9.84389 Repatriation Repatriation

528-496: A traveler's personal insurance company may repatriate the patient back to their home country for medical treatment due to the cost of medical expenses in the current country. The method of repatriation could be via regular flight, by ground, or by air ambulance which ever is deemed necessary subjected to the medical condition of patient and cost in mind. Medical repatriation is different from the act of medical evacuation . Countries have repatriated their nationals who are abroad during

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576-608: Is also a café and a souvenir shop. The museum is often used for conferences and for seminars on issues of war and peace. Hegra Fortress is still owned by the Norwegian Defence Force and financed through the Norwegian Ministry of Defence . Hegra Rifle Club has since 13 May 1962 held an annual shooting competition at the fortress. Organized in commemoration of the 1940 battle and of the Second World War in general,

624-400: Is an informal, unclearly defined region of Norway . In its most limited usage, the term "Central Norway" may refer only to Trøndelag county; however, it may also be understood to include all or parts of the county of Møre og Romsdal , some parts of Nordland county, as well as some municipalities in the northern part of Innlandet county. For example, the regional health authorities and

672-561: Is blocked by the Grøthammeren and Hammeren hills, both about 300-metre (980 ft) high. The fort's guns came from the dismantled Ørje Fortress in Marker . The artillery was made up of flat angle guns with a range of 6 to 9 kilometres (3.7 to 5.6 mi). The fortifications themselves consisted of 300 metres (980 ft) of halls and tunnels dynamited into the mountain at Ingstadkleiva, as well as trench systems and gun positions excavated from

720-416: Is not uncommon for diasporas to be found living abroad. When someone passes away overseas, a next of kin usually has to physically fly over to verify the body before the body gets repatriated back home by a funeral home. The Korean War marked the first time that the United States or any nation began returning the bodies of battlefield casualties as soon as possible. During Operation Glory , which followed

768-443: Is sometimes known as the exercise of the right of return . Repatriation laws give members of the diaspora the right to immigrate to their kin-state and they serve to maintain close ties between the state and its diaspora and gives preferential treatment to diaspora immigrants. Most countries in central and eastern Europe as well as Armenia , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , Kazakhstan ,

816-571: Is the return of a thing or person to its or their country of origin, respectively. The term may refer to non-human entities, such as converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country, as well as the return of military personnel to their place of origin following a war . It also applies to diplomatic envoys, international officials as well as expatriates and migrants in time of international crisis. For refugees , asylum seekers and illegal migrants , repatriation can mean either voluntary return or deportation . Voluntary return

864-825: Is the return of eligible persons, such as refugees, to their country of origin or citizenship based on freely expressed willingness to such return. Voluntary return, unlike expulsion and deportation, which are actions of sovereign states, is defined as a personal right under specific conditions described in various international instruments, such as the OAU Convention , along with customary international law. Examples of contemporary repatriation include Germany repatriating around 320,000 Bosnian refugees starting 1997, German readmission agreements with Romania and Bulgaria in 1993, expulsion of 21,000 Albanians in 1996 from Italy, expulsion of 51,000 from Netherlands in 1996. Sweden and Italy applied in some cases detention prior to expulsion, which

912-527: The Coffin of Nedjemankh being returned to Egypt after its illegal purchase by the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Cultural or art repatriation is the return of cultural objects or works of art to their country of origin (usually referring to ancient art), or (for looted material) its former owners (or their heirs). Repatriation of cultural artifacts also includes items that fall under the purview of NAGPRA and

960-672: The Korean Armistice Agreement , thousands of remains were exchanged by both sides. The practice of immediately recovering casualties continued for United States during the Vietnam War . Repatriation laws give non-citizen foreigners who are part of the titular majority group the opportunity to immigrate and receive citizenship . Repatriation of their titular diaspora is practiced by most ethnic nation states. Repatriation laws have been created in many countries to enable diasporas to immigrate ("return") to their "kin-state". This

1008-643: The Norwegian Public Roads Administration uses the term "Central Norway" to describe Trøndelag and all of Møre og Romsdal counties. On the other hand, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) uses it to describe all of Trøndelag, Møre (consisting of Sunnmøre and Nordmøre ), and the Helgeland part of Nordland. Statsbygg, Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property , uses it to describe all of Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal, Nordland south of Bodø Municipality , as well as

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1056-652: The Philippines , Spain , South Korea , Taiwan , and Turkey have longstanding repatriation legislation. China , Japan , Norway and Serbia also have repatriation laws for their diaspora populations. The number of countries with repatriation laws has mushroomed since the end of Soviet communism and most independent nations that were once part of the communist domain in Europe have since legislated repatriation laws. Many other countries such as Jordan and Sweden have (or have had) generous immigration policies with regard to

1104-671: The Smithsonian Institution , which is covered under the repatriation provisions of the National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAI Act) of 1989. In previous eras, it was common for British colonial authorities to collect heads and other body parts of indigenous peoples such as Indigenous Australians and Māori for display in British museums. The repatriation of these body parts is currently ongoing. For an example of

1152-572: The Stjørdalselva river, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the village of Hegra . To the east, north, and north-west the terrain slopes down towards the Stjørdalen valley and is dominated by the fort, while the south front is hilly and at a higher altitude than the Ingstadskleiva. Ingstadkleiva Fort has an excellent command of the Stjørdalen valley to the north and east, but to the west the view

1200-700: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples affirms that indigenous peoples have the right to repatriate their human remains. The declaration was passed in September 2007 with the support of 143 countries. The four opposing countries—Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States—subsequently endorsed the declaration. This also applies to the return of mummified human remains. An example of this kind of repatriation would be

1248-445: The right of return to Africa, although as individuals they are free to try to emigrate . Repatriation is often the "forgotten" phase of the expatriation cycle; the emphasis for support is mostly on the actual period abroad. However, many repatriates report experiencing difficulties on return: one is no longer special, practical problems arise, new knowledge gained is no longer useful, etc. These difficulties are highly influenced by

1296-591: The 20th century, following all European wars, several repatriation commissions were created to supervise the return of war refugees, displaced persons , and prisoners of war to their country of origin. Repatriation hospitals were established in some countries to care for the ongoing medical and health requirements of returned military personnel. In the Soviet Union , the refugees seen as traitors for surrendering were often killed or sent to Siberian concentration camps. Issues surrounding repatriation have been some of

1344-562: The CFC is taxed only by the country where it is incorporated until repatriation. At that time, income is subject to the (typically higher) U.S. tax rate minus the Foreign Tax Credits. (FN: See IRC 951–965) There are currently hundreds of billions of dollars of Foreign direct investment in CFC's because of the disincentive to repatriate those earnings. (See Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts, Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts for

1392-500: The Finnish internees' stay a sauna was constructed at the fort's camp. In 1940, from 15 April to 5 May, Hegra was attacked by the German invaders . During the first week the attacks consisted of two infantry assaults; however in the last two weeks attacks mostly featured heavy artillery fire and Luftwaffe bombing, as well as aggressive patrolling . During the siege large portions of

1440-652: The NMAI Act such as Native American sacred items, funerary objects , and items of cultural patrimony. The Iroquois Wampum belts are an example of objects of cultural patrimony subject to repatriation under NAGPRA. The "Utimut Process" of returning cultural objects from Denmark to Greenland between 1982 and 2001, was an early example of repatriation. The no:Bååstede project saw the transfer of over 1600 cultural objects from museums in Oslo to institutions under Sámi management between 2012 and 2019. Economic repatriation refers to

1488-784: The Soviet Union, although deported to the State of Poland, were settled in the annexed former German territories (referred to in Polish as the Regained Territories ). In the process they were told that they had returned to their Motherland. After the fall of the Iron Curtain and end of Bosnian War increased repatriation, deportation and readmission agreements were observed in Europe. In modern society where everything has become interconnected, it

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1536-503: The Swedish government began offering £3,500 each. 544 Nigerians returned home from Switzerland in 2013. This financial support may also be considered as residency buyouts. Two countries may have a re-admission agreement, which establishes procedures, on a reciprocal basis, for one state to return irregular non-nationals to their country of origin or a country through which they have transited. Illegal immigrants are frequently repatriated as

1584-449: The competition is held on the Sunday closest to 8 May ( VE Day ). The casing of a shell fired at the fortress in 1940 is awarded to the competition winner each year as a travelling trophy. 63°27′03″N 11°09′45″E  /  63.45083°N 11.16250°E  / 63.45083; 11.16250 Central Norway Central Norway ( Bokmål : Midt-Norge , Nynorsk : Midt-Noreg )

1632-571: The deactivated fort was used by the Norwegian Red Cross 's youth branch as a summer holiday camp for children. In late 1939, Finnish soldiers of the independent Lapland Group who had crossed the Norwegian border into Finnmark escaping the fighting in the Petsamo district in northern Finland were interned at Ingstadkleiva Fort. All the Finns were repatriated during the early days of 1940. During

1680-544: The fort were covered in snow, and as all plans of the fort were stored in German-occupied Trondheim several sections of the fortifications were not discovered by the defenders before the 5 May surrender . After the end of the Second World War , Hegra Fortress was returned to Norwegian control and is today used as a museum with exhibitions detailing the fort's history with an emphasis on the 1940 siege. There

1728-471: The fortress to withstand attack without support from outside a 5-to-8-metre (16 to 26 ft) wide barbed wire obstacle was constructed encircling the entire fortress. During the period 1910 to 1926 the fort was used as a major military base for the Trøndelag border areas with Sweden. In 1926, Ingstadkleiva Fort was put in reserve as part of the post- World War I defence budget cuts. From 1934–1939,

1776-633: The most heatedly debated political topics of the 20th and 21st centuries. Many forced back to the Soviet Union by Allied forces in World War II still hold this forced migration against the United States of America and the United Kingdom . The term repatriation was often used by Communist governments to describe the large-scale state-sponsored ethnic cleansing actions and expulsion of national groups. Poles born in territories that were annexed by

1824-640: The nation's diaspora without having formally enacted repatriation laws. Such states can be described as practicing common law repatriation . In comparison, one of the central tenets of the Rastafari movement is the desirability of the repatriation of black people from the Americas and elsewhere back to Africa . While Ethiopia specifically has land available in Shashamane to encourage this project, black people who are citizens of countries outside Africa do not have

1872-501: The northern parts of Innlandet county. The regional newspaper Adresseavisen defines Midt-Norge as Trøndelag, Nordmøre, and some municipalities in the northern part of Innlandet county. This also corresponds to the area covered by the newspaper. That said, the most used definition is one that covers all of Trøndelag and Møre og Romsdal counties. Compared with the traditional regions of Norway, it therefore covers all of Trøndelag and some of Vestlandet regions. By this definition, it has

1920-468: The outbreak of a war. For example when World War II begun in 1939, the United States launched a repatriation effort to repatriate Americans who were either living or visiting Europe with 75,000 Americans being repatriated by early November 1939. At the beginning of the Korean War , the United States repatriated its civilians from Korea sending them to Japan with a total of 1,655 people being repatriated. In

1968-459: The payment of a dividend by a foreign corporation to a U.S. corporation. This happens often where the foreign corporation is considered a " controlled foreign corporation " (CFC), which means that more than 50% of the foreign corporation is owned by U.S. shareholders. Generally, foreign direct investment in CFC's are not taxed until a dividend is paid to the controlling U.S. parent company, and is thus repatriated. The foreign direct investment income of

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2016-507: The person has traveled through to get to the country of destination. A return could also be within the territorial boundaries of a country, as in the case of returning internally displaced persons and demobilized combatants. The distinction between repatriation and return, voluntary or involuntary, is not always clear. Repatriation is linked with health care due to the costs and resources associated with providing medical treatment to travelers and immigrants pursuing citizenship. For example, if

2064-426: The process of a company getting its profits back into their own country. There are four main methods of repatriation: Dividends and Profits, Royalties , Management Service Fees and Intercompany Loans . Repatriation of currency is when foreign currency is converted back to the currency of the home country. An example would be an American converting British pounds back to U.S. dollars. Repatriation also refers to

2112-423: The process whereby federally recognized Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations can request that federal agencies and institutions receiving federal funds return culturally affiliated human remains. The NAGPRA also sets forth provisions that allow for the disposition of Native American human remains found on federal lands to the affiliated Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization. NAGPRA does not apply to

2160-541: The rock and lined with concrete, as well as four Krupp M/1887 field guns . The 8.4-centimetre (3.3 in) pieces, designed before the advent of recoil systems, were described by the Germans after the 1940 surrender as Napoleonic . The positional artillery is placed in an almost straight line facing east, with a 20-metre (66 ft) distance between each 10.5-centimetre (4.1 in) gun and 16 metres (52 ft) between each 7.5-centimetre (3.0 in) piece. To enable

2208-503: The rock with explosives. There are two main underground parallel tunnels of around 80 metres (260 ft) length, with a 35-metre (115 ft) tunnel connecting them at a straight angle. One of the main tunnels served as crew quarters while the other was in direct connection with the above ground artillery pits. The fortress' artillery consisted of two 7.5-centimetre (3.0 in) and four 10.5-centimetre (4.1 in) positional artillery pieces in half-turrets placed in pits dynamited from

2256-492: The site and agreed to the plan. In a closed meeting on 26 April 1906, the Norwegian Parliament authorized the construction of Ingstadkleiva Fort, but no funds were allocated until 12 July 1907. In May 1908, the work began on the road up to the construction site and by January 1910 the fort was ready for use. The fort was built on, and named after, Ingstadkleiva — a 215-metre (705 ft) high forested hill south of

2304-584: Was described as deterrence . Certain countries offer financial support to refugees and immigrants to facilitate the process of starting a new life in their country of origin. Examples of 21st-century voluntary return include the Danish government, which in 2009 began offering £12,000 each to immigrants to return, Switzerland offering approximately 6,500 Francs, targeted for business startups upon returning home, as well as Ireland. In 2016, Germany allocated €150 million over three years for migrants willing to return, and

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