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38-594: The property was listed as No. 60 in Christianshavn Quarter in Copenhagen's first cadastre of 1689. It was at that time owned by Kirsten Nielsen, widow of brewer Espen Nielsen. The property was acquired by brewer and timber merchant Peter Casse (1697-1782). He was originally from Flensbiurg . Gasse was also active in the slave trade. He was responsible for sending around 20 ships to the West Indies with slaves. He

76-800: A demand account with a bank teller , financial advice through a specialist, safe deposit box rentals, bureau de change , insurance sales (where it is allowed by law), etc. In the early 21st century, features such as automated teller machines (ATM), telephone and online banking , allowed customers to bank from remote locations and after business hours. This has caused financial institutions to reduce their branch business hours and merge smaller branches into larger ones. Conversely, they converted some into mini-branches with only ATMs for cash withdrawal and depositing; computer terminals for online banking and cheque depositing machines. Some mini-branches may have one or no human staff with only telephone support. Some financial institutions, in an attempt to show

114-478: A retail location where a bank , credit union , or other financial institution (including a brokerage firm ) offers a wide array of face-to-face and automated services to its customers. During the 3rd century banks in Persia (now Iran ) and in other territories started to issue letters of credit known as Sakks, basically checks in today’s language, that could be traded in cooperative houses or offices throughout

152-488: A State , argues that all maps, but particularly cadastral maps, are designed to make local situations legible to an outsider, and in doing so, enable states to collect data on their subjects. He sees the origins of this in Early Modern Europe , where taxation became more complex. Cadastral maps, he argues, are always a great simplification, but they in themselves help change reality. Cadastral documentation comprises

190-473: A country. Often it is represented graphically in a cadastral map . In most countries, legal systems have developed around the original administrative systems and use the cadastre to define the dimensions and location of land parcels described in legal documentation. A land parcel or cadastral parcel is defined as "a continuous area, or more appropriately volume, that is identified by a unique set of homogeneous property rights". Cadastral surveys document

228-440: A friendlier image, offer a boutique or coffeehouse -like environment in their branches, with sit-down counters, refreshments, interactive displays, music and play areas for children. Some branches also have drive-through teller windows or ATMs. Other financial institutions reduce their costs and position their offerings by having no branches and are sometimes known as virtuals or direct banks . Historically, branch banking in

266-547: A means of more precise tax assessment. A cadastral map is a map that shows the boundaries and ownership of land parcels. Some cadastral maps show additional details, such as survey district names, unique identifying numbers for parcels, certificate of title numbers, positions of existing structures, section or lot numbers and their respective areas, adjoining and adjacent street names, selected boundary dimensions and references to prior maps. James C. Scott , in Seeing Like

304-633: A move into shipping , acquiring a schooner built in Svaneke on Bornholm. By 1858, his company, Heering Line, operated a fleet of ten merchant ships which sailed to South America and the Mediterranean Sea . After Peter Heering's death in 1875, the property remained in the Heering family for another four generations. In 1977 the property was purchased by the Private Bank ( Privatbanken ) in 1977. Parts of

342-593: A tight framework of legislation'. With the view of assessing transaction costs, a European project: Modelling real property transactions (2001–2005) charted procedures for the transfer of ownership and other rights in land and buildings. Cadastral documentation is described, e.g. for Finland as follows '8. Surveyor draws up cadastral map and cadastral documents … 10. Surveyor sends cadastral documents to cadastral authority.' In Australia, similar activities are referred to as 'lodgement of plans of subdivision at land titles offices' Cadastre management has been used by

380-444: A title register. The International Federation of Surveyors defines cadastre as follows: A Cadastre is normally a parcel-based, and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, the ownership or control of those interests, and often

418-485: A warehouse at Bådsmandsstræde 4. He kept the property until his death. He is buried in the crypt of Christian's Church (Chapel 2). In 1785 it was acquired by Hans Peder Kofoed (1743– 1812), a sea captain from Bornholm . He constructed a large new building fronting the street, probably to designs by the architect Georg Erdman Rosenberg . Kofoed lived in the building with his wife, Marie Kofoed (1760–1838), and an adopted son from Saint Croix . When Marie Kofoed became

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456-456: A widow in 1812, she involved herself in philanthropic work in the local community, supporting unmarried women and widows of seamen financially, and continued to live in the house until her own death in 1838. The house was then purchased by Peter Frederik Suhm Heering who needed more space for his expanding business enterprises. He had begun a production of Cherry Heering liqueur in 1818 which had gained world-wide success. In 1833 he had also made

494-842: Is often a base element in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Land Information Systems (LIS) used to assess and manage land and built infrastructure. Such systems are also employed on a variety of other tasks, for example, to track long-term changes over time for geological or ecological studies, where land tenure is a significant part of the scenario. The cadastre is a fundamental source of data in disputes and lawsuits between landowners. Land registration and cadastre are both types of land recording and complement each other. By clearly assigning property rights and demarcating land, cadasters have been attributed with strengthening state fiscal capacity and economic growth. The word cadastre came into English through French from

532-453: The Bank of America . Historically, branches were housed in imposing buildings, often in a neoclassical style of architecture . Today, branches may also take the form of smaller offices within a larger complex, such as a shopping mall . Traditionally, the branch was the only place to access a financial institution's services. Services provided by a branch include cash withdrawals and deposits from

570-493: The Greek katástikhon ( κατάστιχον ), a list or register, from katà stíkhon ( κατὰ στίχον )—literally, "(organised) line by line". A cadastre commonly includes details of the ownership , the tenure , the precise location, the dimensions (and area), the cultivations if rural, and the value of individual parcels of land. Cadastres are used by many nations around the world, some in conjunction with other records, such as

608-559: The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 . Research has also found that anticompetitive state provisions restricted out-of-state growth when those provisions were more restrictive than the provisions set by the Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act or by neighboring states. Some states have also had restrictive bank branch laws; for example, Illinois outlawed branches (other than

646-637: The Tithe Commission . In the United States , cadastral survey within the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) maintains records of all public lands . Such surveys often require detailed investigation of the history of land use, legal accounts, and other documents. The Public Lands Survey System is a cadastral survey of the United States originating in legislation from 1785, after international recognition of

684-543: The boundaries of land ownership, by the production of documents, diagrams, sketches, plans ( plats in the US), charts, and maps. They were originally used to ensure reliable facts for land valuation and taxation. An example from early England is the Domesday Book in 1086. Napoleon established a comprehensive cadastral system for France that is regarded as the forerunner of most modern versions. Cadastral survey information

722-427: The keystone above the gateway dates from the first owner of the house, Hans Peder Kofoed , and is a reference to his family name, Kofoed, which translates as "cow's foot" and is a name commonly associated with his native island of Bornholm. A lateral wing on the rear of the building was added in 1926–1927 to a design by Bent Helweg-Møller (1883-1956). It received an award from the city in 1929. The site also comprises

760-405: The 100-year anniversary of the bank's foundation. The displays include the former office of Carl Frederik Tietgen (1829–1901), the bank's founder and director over four decades, who has also been labelled as the most significant Danish entrepreneur of all time. After his death in 1901, the office was transferred to the bank's new headquarters at C.F. Tietgens Hus on Børsgade and left untouched until

798-509: The Persian territories. In the period from 1100-1300 banking started to expand across Europe and banks began opening ‘branches’ in remote, foreign locations to support international trade. In 1327, Avignon which is located in France had 43 branches of Italian banking houses alone. The practice of opening satellite branches was popularized in the early 20th century by Amadeo Giannini , then head of

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836-564: The United States. The Dominion Land Survey is a similar cadastral survey conducted in Western Canada, begun in 1871 after the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. Both cadastral surveys are made relative to principal meridian and baselines . These cadastral surveys divided the surveyed areas into townships . Some much earlier surveys in Ohio created 25 square mile townships when the design of

874-832: The United States—especially interstate branch banking—was viewed unfavorably by regulatory authorities, who correctly foresaw the risk of banks becoming too big to fail . This regulatory hostility was codified with the enactment of the McFadden Act of 1927, which specifically prohibited interstate banking. Over the next few decades, some banks attempted to circumvent McFadden's provisions by establishing bank holding companies that operated so-called independent banks in multiple states. To address this, The Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited bank holding companies headquartered in one state from having branches in any other state. Most interstate banking prohibitions were repealed by

912-607: The building were then rented out to the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In 1999 the property changed hands once again when it was acquired by the Nordea Foundation. From 2008 to 2011 it underwent a DKK 100 mio. renovation. The main wing towards the street is built in the Neoclassical style. It is 16 bays long and consists of three storeys and a six-bay attica topped by a baluster-balustrade . A sculpted cow's claw on

950-489: The constitution was amended to permit banks to have unmanned ATMs in the county of their domicile. The prohibition on bank branches existed until 1986. These are typically branches located in a retail space such as a grocery , shopping malls or discount store . They may be full-service branches or limited service branches. They generally do not include drive-through teller windows or safe deposit boxes. These branches may have limited staff and typically include technology as

988-471: The conventional cadastre concept include the 3D cadastre , considering the vertical domain; and the multipurpose cadastre , considering non-parcel data. According to the UN Economic Commission for Europe , a " Marine Cadastre describes the location and spatial extent of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in the marine environment". Marine cadastres apply the same governance principles to

1026-467: The documentary materials submitted to cadastre or land administration offices for renewal of cadastral recordings. Cadastral documentation is kept in paper and/or electronic form. Jurisdiction statutes and further provisions specify the content and form of the documentation, as well as the person(s) authorized to prepare and sign the documentation, including concerned parties (owner, etc.), licensed surveyors and legal advisors. The office concerned reviews

1064-563: The extent of land rather than using more precise surveys. Only in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries did the use of cadastral maps resume, beginning in the Netherlands. With the emergence of capitalism in Renaissance Europe, the need for cadastral maps reemerged as a tool to determine and express control of land as a means of production. This took place first privately in land disputes and later spread to governmental practice as

1102-546: The main office) until 1967, and did not allow an unlimited number until 1993. Texas has historically heavily restricted the operations of banks. Although Dallas-area Docutel was an early ATM manufacturer, the state's banks did not purchase them until Texas Attorney General Crawford Martin ruled in August 1971 that ATMs did not violate the Texas Constitution's prohibition on bank branches. In 1980 Article XVI, Section 16, of

1140-460: The opening of the museum. The museum also features a bank branch , complete with all inventory from c. 1900, and other artifacts from the history of the Danish bank sector. The museum also has a large exhibition space for changing exhibitions in an adjoining building. Cadastre A cadastre or cadaster is a comprehensive recording of the real estate or real property 's metes-and-bounds of

1178-464: The original brewery building which dates from 1759. The Nordea Foundation ( Nordea-fonden ) now has its secretariat in the building. The renovation also installed six residences which are available on grant to foreign researchers and specialists under the foundation's residence program. The Bank and Saving Museum ( Bank- og Sparekassemuseet ) was founded by the Private Bank at Børsen in 1857 to mark

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1216-528: The software industry since at least 2005. It mainly refers to the use of technology for management of cadastre and land information in geographic information systems , spatial data infrastructures and software architecture , rather than to general management issues of cadastral and other land information agencies. In 1836, Colonel Robert Dawson of the Royal Engineers proposed that a cadastre be implemented in light of his experiences as on secondment to

1254-523: The state lands which the Emperor Augustus had given to the soldiers of Legion II Gallica, but which for some years had been occupied by private individuals, ordered a survey map to be set up with a record on each 'century' of the annual rental". In this way Vespasian was able to reimpose taxation formerly uncollected on these lands. With the fall of Rome, the use of cadastral maps effectively discontinued. Medieval practice used written descriptions of

1292-718: The submitted information; if the documentation does not comply with stated provisions, the office may set a deadline for the applicant to submit complete documentation. The concept of cadastral documentation emerged late in the English language, as the institution of cadastre developed outside English-speaking countries. In a Danish textbook, one out of fifteen chapters regards the form and content of documents concerning subdivision and other land matters. Early textbooks of international scope focused on recordings in terms of land registration and technical aspects of cadastral survey , yet note that 'cadastral surveying has been carried out within

1330-713: The system was being explored. Later, the design became square land areas of approximately 36 square miles (six miles by six miles). These townships are divided into sections , each approximately one-mile square. Unlike in Europe, this cadastral survey largely preceded settlement and as a result greatly influenced settlement patterns. Properties are generally rectangular, boundary lines often run on cardinal bearings, and parcel dimensions are often in fractions or multiples of chains . Land descriptions in Western North America are principally based on these land surveys. Extensions of

1368-516: The value of the parcel and its improvements. Some of the earliest cadastres were ordered by Roman Emperors to recover state owned lands that had been appropriated by private individuals, and thereby recover income from such holdings. One such cadastre was done in AD 77 in Campania, a surviving stone marker of the survey reads "The Emperor Vespasian , in the eighth year of his tribunician power, so as to restore

1406-401: The water. They help further conservation and sustainability efforts. This is especially a concern in Europe's large aquatic market. In Australia, they are used by many parties to plan around legal, technical, and institutional considerations. A related concept is that of marine spatial data infrastructures . Branch (banking) A branch , banking center or financial center is

1444-450: Was elected as councilman. In 1749, he was one of the members of the Herman congregation who applied for royal permission to build Frederick's German Church . He was also elected as one of the "directors" of the construction process. In 1753 he constructed a new brewery building on the rear of his property. The property was listed as No. 163 in the new cadastre of 1756. Casse was also the owner of

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