76-577: Health New Zealand - Te Whatu Ora is the primary publicly funded healthcare system of New Zealand . It was established by the New Zealand Government to replace the country's 20 district health boards (DHBs) on 1 July 2022. Health New Zealand is charged with working alongside the Public Health Agency to manage the provision of healthcare services in New Zealand . Health New Zealand
152-402: A Crown observer to Health New Zealand, citing ongoing challenges that the agency was facing following the previous Labour Government's 2022 health reforms. On 12 April 2024, Health NZ chair Dame Karen Poutasi resigned as chair and board member prior to the end of her 18-month term, effective immediately. Health Minister Shane Reti said that Poutasi had been asked to remain in the role until
228-529: A Health NZ manager had instructed a staff member to stop using the Māori language greetings in emails after two patients objected. The staff member disagreed and shared her story in a Reddit post. In response, Health NZ's chief people officer, Andrew Slater, described the manager's response as an overreaction. Former Health NZ chair Rob Campbell criticised the agency for its lack of "cultural leadership" and for failing to address racism. In late August 2022, Health NZ
304-483: A deputy chief executive. In mid August 2022, Radio New Zealand reported that Health New Zealand lacked Asian members on the organisation's 51 leadership roles despite Asians making up 15% of New Zealand's population according to the 2018 New Zealand census . Population and migration researcher Dr Francis Collins advocated legislation ensuring greater minority representation in leadership and decision-making. Asian medical professionals Doctor Carlos Lam and Vishal Niwi of
380-464: A larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000. Single payer healthcare systems were introduced in Finland (1972), Portugal (1979), Cyprus (1980), Spain (1986) and Iceland (1990). Switzerland introduced a universal healthcare system based on an insurance mandate in 1994. In addition, universal health coverage
456-663: A mixed model of funding. General taxation revenue is the primary source of funding, but in many countries it is supplemented by specific charge (which may be charged to the individual or an employer) or with the option of private payments (by direct or optional insurance) for services beyond those covered by the public system. Almost all European systems are financed through a mix of public and private contributions. Most universal health care systems are funded primarily by tax revenue (as in Portugal , India , Spain, Denmark and Sweden). Some nations, such as Germany, France, and Japan, employ
532-408: A multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions. However, much of the non-government funding comes from contributions from employers and employees to regulated non-profit sickness funds. Contributions are compulsory and defined according to law. A distinction is also made between municipal and national healthcare funding. For example, one model is that the bulk of
608-556: A private citizen and denied violating the Commission's political impartiality policy. On 27 February, Prime Minister Chris Hipkins criticised Campbell's Three Waters remarks as "inappropriate." On 28 February, Health Minister Ayesha Verrall used her discretionary powers under section 36 of the Crown Entities Act 2004 to relieve Campbell of his position as head of Te Whatu Ora. Though Campbell had apologised to Luxon and Verrall,
684-565: A profit from the mandatory element of insurance but can profit by selling supplemental insurance. Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through legislation, regulation, and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. Usually, some costs are borne by
760-578: A requirement that all citizens purchase private health insurance. Universal healthcare can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered. It is described by the World Health Organization as a situation where citizens can access health services without incurring financial hardship. Then-Director General of the WHO Margaret Chan described universal health coverage as
836-415: A score of 68 from 2019 to 2021. It is reported that catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures have impacted over 1 billion individuals globally. Additionally, in the year 2019, it was found that 2 billion people experienced financial difficulties due to health expenses, with ongoing, significant disparities in coverage. The report suggests several strategies to mitigate these challenges: it calls for
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#1732869871216912-585: A single payer universal healthcare system would benefit the United States. According to a 2020 study published in The Lancet , the proposed Medicare for All Act would save 68,000 lives and $ 450 billion in national healthcare expenditure annually. A 2022 study published in the PNAS found that a single-payer universal healthcare system would have saved 212,000 lives and averted over $ 100 billion in medical costs during
988-523: A single-payer or common risk pool. The government later opened VHI to competition, but without a compensation pool. That resulted in foreign insurance companies entering the Irish market and offering much less expensive health insurance to relatively healthy segments of the market, which then made higher profits at VHI's expense. The government later reintroduced community rating by a pooling arrangement and at least one main major insurance company, BUPA, withdrew from
1064-484: A successor could be appointed in May 2024. By 17 July 2024, three of Health NZ's board members Amy Adams, Vanessa Stoddart and Dr Curtis Walker had decided not to renew their terms while two others Naomi Ferguson and Jeff Lowe had resigned prior to the end of their terms. This left Lester Levy and Roger Jarrold as the two remaining board members. On 23 July, Health Minister Shane Reti and Prime Minister Christopher Luxon installed
1140-528: Is health inequity ). This approach encourages integrated care and a more effective use of resources. The United Kingdom National Audit Office in 2003 published an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries, nine universal systems against one non-universal system (the United States), and their relative costs and key health outcomes. A wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with universal health care,
1216-598: Is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care . It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes. Universal healthcare does not imply coverage for all cases and for all people – only that all people have access to healthcare when and where needed without financial hardship. Some universal healthcare systems are government-funded, while others are based on
1292-482: Is a way of organizing the delivery, and allocating resources, of healthcare (and potentially social care) based on populations in a given geography with a common need (such as asthma , end of life , urgent care ). Rather than focus on institutions such as hospitals, primary care, community care etc. the system focuses on the population with a common as a whole. This includes people currently being treated, and those that are not being treated but should be (i.e. where there
1368-428: Is currently used to meet the essential health requirements of all people. A particular form of private health insurance that has often emerged, if financial risk protection mechanisms have only a limited impact, is community-based health insurance. Individual members of a specific community pay to a collective health fund which they can draw from when they need medical care. Contributions are not risk-related and there
1444-507: Is generally a high level of community involvement in the running of these plans. Community-based health insurance generally only play a limited role in helping countries move towards universal health coverage. Challenges includes inequitable access by the poorest that health service utilization of members generally increase after enrollment. Universal health care systems vary according to the degree of government involvement in providing care or health insurance. In some countries, such as Canada,
1520-406: Is headed by Commissioner Professor Lester Levy, who is serving for 12 months. While the organisation's board normally has seven members, it had fallen down to two members by late July 2024 after three members opted not to renew their terms and two resigned early. Its Chief Executive is Margie Apa . Health New Zealand consists of four regional divisions, with regional commissioning boards overseeing
1596-448: Is no advantage in eliminating people with higher risks because they are compensated for by means of risk-adjusted capitation payments. Funds are not allowed to pick and choose their policyholders or deny coverage, but they compete mainly on price and service. In some countries, the basic coverage level is set by the government and cannot be modified. The Republic of Ireland at one time had a "community rating" system by VHI , effectively
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#17328698712161672-547: Is responsible for the planning and commissioning of health services as well as the functions of the 20 former district health boards. The Ministry of Health remains responsible for setting health policy, strategy and regulation. As of 2022, the agency is New Zealand's largest employer, consolidating the DHBs' combined work force of 80,000, with an estimated annual operating budget of NZ$ 20 billion and an asset base of about NZ$ 24 billion. As of July 2024, Health New Zealand - Te Whatu Ora
1748-461: Is universal, such as by requiring all citizens to purchase insurance or by limiting the ability of insurance companies to deny insurance to individuals or vary price between individuals. Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all health care costs. Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations, or own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as
1824-652: Is usually enforced via legislation requiring residents to purchase insurance, but sometimes the government provides the insurance. Sometimes there may be a choice of multiple public and private funds providing a standard service (as in Germany) or sometimes just a single public fund (as in the Canadian provinces). Healthcare in Switzerland is based on compulsory insurance. In some European countries where private insurance and universal health care coexist, such as Germany, Belgium and
1900-483: Is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system. In tax-based financing, individuals contribute to the provision of health services through various taxes. These are typically pooled across the whole population unless local governments raise and retain tax revenues. Some countries (notably Spain , the United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand , Italy , Brazil , Portugal , India and
1976-537: Is voluntary in contrast to social insurance programs, which tend to be compulsory. In some countries with universal coverage, private insurance often excludes certain health conditions that are expensive and the state health care system can provide coverage. For example, in the United Kingdom, one of the largest private health care providers is BUPA , which has a long list of general exclusions even in its highest coverage policy, most of which are routinely provided by
2052-706: The COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020 alone. 2022 New Zealand budget Budget 2022 , dubbed the Wellbeing Budget 2022 , is the New Zealand budget for fiscal year 2022/23, presented to the House of Representatives by Finance Minister , Grant Robertson , on 19 May 2022 as the fifth budget presented by the Sixth Labour Government . This budget was released in the midst of socio-economic impacts of
2128-658: The Caribbean , Africa and the Asia-Pacific region, including developing countries, took steps to bring their populations under universal health coverage, including China which has the largest universal health care system in the world and Brazil 's SUS which improved coverage up to 80% of the population. India introduced a tax-payer funded decentralised universal healthcare system as well as comprehensive public and private health insurances that helped reduce mortality rates drastically and improved healthcare infrastructure across
2204-582: The National Health Service . In the Netherlands, which has regulated competition for its main insurance system (but is subject to a budget cap), insurers must cover a basic package for all enrollees, but may choose which additional services they offer in supplementary plans; which most people possess . The Planning Commission of India has also suggested that the country should embrace insurance to achieve universal health coverage. General tax revenue
2280-549: The National Insurance Act 1911 provided coverage for primary care (but not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one-third of the population. The Russian Empire established a similar system in 1912, and other industrialized countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe. Japan introduced an employee health insurance law in 1927, expanding further upon it in 1935 and 1940. Following
2356-479: The Nordic countries ) choose to fund public health care directly from taxation alone. Other countries with insurance-based systems effectively meet the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via social security arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected. In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers,
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2432-625: The Russian Revolution of 1917, a fully public and centralized health care system was established in Soviet Russia in 1920. However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered. In New Zealand , a universal health care system was created in a series of steps, from 1938 to 1941. In Australia , the state of Queensland introduced a free public hospital system in 1946. Following World War II , universal health care systems began to be set up around
2508-709: The United States is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care. The only forms of government-provided healthcare available are Medicare (for elderly patients as well as people with disabilities), Medicaid (for low-income people), the Military Health System (active, reserve, and retired military personnel and dependants), and the Indian Health Service (members of federally recognized Native American tribes). Universal health care in most countries has been achieved by
2584-587: The "single most powerful concept that public health has to offer" since it unifies "services and delivers them in a comprehensive and integrated way". One of the goals with universal healthcare is to create a system of protection which provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the highest possible level of health. Critics say that universal healthcare leads to longer wait times and worse quality healthcare. As part of Sustainable Development Goals , United Nations member states have agreed to work toward worldwide universal health coverage by 2030. Therefore,
2660-610: The 2022 Budget for not allocating enough money to the Māori community . He advocated removing food items from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and taxing the owners of empty houses. On 20 May 2022, the New Zealand media reported that the New Zealand Treasury had advised against the Government's NZ$ 350 cost of living payment for middle-income New Zealanders on the grounds that it would cost short-term inflation. The Treasury had advised
2736-513: The Adjustor Score's prioritisation of Māori and Pasifika, citing inequalities in the health system, higher obersity rates, and lower life expectancy within these communities. National Party health spokesperson Shane Reti and ACT Party leader David Seymour objected to the Adjustor Score's ethnic criterion, describing it as racial discrimination that did not properly address social and health inequalities. By 1 August 2024, Health NZ had dropped
2812-515: The American values of individual choice and personal responsibility; it would raise healthcare expenditures due to the high cost of implementation that the United States government supposedly cannot pay; and represents unnecessary government overreach into the lives of American citizens, healthcare, the health insurance industry, and employers' rights to choose what health coverage they want to offer to their employees. Most contemporary studies posit that
2888-568: The Asian Network criticised the lack of Asian representation and input within Health New Zealand's leadership. In response, Health NZ's chief executive Margie Apa claimed that the organisation was committed to diversity in its workforce but admitted they had not set targets for representation on the grounds that its employees and management were required to serve all communities equitably. In March 2024, The New Zealand Herald reported that
2964-593: The COVID-19 vaccine data leak. On 19 December, after Te Whatu Ora previously said that the data was anonymised, the agency admitted that the data could make identifications of people, with considerable effort. By 16 February 2024, Health NZ acknowledged that at least 12,000 people had their personal information compromised. Several of the affected individuals had their data leaked by a US blog. Universal healthcare Universal health care (also called universal health coverage , universal coverage , or universal care )
3040-477: The Equity Adjustor Score after a review concluded it was "legally and ethically justifiable but didn't follow best practice." This review had been supported by Health Minister Shane Reti. Health NZ instructed hospitals to stop using the algorithm for prioritising non-urgent waitlists until the development of a new comprehensive strategy. In early December 2023, Te Whatu Ora investigated an administrator who
3116-568: The Greens such as climate change mitigation , family and sexual violence. By contrast, fellow co-leader Marama Davidson criticised the Budget for not helping low-income families sufficiently. ACT Party leader David Seymour described the 2022 Budget as a "brain drain" budget and argued that it failed to address New Zealand's rising inflation. Seymour advocated reducing government spending and taxation. Māori Party co-leader Rawiri Waititi criticised
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3192-500: The Irish market. In Poland, people are obliged to pay a percentage of the average monthly wage to the state, even if they are covered by private insurance. People working under a employment contract pay a percentage of their wage, while entrepreneurs pay a fixed rate, based on the average national wage. Unemployed people are insured by the labor office. Among the potential solutions posited by economists are single-payer systems as well as other methods of ensuring that health insurance
3268-626: The Labour Government's Three Waters reform programme in a LinkedIn post and accused its leader Christopher Luxon of "dog whistling" on the issue of co-governance. Campbell's remarks were criticised by National MP Simeon Brown and ACT Party leader David Seymour , who accused him of breaching the Public Service Commission 's policy requiring the directors of Crown entities to remain politically neutral. Campbell defended his remarks, stating that they were made in his capacity as
3344-410: The Netherlands, the problem of adverse selection is overcome by using a risk compensation pool to equalize, as far as possible, the risks between funds. Thus, a fund with a predominantly healthy, younger population has to pay into a compensation pool and a fund with an older and predominantly less healthy population would receive funds from the pool. In this way, sickness funds compete on price and there
3420-542: The UK, Italy, Australia, and the Nordic countries, the government has a high degree of involvement in the commissioning or delivery of health care services and access is based on residence rights, not on the purchase of insurance. Others have a much more pluralistic delivery system, based on obligatory health with contributory insurance rates related to salaries or income and usually funded by employers and beneficiaries jointly. Sometimes,
3496-473: The Wellington District Court on the charge of accessing a computer system for dishonest purposes, which carries a maximum seven year prison sentence. After being released on bail on 5 December, Young was interviewed by American conspiracy theorist Alex Jones on his website InfoWars . On 8 December, Te Whatu Ora enlisted the services of international cybersecurity and forensic experts to investigate
3572-525: The acceleration of essential health services, sustained attention to infectious disease management, improvement in health workforce and infrastructure, the elimination of financial barriers to care, an increase in pre-paid and pooled health financing, policy initiatives to curtail OOP expenses, a focus on primary healthcare to reinforce overall health systems, and the fortification of collaborative efforts to achieve UHC. These measures aim to increase health service coverage by an additional 477 million individuals by
3648-545: The country dramatically. A 2012 study examined progress being made by these countries, focusing on nine in particular: Ghana , Rwanda , Nigeria , Mali , Kenya , Indonesia , the Philippines and Vietnam . Currently, most industrialized countries and many developing countries operate some form of publicly funded health care with universal coverage as the goal. According to the National Academy of Medicine and others,
3724-407: The country's 20 district health boards with a new public health agency called "Health New Zealand", which would be modelled after the United Kingdom's National Health Service . Health New Zealand would work alongside a new Māori Health Authority , which was to be responsible for setting Māori health policies and overseeing the provision of Māori health services. In addition, a Public Health Authority
3800-539: The district health boards. In addition, the 12 public health units, which operated within the DHBs, and the former Health Promotion Agency were transferred into Te Whatu Ora. The new entity also assumed the commissioning functions of the Health Ministry and the commissioning and delivery functions of the DHBs. In late February 2023, Te Whatu Ora's chair Rob Campbell criticised the National Party 's proposal to scrap
3876-501: The establishment of the Health New Zealand and the Māori Health Authority over the next four years. This amount included $ 11.1 billion to address the cost pressures of the previous district health board system and $ 2.1 billion to set up the two new health entities. On 1 July 2022, Health New Zealand formally launched as Te Whatu Ora, with the new entity assuming responsibility for all hospitals and health services formerly run by
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#17328698712163952-504: The grounds that they dealt with sensitive issues such as staff appointments and Cabinet decisions. Campbell and chief executive Margie Apa held half-an-hour media briefings following board meetings to discuss the contents of their meetings with the media. In February 2023, Te Whatu Ora Te Toka Tumai Auckland introduced an Equity Adjustor Score, which seeks to reduce inequity in the New Zealand health system by using an algorithm to prioritise patients based on clinical priority, time spent on
4028-511: The health funds are derived from a mixture of insurance premiums, salary-related mandatory contributions by employees or employers to regulated sickness funds, and by government taxes. These insurance based systems tend to reimburse private or public medical providers, often at heavily regulated rates, through mutual or publicly owned medical insurers. A few countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, operate via privately owned but heavily regulated private insurers, which are not allowed to make
4104-460: The healthcare is funded by the municipality, specialty healthcare is provided and possibly funded by a larger entity, such as a municipal co-operation board or the state, and medications are paid for by a state agency. A paper by Sherry A. Glied from Columbia University found that universal health care systems are modestly redistributive and that the progressivity of health care financing has limited implications for overall income inequality . This
4180-692: The inclusion of the universal health coverage (UHC) within the SDGs targets can be related to the reiterated endorsements operated by the WHO. Note: Links in table are "Healthcare in COUNTRY". The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in Germany in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and
4256-535: The last remaining board member Lester Levy as commissioner and chair of the organisation. According to Reti, these changes came amidst report that Health NZ was heading towards a NZ$ 1.4 billion deficit by the end of the financial year, with the agency spending $ 130 million a month. Luxon also criticised the organisation's lack of performance management, centralised and bloated bureaucracy, and financially mismanagement. The Sixth National Government also confirmed plans to split Health NZ into four regions, with each headed by
4332-1050: The latter had demanded that he resign by 10:30 am on 28 February. Campbell had refused to resign and defended his right to criticise National's Three Waters policy. On 4 May 2023, Verrall announced that Te Whatu Ora would play a leading role in the Government's 2023 Winter Health Plan that would include 24 initiatives to support community care and reduce hospital demand. These initiatives include using telehealth services to support primary care, ambulances and paramedics, remote patient monitoring, equipping pharmacies to treat minor ailments, community radiology services, increasing primary options for acute care, incentives to support aged residential care, improving access to allied health and community response services, investing in mental health services, bivalent COVID-19 boosters, and influenza vaccination campaigns, recruiting international nurses and health professionals, and continuing to invest in COVID-19 monitoring, response, and services. In mid December 2023, Health Minister Shane Reti appointed Ken Whelan as
4408-405: The patient at the time of consumption, but the bulk of costs come from a combination of compulsory insurance and tax revenues. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues. In others, tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long-term chronic care. A critical concept in the delivery of universal healthcare is that of population healthcare. This
4484-982: The provision of a specified benefit package. Preventive and public health care may be provided by these funds or responsibility kept solely by the Ministry of Health. Within social health insurance, a number of functions may be executed by parastatal or non-governmental sickness funds, or in a few cases, by private health insurance companies. Social health insurance is used in a number of Western European countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe as well as in Israel and Japan. In private health insurance, premiums are paid directly from employers, associations, individuals and families to insurance companies, which pool risks across their membership base. Private insurance includes policies sold by commercial for-profit firms, non-profit companies and community health insurers. Generally, private insurance
4560-568: The provisioning of primary and community health services. These four regional divisions consist of: As the successor to the district health boards, Health New Zealand is responsible for running all hospitals and health services including the DHB's 12 public health units and the former Health Promotion Agency. These public health units dealt with areas such as drinking water, infectious disease control, tobacco, and alcohol control. On 21 April 2021, Minister of Health Andrew Little announced plans to replace
4636-834: The public was unaware of the cost of the government's planned restructuring and the potential disruption it would cause. In mid-September 2021, the government announced the interim board members of Health New Zealand. The agency was be chaired by the economist Rob Campbell . Other board members include Sharon Shea (co-chair of the interim Māori Health Authority and current chair of the Bay of Plenty District Health Board ), former National MP Amy Adams , chartered accountant and lawyer Cassandra Crowley , former Labour Member of Parliament Mark Gosche , former Director General of Health Karen Poutasi , senior executive Vanessa Stoddart, and general practitioner, kidney specialist and Medical Council of New Zealand Chair Curtis Walker. In December 2021, Margie Apa
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#17328698712164712-689: The rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. A public healthcare system was introduced in Egypt following the Egyptian revolution of 1952 . Centralized public healthcare systems were set up in the Eastern bloc countries. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969. Kuwait and Bahrain introduced their universal healthcare systems in 1950 and 1957 respectively (prior to independence). Italy introduced its Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance
4788-530: The self-employed, enterprises and governments are pooled into single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. This is based on risk pooling . The social health insurance model is also referred to as the Bismarck Model , after Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century. The funds typically contract with a mix of public and private providers for
4864-406: The system was funded and administered by employees and employers through "sick funds", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from employers' contributions. This social health insurance model, named the Bismarck Model after Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , was the first form of universal care in modern times. Other countries soon began to follow suit. In the United Kingdom ,
4940-573: The waitlist, geographical location, ethnicity and deprivation level. In June 2023, the Equity Adjustor Score has sought to improve health outcomes for Māori and Pasifika New Zealanders , who have experienced higher levels of deprivation and health problems than other ethnic groups in New Zealand. Health Minister Verrall, Pasifika health expert Sir Collin Tukuitonga , Te Toka Tumai Auckland interim lead Dr Mike Shepherd, and University of Auckland medical education senior lecturer Dr Mataroria Lyndon defended
5016-640: The widespread community transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant , rising living costs, and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . National Party and Leader of the Opposition Christopher Luxon described the Labour Government 's budget as the "backward budget," claiming that it failed to address New Zealand's high cost of living. Green Party co-leader James Shaw praised the 2022 Budget for addressing issues of concern to
5092-518: The world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal National Health Service . Universal health care was next introduced in the Nordic countries of Sweden (1955), Iceland (1956), Norway (1956), Denmark (1961) and Finland (1964). Universal health insurance was introduced in Japan in 1961, and in Canada through stages, starting with the province of Saskatchewan in 1962, followed by
5168-406: The year 2023 and to continue progress towards covering an extra billion people by the 2030 deadline. Critics of universal healthcare say that it leads to longer wait times and a decrease in the quality of healthcare. Critics of implementing universal healthcare in the United States say that it would require healthy people to pay for the medical care of unhealthy people, which they say goes against
5244-410: Was accused of spreading COVID-19 misinformation using COVID-19 vaccination data obtained from the organisation. The employee had allegedly developed a database for the vaccine rollout and had been interviewed on a conspiracy theory website. On 3 December, Te Whatu Ora lodged a police complaint against him over the vaccine rollout data breach. On 4 December, he was identified as Barry Young, who appeared at
5320-539: Was appointed chief executive of Te Whatu Ora in December 2021. In October 2021, the government introduced the Pae Ora (Healthy Futures) Bill which formally entrenched various health reforms including the replacement of the district health board system with Health New Zealand. The bill passed its third reading on 7 June 2022. On 19 May 2022, the government allocated NZ$ 13.2 billion from the 2022 New Zealand budget to facilitate
5396-419: Was criticised by the opposition National Party's health spokesperson Shane Reti for abandoning the previous district health boards' practice of holding public monthly meetings. Health NZ has closed its meetings to the public and media, releasing only brief summaries of its board meetings. The organisation's chair Rob Campbell defended the decision to exclude the public and media from its initial board meetings on
5472-461: Was established to centralise public health work. The National Party 's health spokesperson Shane Reti criticised the government's plan to replace the district health boards with a new centralised agency. He claimed that centralisation took away autonomy from local regions and suggested that the government instead explore the consolidation of some functions such as asset management across the DHBs rather than abolishing them entirely. Reti claimed that
5548-542: Was implemented in Australia in 1975 with the Medibank , which led to universal coverage under the current Medicare system from 1984. From the 1970s to the 2000s, Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example, France built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering
5624-528: Was introduced in some Asian countries, including Malaysia (1980s), South Korea (1989), Taiwan (1995), Singapore (1993), Israel (1995) and Thailand (2001). Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia retained and reformed its universal health care system, as did other now-independent former Soviet republics and Eastern bloc countries. Beyond the 1990s, many countries in Latin America ,
5700-572: Was published by the World Health Organization in 2004. In some cases, government involvement also includes directly managing the health care system , but many countries use mixed public-private systems to deliver universal health care. The 2023 report from the WHO and the World Bank indicates that the advancement towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by the year 2030 has not progressed since 2015. The UHC Service Coverage Index (SCI) has remained constant at
5776-506: Was the case in England before the introduction of the Health and Social Care Act ). In some instances, such as Italy and Spain, both these realities may exist at the same time. "Single-payer" thus describes only the funding mechanism and refers to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund and does not specify the type of delivery or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder
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