Misplaced Pages

#410589

112-418: The poem became popular and was frequently republished. To Harte's dismay, however, the poem reinforced racism among his readers instead of challenging it as he intended. Nevertheless, he returned to the character years later. The poem also inspired or influenced several adaptations. The narrative of the poem focuses on a Chinese immigrant character named Ah Sin who defeats an Irish immigrant named William Nye in

224-498: A currency manipulator on his first day in office. He pledged "swift, robust and unequivocal" action against Chinese piracy, counterfeit American goods, and the theft of American trade secrets and intellectual property. He also condemned China's "illegal export subsidies and lax labor and environmental standards." In January 2016, Trump proposed a 45% tariff on Chinese exports to the United States to give "American workers

336-498: A "feeble imitation" of Harte. Twain angrily denied the charge and demanded a retraction, writing to the editor Thomas Bailey Aldrich , "I am not in the imitation business". Harte, in turn, targeted Twain years later in his 1893 story "Ingénue of the Sierras" by creating an unsavory character named "Charley Bing", modeled after Twain. The incident was one of several in a long rivalry between the two authors. In 1898, The Overland Monthly ran

448-526: A Chinese state enterprise or entity. In April 2011, the 112th United States Congress banned NASA from using its funds to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities because of espionage concerns. Earlier in 2010, US Representative John Culberson , had urged President Barack Obama not to allow further contact between NASA and the China National Space Administration (CNSA). In November 2015, Donald Trump promised to designate China as

560-583: A German origin are: "maker" from Macher , short for Spielmacher i.e. "game maker", the person who determines the type of game to be played; "euchred" from gejuckert ; "having a dog from every county" from aus jedem Dorf ein Köter i.e. "a mongrel from every village", a common expression in German card games; "cards away" from Karten weg or Kart' ab , an expression in games from the Palatinate/Saarland region for

672-565: A White House coronavirus briefing about his stance on testing and he told her to question China. The reporter responded to Trump by asking him why he singled her out by stating that she should question China, which led to an abrupt end to the briefing. On July 23, 2020, then- United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the end of what he called "blind engagement" with the Chinese government. He also criticized Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping as "a true believer in

784-489: A bankrupt totalitarian ideology." In December 2020, Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn tweeted that "China has a 5,000 year history of cheating and stealing. Some things will never change...", resulting in a backlash by Chinese-American civil rights activists, arguing that her tweet insulted people of Chinese descent. The COVID-19 pandemic was first reported in the city of Wuhan , Hubei, China, in December 2019, and as

896-482: A candidates' alleged support for free trade with China. Some of the stock images that accompanied ominous voiceovers about China were actually of Chinatown, San Francisco . In particular, an advertisement called "Chinese Professor", which portrays a 2030 conquest of the West by China, used local Asian American extras to play Chinese, but the actors were not informed of the nature of the shoot. Columnist Jeff Yang said that in

1008-516: A card face down. Note that the dealer's partner cannot make trumps and play with the dealer, but can only pass or play alone by turning it down. This does not apply to the second choice in which the player may choose any suit. If the upcard is the Benny, the dealer must announce trumps before picking up their own hand cards and the dealer's team are the makers (a "blind shout"). Before the first trick any player may announce they are going "alone", whereupon

1120-491: A collection of Harte's poetry in time for the Christmas market; its first six editions sold out in five days. The character of Ah Sin was revived for a theatrical play co-written by Harte and Twain, Ah Sin . The two writers had a rift by February 1877 just before completing a final draft. Twain took over the project and, as he wrote to William Dean Howells , he "left hardly a foot-print of Harte in it". Harte nevertheless attended

1232-451: A common argument in the exclusionary movement against Chinese Americans. In particular, even in his lone dissent against Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), then- Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan wrote of Chinese people as: "a race so different from our own that we do not permit those belonging to it to become citizens of the United States. Persons belonging to it are, with few exceptions, absolutely excluded from our country. I allude to

SECTION 10

#1733085753411

1344-459: A four-hand version of Euchre is described right at the end. The following is a summary: Euchre is played by two to five persons, but most often by two or four. A 32-card French-suited Piquet pack is used and cards rank in the trump suit as follows: Right Bower (trump knave ), Left Bower (knave of same color), A > K > Q > 10 > 9 > 8 > 7. The side suits rank in their natural order . Deal and play are clockwise. The pack

1456-477: A high-stakes game of euchre . William Nye is a cheater, whom the "childlike" Ah Sin successfully out-cheats. William Nye realizes nothing until it is too late. Upon realizing he was cheated, William Nye attacks Ah Sin. Harte's narrative presented a fictionalized account of anti-Chinese attacks and intended his readers to sympathize with Ah Sin. Harte wrote the poem as an afterthought and did not initially intend to publish it. According to Mark Twain , Harte wrote

1568-505: A letter defending the "peaceable citizens" of San Francisco's Chinatown who were "patient under abuse, and that patience, I am ashamed to say, they have to exercise continually in California". After the discovery of a murdered woman in Chinatown, whose cause of death was uncertain, Harte wrote, "as her head was caved in it is thought by some physicians that she died of galloping Christianity of

1680-454: A level playing field." When asked about potential Chinese retaliation to the implementation of tariffs, such as sales of US bonds , Trump judged such a scenario to be unlikely: "They won't crash our currency. They will crash their economy. That's what they are going to do if they start playing that." In a May 2016 speech, Trump responded to concerns regarding a potential trade war with China : "We're losing $ 500 billion in trade with China. Who

1792-458: A major geopolitical threat back in 2012 and 20 percentage points more likely compared in 2016. A report which was published by Stop AAPI Hate listed 43% of AAPI (Asian American and Pacific Islanders) individuals reporting incidents from 2020 to 2022 to be ethnically Chinese. A survey in 2021 found that 49% of AAPIs felt safe going out, 65% felt worried about the safety of family members and elders, 32% of parents were concerned their child would be

1904-506: A permit from the Board of Supervisors . The ordinance delegated the power to grant or withhold the permits upon the Board of Supervisors. At the time, about 95% of the city's 320 laundries were operated in wooden buildings. Approximately two-thirds of those laundries were owned by Chinese people. Although most of the city's wooden building laundry owners applied for a permit, only one permit was granted of

2016-449: A poem making fun of Harte himself, who had moved to Europe in 1871 and never returned, for forgetting what life was like in the west. "The Heathen Chinee", as the poem was most often called, was recited in public among opponents to Chinese immigration , and Eugene Casserly , a Senator from California who was "vehemently opposed to the admission of Chinese labour", apparently thanked Harte in writing for supporting his cause. The confusion

2128-472: A possible German origin are the names of the trump Jacks. Bower is phonetically identical with the German word Bauer which normally means farmer, but also refers to the Jack in playing cards. Another word probably derived from German is "march", which is the literal translation of Marsch , itself an abbreviation of Durchmarsch and the German for a slam in many card games. Other words or phrases that reflect

2240-547: A real past or present connection of some kind with the Communist Party. However, for the vast majority of them, their potential to do harm to the nation and the nature of their communist affiliations were both tenuous. Among these victims were Chinese Americans, who are often viewed with suspicion of being affiliated with the CCP. The most notable example is that of the top Chinese scientist Qian Xuesen . Allegations were made that he

2352-498: A result, acts and displays of Sinophobia , have increasingly occurred, as well as incidents of prejudice , xenophobia , discrimination, violence , and racism against people of East Asian ancestry . According to a June 2020 Pew Research study, 58% of Asian Americans believe that racist views of them had increased since the pandemic. A study by the New York University College of Arts & Science found that there

SECTION 20

#1733085753411

2464-644: A scapegoat for depressed wage levels by politicians and labor leaders. Cases in which Chinese people were physically assaulted include the Chinese massacre of 1871 in Los Angeles and the 1982 murder of Vincent Chin in Detroit. The 1909 murder of Elsie Sigel in New York, for which a Chinese person was suspected, was blamed on the entire Chinese community and led to physical violence. "The murder of Elsie Sigel immediately grabbed

2576-406: A spade during the playing of this hand. This expands the suit of spades to the seven cards above and reduces the suit of clubs by one card, its jack being seconded to the trump suit. Once the hand is over, the J ♣ ceases to be a spade and becomes a club again unless spades are again named as trump during a subsequent hand. A player who fixes the trump suit may announce "alone" and play without

2688-615: A specific nationality or ethnicity. Amendments introduced during the debate over the bill prohibited the naturalization of Chinese immigrants. After the initial ten-year ban in the Chinese Exclusion Act ended, Chinese exclusion was extended in 1892 by the Geary Act and then made permanent in 1902. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 shifted Americans' fears of the Yellow Peril from China to Japan. Anti-Chinese sentiment during

2800-535: A steamboat in the American Midwest. The earliest written rules appeared in 1844. The mode of play and terminology of Euchre have resulted in several theories which suggest that it has an origin in Spanish Trionfo, French Ecarté or Triomphe , or Alsatian Jucker. An early American theory was that Euchre was brought into the United States by the German settlers of Pennsylvania , and from that region it

2912-758: A strong following in regions such as the Midwestern United States. Euchre has also been described as Canada's national card game. With the rise of 20th century games such as Contract Bridge and Spades , Euchre has declined in popularity, though it is still played as a social game in the US Midwest, the Canadian province of Ontario, Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain, especially Cornwall. The earliest surviving rules were published in America by Thomas Mathews in his 1844 work, The Whist Player's Hand-book , in which

3024-409: A summary of the typical rules for the four-hand game. Four players play in two teams, the partners sitting opposite one another. A 24-card pack is used with cards ranking as before with a right bower and left bower as the top two cards of the trump suit. A pack of 32 cards (AKQJ10987) or 28 cards (no 7s) may also be used, but 24 cards is the standard. Deal and play are clockwise. The face-down pack

3136-611: A superpower, which is perceived as a primary threat to America's position as the world's sole superpower. Since 2019, xenophobia and racism further intensified due to the COVID-19 pandemic , which was first reported in the Chinese city of Wuhan , with increased discrimination, racism, and violence against Chinese people , people of Chinese descent or anyone perceived to be Chinese, especially Asians. According to survey results released on April 27, 2023 based on 6,500 respondents, nearly 75% of Chinese Americans have experienced racism in

3248-412: Is shuffled and four cards distributed. The players with two higher cards become partners and play the other two. The dealer deals five cards each in packets of two and three and turns the next for trump. The eldest hand (to the left of the dealer) opens the auction and may either 'order it up' (= accept the turnup as trump) or 'turn it down' (= pass ), in which case the next player in turn has

3360-453: Is as per the 1844 rules with the exception that the top trump is the Benny or Best Bower represented by the joker or ♠ 2. Deal and play are clockwise. The first dealer can be chosen by any random method. The dealer shuffles and deals each player a packet of 2 or 3 cards in any order and then a second packet making the hands up to 5 cards. The next card is turned as a potential trump. Often, it

3472-418: Is customary to offer a cut of the deck to the player on the dealer's right before passing out the cards. The process of making trump is as follows: As soon as someone makes trump (instead of passing) that player's team become the makers and their opponents are the defenders. Should either opponent order it up or the dealer take it up, the suit of the upcard becomes trump. The dealer picks it up and discards

The Heathen Chinee - Misplaced Pages Continue

3584-424: Is played in southwestern England, especially Cornwall , Devon and Guernsey , as well as in coastal East Anglia . A key feature is that a joker, called the Benny , is the highest trump. The following is a summary of modern British rules by John McLeod , supplemented by other sources where indicated. Euchre is a four-player game using a pack of 25 cards with a joker and four suits comprising AKQJT9. Card ranking

3696-401: Is played with a deck of 24, 25, 28, or 32 standard playing cards. There are normally four players, two on each team, although there are variations for two to nine players. Euchre emerged in the United States in the early 19th century. There are several theories regarding its origin, but the most likely is that it is derived from an old Alsatian game called Jucker or Juckerspiel . Euchre

3808-408: Is spread on the table and players draw a card each. The players with the two lowest cards playing together against the others and the player with the lowest card dealing first. For this purpose only, suits are irrelevant, aces rank low and jacks rank immediately below the queens. The dealer then shuffles the pack and offers it to the right for cutting. Five cards are dealt in two rounds. In the first,

3920-456: Is then given the opportunity, in turn, to pass again or call a different suit as trump. If no trump is selected, the hand is discarded and the deal passes to the left. When trumps are chosen, the trump jack becomes the top card or right bower. The jack of the same color is the second-highest trump, known as the left bower. Example: Spades are trump. In this case, the trump cards rank as follows (highest first): The J ♣ effectively becomes

4032-406: The 2 and 3 of one suit. Scoring starts with counting the symbols on the cards, for points 1 to 4; at 5, the cards are turned over and crossed. Crossing the cards indicates 5 points. Points 6 to 9 are counted similarly by counting the number of suit symbols showing and adding them to the 5 when the cards are crossed. In Canada and Michigan, it is common for each team to use two 5 s of

4144-458: The Anti-Coolie Act specifically taxed Chinese immigrants at rates over half their income to suppress their jobs and economic participation per yellow peril tropes popular at that time. In the 1870s and 1880s, various legal discriminatory measures were taken against Chinese people. A notable example is that after San Francisco segregated its Chinese school children from 1859 until 1870, the law

4256-653: The COVID-19 outbreak in the United States as the "Chinese Virus" , despite the fact that in February 2020, the World Health Organization strongly advised the public not to racially profile the SARS‑CoV‑2 coronavirus as the "Chinese virus" or the "Wuhan virus". Additionally, the racist terms "Wuflu" and "Kung Flu" emerged in the United States during this period as pejorative and xenophobic ways of referring to COVID-19 . These terms are linked to Wuhan , where

4368-747: The Overland Monthly . It appeared there under its original title, "Plain Language from Truthful James" in the September 1870 issue. A Boston newspaper republished the work in 1871 as "The Heathen Chinee" and others have since used that name. The poem was republished several times within a short period, including in New York Evening Post , Prairie Farmer , New York Tribune , Boston Evening Transcript , Providence Journal , Hartford Courant , and Saturday Evening Post (published twice). The poem

4480-462: The State of California prohibited the employment of Chinese people by state and local governments, as well as by businesses which were incorporated in California. Also, it delegated the power to remove Chinese people to the local governments of California. In 1880, the elected officials of the city of San Francisco passed an ordinance which made it illegal to operate a laundry in a wooden building without

4592-553: The U.S. Constitution . Discriminatory laws, in particular the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , were aimed at restricting further immigration from China. It was the first law to racially exclude persons and leave them intentionally unprotected by law. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was repealed by the Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 . The Chinese Exclusion Act allowed limited college students entry into

The Heathen Chinee - Misplaced Pages Continue

4704-631: The ' rise of China ' has been named the top news story of the 21st century by the Global Language Monitor , as measured by number of appearances in the global print and electronic media, on the Internet and blogosphere, and in Social Media. During the United States 2010 elections , a significant number of negative advertisements were run by both major American political parties that focused on

4816-401: The 1850s, the stock character John Chinaman began appearing in minstrel songs. John Chinaman was caricatured as effeminate and unmanly, with many songs centering on his failed pursuit of white women. Chinese migrant workers encountered considerable prejudice in the United States, especially by the people who occupied the lower layers in white society, and Chinese " coolies " were used as

4928-693: The 21st century. It has taken many forms throughout history, including prejudice, racist immigration restrictions, murder, bullying, massacre, and other acts of violence. Anti-Chinese sentiment and violence in the country first manifested in the 1860s, when Chinese people were employed in the building of the world's first transcontinental railroad . Its origins can be traced partly to competition with white people for jobs, and reports of Americans who had lived and worked in China and wrote relentlessly negative and unsubstantiated reports of locals. Violence against Chinese in California , Oregon , Washington , and throughout

5040-530: The Bret Harte—heathen Chinee phrase of 'Ways that are dark' as a possible title for some forthcoming exploits?" Ralph Townsend used the same line for his anti-Chinese book Ways That Are Dark . Euchre Euchre or eucre ( / ˈ juː k ər / YU -kər ) is a trick-taking card game commonly played in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, and the Midwestern United States. It

5152-597: The Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate, which tended to be difficult to prove. The 1921 Emergency Quota Act then the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration according to national origins. While the Emergency Quota Act used the census of 1910, xenophobic fears in the WASP community lead to the adoption of the 1890 census, more favorable to White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) population, for

5264-458: The Chinese race." In 1873, the Pigtail Ordinance targeted Qing dynasty immigrants' largely mandatory queue hairstyle which intended to reduce Qing immigration by banning their hairstyle which they must have to enable customary later re-entry to China. The city board passed it but the mayor vetoed it. The city council enacted it in 1876 but was struck down as unconstitutional in 1879. In

5376-650: The Cold War was largely the result of the Red Scare and McCarthyism , which coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage because of the Chinese Civil War and China's involvement in the Korean War . During the era, suspected Communists were imprisoned by the hundreds, and some ten or twelve thousand of them lost their jobs. Many of those who were imprisoned, lost their jobs or were questioned by committees, had

5488-575: The Fourteenth Amendment, allowing such discrimination to become much more widespread until the later Brown v. Board of Education decision held it all unconstitutional. In 1929, the National Origins Formula explicitly kept the status quo distribution of ethnicity by allocating quotas in proportion to the actual population. The idea was that immigration would not be allowed to change the "national character". Total annual immigration

5600-569: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 repealed the such. According to statistics, between 1820 and 1840, only 11 Chinese people emigrated to the United States. However, many Chinese were living in distress due to the end of the Qing Dynasty. The United States offered a more stable life, thanks to the gold rush in California, the construction of railways, and the resulting large demand for labor. Beginning in 1848, many Chinese chose to immigrate to

5712-518: The Navy at the time, Dan A. Kimball , tried to keep Qian in the US: It was the stupidest thing this country ever did. He was no more a Communist than I was, and we forced him to go. Qian would spend the next five years under house arrest, which included constant surveillance with the permission to teach without any research (classified) duties. Caltech appointed attorney Grant Cooper to defend Qian. In 1955,

SECTION 50

#1733085753411

5824-581: The Senators from western states and most of the southern Democratic Party supported Miller's proposal, strenuously objected to the eastern states senator. After intense debate, the motion eventually passed the Senate by a vote of 29 of 15; it would go on to pass in the House of Representatives on March 23, by 167 votes to 66 votes (55 abstentions). President Chester A. Arthur vetoed the bill on April 4, 1882, as it violated

5936-500: The US, however, it became increasingly difficult for such immigrants to gain access. By 1900, laws restricted Chinese students from entering the country unless they came from a wealthy family, they sought studies in programs not offered in China, and required a return to China after completing their studies. Heavy discrimination against Chinese students made it difficult for the US to expand international education opportunities in China and limited

6048-742: The US, xenophobic fear of the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the Page Act of 1875 which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act , expanded ten years later by the Geary Act which required Chinese to register and secure a certificate as proof of entry at risk of deportation or hard labor, removed Chinese as witnesses in court proceedings, and removed Chinese as recipients of habeas corpus in legal proceedings. The Immigration Act of 1917 then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under nativist influence. The 1879 Constitution of

6160-513: The US. California Governor John McDougal in 1851 praised Chinese people as "the most valuable immigrants" to California. To recruit more laborers, the United States and China signed the Burlingame Treaty in 1868. The Burlingame Treaty provided several rights, including that Chinese people can freely enter and leave the United States; the right of abode in the United States; and the United States most-favored treatment of Chinese nationals in

6272-514: The US. Its 1930 amendments later removed these anti-immigrant clauses. In 1927, the Supreme Court held in Lum v. Rice that Mississippi could require a Chinese child to attend the local school for Black students since she was not white under that state's law. The unanimous opinion by Chief Justice, and former president, William Howard Taft held that racial segregation in public education did not violate

6384-454: The United States deported him to China in exchange for five American pilots captured during the Korean War. Later, he became the father of the modern Chinese space program . Modern anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States may originate from American fears of China's role as a rising geopolitical power. Perceptions of China's geopolitical rise on the world stage have been so prevalent that

6496-416: The United States. According to the results of a Gallup poll which were published in February 2019, China was considered the greatest enemy of the United States by 21% percent of American respondents, only second to Russia. In April 2019, FBI Director Christopher Wray said that China posed a "whole of a society threat". In May 2019, Director of Policy Planning Kiron Skinner said that China "is

6608-454: The United States. The Treaty stimulated immigration for the 20 years between 1853 and 1873, and resulted in the immigration of nearly 105,000 Chinese to the United States by 1880. 1882 was an election year in California. To secure more votes, California politicians adopted a staunch anti-China stance. In Congress, California Republican Senator John Miller spoke at length in support of a bill to prohibit further Chinese immigrants, substantially

6720-616: The ability of US colleges and universities from improving the reputation of their institutions. In the USA xenophobic fears against the alleged "Yellow Peril" led to the implementation of the Page Act of 1875 which excluded Chinese women from entering the US per yellow peril and dragon lady stereotypes, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, expanded ten years later by the Geary Act . The Immigration Act of 1917 then created an "Asian Barred Zone" under nativist influence. It eliminated all immigration from all of geographical Asia. The Chinese Exclusion Act

6832-435: The aid of a partner. The partner's hand cards are laid face down and the partner takes no part in the game. Play is as before: the eldest leads and players must follow suit if able, otherwise may play any card. The first team to score the target number of points (5, 7 or 10) wins the game. In Columbus, the target is 10. Scores can be kept by using two otherwise unused cards as markers, with each team often using cards of

SECTION 60

#1733085753411

6944-605: The ambiguity over its racial message. The narrator implies that the cheating of the Chinese man was no worse than that of the white man, but the irony was too subtle for general readers. The message matched one Harte had written elsewhere in exposing white people's hypocrisy. As he wrote later, the Chinese "did as the Caucasian did in all respects, and, being more patient and frugal, did it a little better". Harte had repeatedly opposed anti-Chinese sentiment since as early as 1863, both privately and publicly. In 1866, for example, he wrote

7056-502: The author's name. It inspired a series of west coast songwriters, for example, to produce songs which looked at Chinese immigrants through negative stereotypes and questioned their place in America. Some used Harte's poem word-for-word. In November 1875, Union Porcelain Works in Long Island announced the release of a pitcher decorated with figures from "The Heathen Chinee". The title character

7168-448: The bidding by passing (saying "pass") or accepting the suit of the upcard as trump by saying: "I order it up" (or "pick it up"). If the eldest passes, the second hand, the dealer's partner, may pass or accept by saying: "I assist" (or "I'll help you"). If the second hand passes, the third hand may pass or accept. If the first three pass, the dealer may accept the turnup by discarding a card (called "taking it up") or turn it down by placing

7280-509: The building of the first transcontinental railroad. The decline of the Qing Dynasty in China, instability and poverty caused many Chinese, especially from the province of Guangdong , to emigrate overseas in search of a more stable life, and this coincided with the rapid growth of American industry. Chinese people were considered by employers as "reliable" workers who would continue working, without complaint, even under destitute conditions. In

7392-494: The campaign there was a "blurry line between Chinese and Chinese-Americans." Larry McCarthy, the producer of "Chinese Professor," defended his work by saying that "this ad is about America, it's not about China." Other editorials commenting on the video have called the video not anti-Chinese. As component of the Wolf Amendment , many American space researchers were prohibited from working with Chinese citizens affiliated with

7504-588: The counties of Cornwall or Devon in southwest England, where it remains a hugely popular game. Euchre was introduced into Devon in turn by French prisoners of The Napoleonic Wars , imprisoned in Dartmoor Prison between 1805 and 1816. American prisoners were also housed there after the War of 1812 . Card game historian David Parlett believes that Euchre is derived from an eighteenth-century Alsatian card game named Jucker or Juckerspiel, pronounced "yooker". Clues to

7616-690: The country took many forms, including pogroms ; expulsions, including the destruction of a Chinatown in Denver ; and massacres such as the Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871 , the Rock Springs massacre , and the Hells Canyon massacre . Anti-Chinese sentiment led to the federal Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned the naturalization and further immigration of people of Chinese descent. Amid discussions of " Yellow Peril ", anti-Chinese sentiment

7728-402: The dealer may deal either 2 or 3 cards each, in turn and in clockwise order beginning with the eldest hand. This is followed by a second round to bring each player's hand to 5 cards. Whichever system is used initially, it must not subsequently be changed. The remaining four cards, called the kitty , are placed face down in the center of the table and its top card flipped. The eldest hand opens

7840-409: The dealer takes up trump and they become the makers. A player confident of taking 5 tricks single-handed may say "cards away" to the partner and play alone against the opponents. The eldest leads to the first trick . Players must follow suit if able; otherwise may play any card. The highest trump takes the trick or the highest card of the led suit if no trumps were played. The trick winner leads to

7952-571: The emergence of the international trade union Industrial Workers of the World did trade unionists start to accept Chinese workers as part of the American working-class. During this period, the phrase "yellow peril" was popularized in the U.S. by newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst . It was also the title of a popular book by an influential U.S. religious figure, G. G. Rupert , who published The Yellow Peril; or, Orient vs. Occident in 1911. Based on

8064-556: The first great power competitor of the US that is not caucasian ." The current deterioration of relations has led to a spike in anti-Chinese sentiment in the US. According to a Pew Research Center poll released in August 2019, 60 percent of Americans have negative opinions about China, with only 26 percent holding positive views. The same poll found that China was named as America's greatest enemy by 24 percent of respondents in US, tied along with Russia. In March 2020, Trump referred to

8176-414: The front pages of newspapers, which portrayed Chinese men as dangerous to "innocent" and "virtuous" young white women. This murder led to a surge in the harassment of Chinese in communities across the United States." The emerging American trade unions, under such leaders as Samuel Gompers , also took an outspoken anti-Chinese position, regarding Chinese laborers as competitors to white laborers. Only with

8288-757: The geopolitics at the time, a growing number of people were seeing Japan as a threat, too." Dr. Sun Yat-sen argued many Chinese immigrants were lack of educated behavior at the time so that many Americans' impressions on them came to a bad end, and even major American hotels started boycotts for them. In the western states, "Anti-Chinese Leagues" were formed in cities such as Tombstone, Arizona , San Francisco, and Santa Rosa, California . Anti-Chinese riots, expulsions and massacres broke out in several western localities: Los Angeles, CA (1871) , San Francisco, CA (1877) , Denver, CO (1880) , Eureka, CA (1885) , Rock Springs, WY (1885) , Tacoma, WA (1885) , Seattle, WA (1886) , Chinese Massacre Cove, OR (1887) . In 1862,

8400-588: The hell cares if there's a trade war?" Trump also said in May 2016 that China is "raping" the U.S. with free trade. In January 2018, Trump launched a trade war with China and he also began to impose new visa restrictions on foreign students and visiting scholars of Chinese nationality; many affected said that they experienced delays in renewing their visas or even outright cancellations of their visas. In 2018, Presidential Advisor Stephen Miller proposed banning all Chinese nationals from obtaining visas to study in

8512-460: The malignant California type". His 1874 short story Wan Lee, the Pagan attacked stereotypes about Chinese immigrants and sought to portray white Americans as the true savages. In this vein, Harte intended "Plain Language from Truthful James" to be a satire of the prevalent prejudice among Irish laborers in northern California against the Chinese immigrants competing for the same work. He intended for

8624-487: The next trick. The makers must take at least 3 tricks to win and score 1 point. Otherwise they are euchred , i.e. have lost and their opponents score 2 points. Winning all 5 tricks is a march which earns 2 points. Announcing "cards away" and winning all 5 tricks alone scores 4 points. Points are tallied using the unused Deuce and Trey cards, or counters . Game is 5 points. The following terms were used by Mathews. Many continue to be used today: In Britain, euchre

8736-528: The offending team. Euchre terminology varies greatly from region to region and is highly colloquial. Some examples include: The following North American rule variations are recorded: Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States began in the 19th century, shortly after Chinese immigrants first arrived in North America, and continues into

8848-400: The partner of the lone player puts their cards face down on the table and drops out of that hand. A maker and a defender may both go alone in which case it is one against one. Play and scoring are as in the 1844 rules, except that: The following rule variations are recorded: Euchre is played slightly differently in North America and there are numerous variations. The following account is

8960-410: The partner should play. Depending on the local rules, such infringements may incur a penalty. A player who does not follow suit when able has revoked . Sometimes this is called "reneging" but, strictly speaking, a renege refers to a situation in other card games when you may legally not follow suit when you can. If discovered, the opposing team is awarded two points or two points are deducted from

9072-737: The past twelve months with 7% having suffered property destruction, 9% physical assault or intimidation, 20% verbal or online harassment, and 46% unequal treatment. The arrival of three Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 marked the first record of Chinese people in the United States. Starting with the California Gold Rush in the middle 19th century, the United States – particularly the West Coast states – enlisted large numbers of Chinese migrant laborers. Early Chinese immigrants worked as gold miners, and later on subsequent large labor projects, such as

9184-574: The phrase "the kings from the East" in the Christian scriptural verse Revelation 16:12, Rupert made the claim that China , India, Japan and Korea were attacking the West, but that Jesus Christ would stop them. In his 1982 book The Yellow Peril: Chinese Americans in American fiction, 1850–1940 , William F. Wu states that "Pulp magazines in the 30s had a lot of yellow peril characters loosely based on Fu Manchu ... Most were of Chinese descent, but because of

9296-551: The play's opening at the National Theatre in Washington, D.C. , on May 7, 1877. Near the end of his life, Harte used the characters of both Truthful James and Ah Sin in his poem "Free Silver at Angel's", a satirical response to the silver plank in the 1896 Democratic National Convention platform. Even so, when asked about the original poem in later years, Harte called the poem "trash", and "the worst poem I ever wrote, possibly

9408-486: The poem "for his own amusement" and "threw it aside, but being one day suddenly called upon for copy he sent that very piece in." In writing the poem, Harte echoed and, therefore, lampooned Algernon Charles Swinburne 's 1865 verse tragedy Atalanta in Calydon . Ambrose Bierce claimed Harte originally sent it to him to include in his San Francisco-based News Letter , but he suggested it was better suited for Harte's own journal,

9520-501: The poem out of context, including "we are ruined by Chinese cheap labor!", and used the poem to reinforce their own racism. They sympathized with Ah Sin's attacker, William Nye. The poem was also frequently parodied. The poem "Three Aces", signed "Carl Byng", was published in the Buffalo Express in December 1870, not long after "Plain Language from Truthful James" first appeared. The poem was widely attributed to Mark Twain and labeled

9632-474: The provisions of the Angell Treaty , which restricted but did not ban immigration from China. Congress was unable to overturn the veto, and passed a version of the bill that banned immigration for ten years in lieu of the original twenty-year ban. On May 6, 1882, Miller's proposal was signed by President Arthur, and became the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. It was the first United States immigration law to target

9744-529: The reader to sympathize with the victim, Ah Sin. However, the predominantly white middle-class readership of the Overland and the periodicals that reprinted it interpreted and embraced the poem as mocking the Chinese. These immigrants had been drawn in by the California Gold Rush and a boom in labor jobs, but relations with American-born citizens were tense. The more recent economic downturn in California had made tensions even worse. Readers took certain phrases of

9856-571: The relationship between the United States and China as a great power competition foments anti-Asian sentiment among White Americans. According to an analysis conducted by Vladimir Enrique and Medenica David Ebner at Asia Times in June 2021, White Americans are more likely to support war with China if such a military confrontation between the two countries ever materializes. White Americans described as "racially resentful" were 36 percentage points more likely than other White Americans to perceive China posing as

9968-467: The same announcement, "bridge" possibly from Pritsche , a plank bed, hence a place of safety. The earliest known treatise is a 1839 lost book called Game of Euchre and Its Laws , by an unknown author. The earliest surviving rules appeared in 1844, in which there is no Joker. 32 cards are used. The Right Bower , the trump Jack, is the "commanding card" with the Left Bower , the Jack of the same color, as

10080-402: The same as one from the prior session of Congress that had been vetoed by Republican President Rutherford B. Hayes . Senator Miller submitted a motion to ban the immigration Chinese laborers for 20 years, citing the passage of the 1879 anti-Chinese referendums in California and Nevada by huge margins as proof of popular support. The motion was discussed in the Senate over the next eight days. All

10192-425: The same color to keep score, with one team red and the other black. The 5 s are usually referred to as "counting cards" in this situation. Euchre does not require silence as in some other games; some table talk is acceptable. However, communicating with one's partner to influence the game is considered cheating. Unacceptable table talk may include code words, secret gestures, bidding out of turn or suggesting what

10304-540: The same color. Scoring begins using one card face up, covered by the other card face down. Upon winning points, the top card is moved to reveal the appropriate number of suit symbols on the bottom card. After all points are revealed on the lower card, the top card is flipped over, adding pips on both cards to indicate the score. In Columbus, score is kept with a 4 and a 6 . A variation of scorekeeping in Western New York and Ontario involves each side using

10416-457: The same options and so on. The team that order it up are the 'makers'. If all pass, the dealer does not exchange , and another round of bidding begins with eldest who may make trump of any other suit. If all pass again and dealer does not want to make trump, the cards are thrown in and the next dealer deals. If anyone orders up, the dealer picks up the upcard and discards a card in return. The dealer's partner may bid "assist", in which case

10528-469: The second-highest card. According to Parlett, the Joker was added to a 32-card pack in the 1850s specifically for the game of Euchre and is first mentioned in a set of rules in 1868 where it turns out to be a blank specimen card not intended for actual play. This gave rise to a variant called "Euchre with the Joker" in which the blank card ranked above all the rest. It must have been in use even earlier, since

10640-534: The term "Best Bower" appears in a satirical 1861 piece about the American Civil War. Later, the Joker was embellished with a motif and specifically intended for use as the top trump. It was later transferred to the game of Poker and initially called the Mistigris. In the late 19th century, Euchre was regarded as the national card game of the United States. It has since declined in popularity, although it retains

10752-549: The two hundred applications from any Chinese owner, while virtually all non-Chinese applicants were granted a permit. However, this led to the 1886 Supreme Court case Yick Wo v. Hopkins , that was the first case where the Supreme Court ruled that a law that is race-neutral on its face, but is administered in a prejudicial manner, is an infringement of the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to

10864-403: The upcard, face up, half under the kitty (called "turning it down"). If the dealer acquires the top card, either by being ordered to pick it up or choosing to pick it up, it becomes part of the dealer's hand. It is left in place until played, and the dealer discards a card to the bottom of the kitty, face down. If no one orders up the top card and the dealer chooses not to take it up, each player

10976-856: The urging of the San Francisco Superintendent of Schools Andrew J. Moulder after the school board lost its case and a segregated school was established. Another key piece of legislation was the Naturalization Act of 1870 , which extended citizenship rights to African Americans but barred Chinese from naturalization on the grounds that they and other Asians could not be assimilated into American society. Unable to become citizens, Chinese immigrants were prohibited from voting and serving on juries, and dozens of states passed alien land laws that prohibited non-citizens from purchasing real estate, thus preventing them from establishing permanent homes and businesses. The idea of an "unassimilable" race became

11088-677: The uses of the Immigration Act of 1924, which responded to rising immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia. In 1922, the Cable Act added the forfeiture of an American woman's citizenship if she lived abroad with a foreigner spouse, racially excluded Americans from naturalizing if married to a foreign husband, required women living in the United States to retain their citizenship in other words to not marry foreigners, and ensured no procedures for Americans living abroad who had lost one's citizenship prior to 1922 to repatriate back to

11200-446: The virus was first detected, or China in general, via portmanteau with terms from traditional Chinese Martial Arts , Wushu and Kung Fu , and have been used by President Trump and members of his administration in an official capacity. Use of these terms has drawn widespread criticism for their perceived racial insensitivity. In May 2020, a West Virginia -raised Chinese-American CBS reporter, Weijia Jiang , questioned Trump at

11312-509: The worst poem anyone ever wrote." "Plain Language from Truthful James" (or "The Heathen Chinee") was very popular among general readers. One New York newspaper reported on the frenzy over the poem: "Strolling down Broadway... we saw a crowd of men and boys, of high and low degree, swarming about a shop-window, pushing, laughing, and struggling... Elbowing our way through the crowd, we discovered an illustrated copy of Bret Harte's poem 'The Heathen Chinee.'" The poem's popularity came, in part, from

11424-452: Was a communist, and his security clearance was revoked in June 1950. The Federal Bureau of Investigation located an American Communist Party document from 1938 with his name on it, and used it as justification for the revocation. Without his clearance, Qian found himself unable to pursue his career, and within two weeks, he announced plans to return to mainland China , which had come under the government of Mao Zedong . The Undersecretary of

11536-506: Was also included in a book by Harte titled Poems , released in January 1871. Several periodicals and books would republish the poem with illustrations. In April 1870, James T. Fields had published a collection of Harte's stories, The Luck of Roaring Camp and Other Sketches through the Fields, Osgood, & Co. imprint. After the sudden success of "The Heathen Chinee", Fields rushed to produce

11648-516: Was amended in 1870 so the requirement to educate Chinese children could be dropped entirely. The amendment of the law led to Tape v. Hurley , 66 Cal. 473 (1885), a landmark court case in the California Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusion of a Chinese American student, Mary Tape , from public school based on her ancestry was unlawful. However, the legislation was passed at

11760-695: Was capped at 150,000. Asians were excluded but residents of nations in the Americas were not restricted, thus making official the racial discrimination in immigration laws . This system was repealed with the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . In 1943, the Magnuson Act allowed 105 Chinese immigrants annually, itself an extension of the Immigration Act of 1924 and further intentionally miscalculated downward and explicitly continued bans against Chinese immigrants' property-ownership rights both by law or de facto until

11872-447: Was depicted with four aces falling from his sleeve. The influence continued for decades and spread into other authors' writings. In 1895, for example, Adeline Knapp published her short story "The Ways That Are Dark", quoting a line from the poem. In 1931, Earl Derr Biggers considered the same quote from the poem as a title for his sixth Charlie Chan novel, inspired by a movie studio executive's suggestion, "Incidentally, could you use

11984-442: Was disseminated throughout the nation. The 1864 edition of The American Hoyle disputes its alleged German heritage, tracing the game's origin to Pennsylvania itself in the 1820s. It goes on to surmise that a "rich German farmer's daughter" had visited Philadelphia and carried home a confused memory of Écarté , which then developed into Euchre. Yet another theory is that Euchre may have been introduced to America by immigrants from

12096-456: Was eventually extended to all Asians, leading to the broader Asian Exclusion Act of 1924. Although relations between the US and China normalized after the Sino-Soviet split and the 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China , anti-Chinese sentiment has increased in the United States since the end of the Cold War, especially since the 2010s, and its increase has been attributed to China's rise as

12208-479: Was furthered by the altered title, which allowed for a more literal reading, and the illustrations in later republications. Harte's poem shaped the popular American conception of the Chinese more than any other writing at the time, and made him the most popular literary figure in America in 1870. The poem was especially relevant to Harte's fame as his other most popular works, " The Luck of Roaring Camp " and " The Outcasts of Poker Flat ", were originally published without

12320-464: Was no overall increase of Anti-Asian sentiment among the American population, instead it suggested that "already prejudiced persons" had felt authorized by the pandemic to act openly on their prejudices. Since the start of the Biden Presidency on January 20, 2021, President Joe Biden has described tensions with China as a competition between democracy and autocracy. Studies suggest that framing

12432-411: Was one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in U.S. history. The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. Many Chinese were relentlessly beaten just because of their race. The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from

12544-452: Was responsible for introducing the joker into the modern deck of cards, first appearing in Euchre packs in the 1850s. Euchre has a large number of variants and has been described as "an excellent social game". Eucre is briefly mentioned as early as 1810, being played in a gaming house alongside all fours , loo , cribbage , and whist . In 1829, uker was being played with bowers on

#410589