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60-614: Opened in 2019, the campus consists of two buildings, the Sheila and Eric Samson Pavilion and the Dental Clinic , constructed at a combined price tag of $ 515 million. The 477,000-square-foot Samson Pavilion was designed by Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank of Foster + Partners in London , United Kingdom and earned a LEED-Gold certification. The campus hosts CWRU medical, dental, nursing, and physician assistant education programs, with

120-750: A bakery making crumpets . During this time, he also studied at the local library in Levenshulme. His talent and hard work was recognised in 1959 when he won £105 and a RIBA silver medal for what he described as "a measured drawing of a windmill ". The windmill he drew was Bourn Windmill , Cambridgeshire . After graduating in 1961, Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the Yale School of Architecture in New Haven, Connecticut, where he met future business partner Richard Rogers and earned his master's degree. At

180-485: A cheap, moderately durable pigment that provided good contrast, though other colors were also available. Unlike mimeo, ditto had the useful ability to print multiple colors in a single pass, which made it popular with cartoonists. Spirit duplicators were incapable of double-sided printing, since the saturation of the paper with solvent inherent to the process would destroy a previously printed image. One well-made spirit master could at most print about 500 copies, far fewer than

240-507: A copy of a letter. He would then turn 20 sheets of tissue paper and insert a second oiled paper. To dampen the tissue paper, the clerk used a brush or copying paper damper. The damper had a reservoir for water that wet a cloth, and the clerk wiped the cloth over the tissues on which copies were to be made. As an alternative method of dampening the tissue paper, in 1860 Cutter, Tower & Co., Boston, advertised Lynch's patent paper moistener. Then letters were written with special copying ink which

300-574: A full recovery. He also suffered a heart attack. Foster was made a Knight Bachelor in the 1990 Birthday Honours , and thereby granted the title Sir . He was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) in 1997. In the 1999 Birthday Honours , Foster's elevation to the peerage was announced and he was raised to the peerage as Baron Foster of Thames Bank , of Reddish in the County of Greater Manchester in July. Foster

360-581: A key figure in British modernist architecture. His architectural practice Foster + Partners , first founded in 1967 as Foster Associates, is the largest in the United Kingdom, and maintains offices internationally. He is the president of the Norman Foster Foundation , created to 'promote interdisciplinary thinking and research to help new generations of architects, designers and urbanists to anticipate

420-567: A key work of that movement, and for having been the first time in the history of stained glass that computer-assisted design had been utilised in the creative process. Foster gained a reputation for designing office buildings. In the 1980s he designed the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong for the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (a founding member of the future HSBC Holdings plc ), at

480-399: A letter was written, though copies made within a few hours were best. A copying clerk would begin by counting the number of master letters to be written during the next few hours and by preparing the copying book. Suppose the clerk wanted to copy 20 one-page letters. In that case, he would insert a sheet of oiled paper into the copying book in front of the first tissue on which he wanted to make

540-500: A longtime hobby. Upon returning to Manchester, Foster went against his parents' wishes and sought employment elsewhere. He had seven O-levels by this time, and applied to work at a duplicating machine company, telling the interviewer he had applied for the prospect of a company car and a £1,000 salary. Instead, he became an assistant to a contract manager at a local architects, John E. Beardshaw and Partners. The staff advised him that if he wished to become an architect, he should prepare

600-519: A mimeograph stencil could manage. To produce further copies, an entirely new master would have to be reconstructed in the same way as the original master. Notoriously, images would gradually fade with exposure to light , limiting their usability for permanent labels and signage. Copies made by spirit duplicators now pose a serious challenge to archivists responsible for document textual and artistic preservation. Spirit duplicators and mimeograph machines were competing and complementary technologies during

660-856: A new version of his most famous artwork – the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover – to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires. ~ The Gherkin in London. ~The Reichstag Dome in Berlin. ~The Great Court of the British Museum . ~ Hearst Tower in New York. ~The Millennium Bridge in London. ~ Chesa Futura in St. Moritz . ~ Carré d'Art in Nîmes. ~The Bilbao metro . Duplicating machine Duplicating machines were

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720-483: A patent for letter copying presses , which James Watt & Co. produced beginning in that year. Letter copying presses were used by the early 1780s by the likes of Benjamin Franklin , George Washington , Henry Cavendish , and Thomas Jefferson . In 1785, Jefferson was using both stationary and portable presses made by James Watt & Co. Using letter copying presses, copies could be made up to twenty-four hours after

780-511: A polygraph in the US in 1803, and beginning in 1804 Thomas Jefferson collaborated with them in working on improvements in the machine. He used a polygraph for the rest of his life. However, polygraphs were not practical for most office purposes and were never widely used in businesses. Hawkins & Peale lost money producing polygraphs. The problem was their "inherent instability, and constant need for repair and adjustment." In 1780 James Watt obtained

840-582: A portfolio of drawings using the perspective and shop drawings from Beardshaw's practice as an example. Beardshaw was so impressed with Foster's drawings that he promoted him to the drawing department. In 1956 Foster began study at the School of Architecture and City Planning , part of the University of Manchester . He was ineligible for a maintenance grant , so he took part-time jobs to fund his studies, including an ice-cream salesman, bouncer, and night shifts at

900-603: A recurring theme in Foster's future projects. After the four separated in 1967, Foster and Wendy founded a new practice, Foster Associates. From 1968 to 1983, Foster collaborated with American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally sensitive approach to design, such as the Samuel Beckett Theatre at St Peter's College , Oxford. Foster Associates concentrated on industrial buildings until 1969, when

960-491: A requirement for an external power source. Mimeograph machines predated the spirit duplicator, had a lower cost per impression, superior print quality, finer resolution, and if properly adjusted could be used for multi-pass and double-sided printing. Also, mimeographed images were as durable as the paper they were printed on, and didn't bleach to illegibility if exposed to sunlight, the way that spirit duplicator pages did. A good mimeograph master could produce many more copies than

1020-516: Is classified as a duplicator. In Europe, the distinction is made between presses that have cylinder bearings, and duplicators, which do not. Duplicators were manufactured by Heidelberg (T-offset), American Type Founders (Chief and Davidson lines), A.B. Dick Company , and Addressograph-Mulitilith . In 1986, the RISO Kagaku Corporation introduced the digital duplicator. It uses the basic mimeograph technology but improves on it, in that

1080-490: Is now Grade I listed . The Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts , an art gallery and museum on the campus of the University of East Anglia , Norwich , was one of the first major public buildings to be designed by Foster, completed in 1978, and became grade II* listed in December 2012. In 1981, Foster received a commission for the construction of a new terminal building at London's Stansted Airport . Executed by Foster + Partners,

1140-637: The University of Bath . Foster received The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in 2007 to honour his contributions to the advancement of tall buildings. He was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture , for the University of Technology Petronas in Malaysia, and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee School of Architecture at

1200-702: The University of Dundee . In 2009, he received the Prince of Asturias Award in the category 'Arts'. In 2017, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Lord Jacob Rothschild during the International Achievement Summit in London. In 2012, Foster was among the British cultural figures selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in

1260-596: The typewriter , these machines were products of the second phase of the Industrial Revolution which started near the end of the 19th century (also called the Second Industrial Revolution ). This second phase brought to mass markets technologies like the small electric motors and the products of industrial chemistry without which the duplicating machines would not have been economical. By bringing greatly increased quantities of paperwork to daily life,

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1320-510: The 1990s. Foster + Partners submitted a plan for a 385-metre-tall (1,263 ft) skyscraper, the London Millennium Tower , but its height was seen as excessive for London's skyline. The proposal was scrapped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, popularly referred to as "the gherkin", after its shape. Foster worked with engineers to integrate complex computer systems with the most basic physical laws, such as convection . In 1999,

1380-782: The Apple offices, Apple Campus 2 (now called Apple Park ), in Cupertino, California, US. Apple's board and staff continued to work with Foster as the design was completed and the construction in progress. The circular building was opened to employees in April 2017, six years after Jobs died in 2011. In January 2007, the Sunday Times reported that Foster had called in Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners. Foster does not intend to retire, but rather to sell his 80–90% holding in

1440-661: The HEC include: During the COVID-19 pandemic , the HEC was converted into "Hope Hospital" with 327 low-acuity beds in case of a medical surge . However, the space was never needed for surge capacity, so in July 2020, the temporary hospital was de-constructed so fall classes could resume in the building. On September 29, 2020, the Samson Pavilion hosted the first of the 2020 Presidential Debates between Donald Trump and Joe Biden , moderated by Chris Wallace . The first presidential debate

1500-479: The New Rotary Copying Press, a loose-leaf copier , in 1902. This machine was similar to roller copiers but copied onto loose-leaf paper. The hectograph introduced in 1876 or shortly before, was a technology in which a dye-impregnated master copy, not unlike a spirit master, was laid on top of a cake pan full of firm gelatin. After the dye soaked into the gelatin, sheets of paper could be laid on top of

1560-487: The Rapid Roller Damp-Leaf Copier, a roller copier , which used pressure supplied by rollers to copy letters onto a roll of dampened paper. After copies were pressed onto the paper, the paper entered the cabinet under the copier, where it dried on a large roller. An attachment was used to cut dried copies off the roll. Copies could be made more quickly with a roller copier than with a letter copying press. It

1620-572: The best spirit master. As with spirit masters, mimeograph stencils could be saved and reused for later print jobs. There are still mimeography enthusiasts in the United States and Canada, and mimeograph technology is still in everyday use in the Third World , since many low-cost mimeograph machines do not require electricity to operate. In the United States, an offset press with a sheet size smaller than 14 by 20 inches (36 cm × 51 cm)

1680-520: The building to enhance the quality of life for the company's 1,200 employees. The building has a full-height glass façade moulded to the medieval street plan and contributes drama, subtly shifting from opaque, reflective black to a glowing back-lit transparency as the sun sets. The design was inspired by the Daily Express Building in Manchester that Foster had admired as a youngster. The building

1740-425: The building, recognised as a landmark work of high-tech architecture, was opened to the public in 1991, and was awarded the 1990 European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture / Mies van der Rohe Award. As part of the project's development, in 1988 Foster and British artist Brian Clarke made several proposals for an integral stained glass artwork for the terminal building; the principal proposal would have seen

1800-514: The company valued at £300 million to £500 million. In 2007, he worked with Philippe Starck and Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin Group for the Virgin Galactic plans. Foster currently sits on the board of trustees at architectural charity Article 25 who design, construct and manage innovative, safe, sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable regions of

1860-656: The company was renamed Foster + Partners . By then, Foster's style had evolved from its earlier sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the tallest bridge in the world , the Millau Viaduct in Southern France , with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art." Foster worked with Steve Jobs from about 2009 until Jobs' death to design

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1920-507: The completion of the Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters in Ipswich , commissioned in 1970 and completed in 1975. The client, a family-run insurance company, wanted to restore a sense of community to the workplace. In response, Foster designed a space with modular, open plan office floors, long before open-plan became the norm, and placed a roof garden, 25-metre swimming pool, and gymnasium in

1980-444: The drum of the (manual or electrical) machine, which forced ink out through the cut marks on the stencil. The paper had a surface texture (like bond paper), and the ink was black and odorless. A person could use special knives to cut stencils by hand, but handwriting was impractical, because any closed loop letterform would cut a hole and thus print as a black blob. The technology was soon refined to control this problem, also allowing

2040-440: The duplicating machine and the typewriter gradually changed the forms of the office desk and transformed the nature of office work. They were often used in schools , churches, and small organizations, where revolutionarily economical copying was in demand for the production of newsletters and worksheets. Self-publishers also used these machines to produce fanzines . A few alternatives to hand copying were invented between

2100-502: The first half of the 20th century. Mimeography was in general a more forgiving technology, and still survives in various forms into the 21st century. Spirit duplicators required much finer operating tolerances and careful adjustments to operate correctly. Overall print quality of spirit duplicators was frequently poor, though a capable operator could overcome this with careful adjustment of feed rate, pressure, and solvent volume. During their heyday, tabletop duplicators of both sorts were

2160-452: The four founders of Team 4, died from cancer in 1989. From 1991 to 1995, Foster was married to Begum Sabiha Rumani Malik. The marriage ended in divorce. In 1996, Foster married Spanish psychologist and art curator Elena Ochoa . He has five children; two of the four sons he had with Cheesman are adopted. In the 2000s, Foster was diagnosed with bowel cancer and was told he had weeks to live. He received chemotherapy treatment and made

2220-637: The future'. The foundation, which opened in June 2017, is based in Madrid and operates globally. Foster was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1999. Norman Robert Foster was born in 1935 in Reddish , two miles (3.2 km) north of Stockport , then a part of Lancashire . He was the only child of Robert and Lilian Foster (née Smith). The family moved to Levenshulme , near Manchester , where they lived in poverty. His father

2280-407: The gelatin and can then be drawn out by the available paper will work. This meant that improvised hectography assumed the role of reproducing nearly every sort of censored material from subversive literature to pornography. The mimeograph machine invented by Albert Blake Dick in 1884 used heavy waxed-paper "stencils" that a pen or a typewriter could cut through. The stencil was wrapped around

2340-444: The gelatin to transfer the image. This was good for 50 copies at most. Hectography was slow and clunky, but it could inspire great intrepidity in its users. While good-quality, reasonably rapid copies from a hectograph require fairly specific materials (Aniline dye is the most effective), passable copies can be produced from a bewildering array of improvised materials on makeshift equipment. Practically speaking, any dye that soaks into

2400-431: The inexpensive and convenient alternatives to conventional typesetting and offset or letterpress printing. They were well suited for the short runs used for school worksheets, church newsletters, and apazines . Even the least technically minded teachers, professors, clergy, and self-publishers could make use of them. The machines owed most of their popularity to this relative ease of use, and in some cases, to their lack of

2460-516: The intent of fostering interprofessional health professions education. Previously, most of these programs had previously held classes on the campus of CWRU and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center . The move, announced in 2013, was a major contributing factor for University Hospitals to shift its name from University Hospitals Case Medical Center to University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in 2016, as well as renegotiate its affiliation agreement with CWRU that same year. Schools with classes at

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2520-462: The late 1880s it had been widely adopted. Rather than using a brush or damper to wet the tissues, the clerk inserted a thin moist cloth or pad between each oil paper and the following tissue. In the late 1880s, adoption of improvements in office systems for filing unbound documents increased the demand for copying machines that made unbound copies of letters, as opposed to copies in bound books. In 1886, Schlicht & Field of Rochester, N.Y., introduced

2580-417: The main cost is in the master material. This ranges between 40 – 80 cents per master depending on the manufacturer. When spread over 20 or more copies, the cost per copy (2 to 4 cents) is close to photocopiers. But for every additional copy, the average cost decreases. At 100 prints, the master cost per copy was only 0.4–0.8 cents per copy, and the cost of the paper printed upon will start to dominate. A master

2640-471: The mid-17th century and the late 18th century, but none were widely adopted for business use. In document duplication (as opposed to law enforcement and such), a polygraph is a mechanical device that moves a second pen parallel to one held by a writer, enabling the writer to make a duplicate of a document as it is written. Polygraphs appeared in the 17th century but did not become popular until 1800. John Isaac Hawkins and Charles Willson Peale patented

2700-420: The operator does not have to create the stencil directly. The stencil, called a master, is made by use of a scanner and thermal print head. A used master is automatically removed and placed in a disposal box, as a new one is created. This way the operator should not have to touch the used master material that is coated in ink. There are also cost advantages over a copier at higher volume. For smaller print runs,

2760-534: The practice worked on the administrative and leisure centre for Fred. Olsen Lines based in the London Docklands , which integrated workers and managers within the same office space. This was followed, in 1970, by the world's first inflatable office building for Computer Technology Limited near Hemel Hempstead , which housed 70 employees for a year. The practice's breakthrough project in England followed in 1974 with

2820-406: The predecessors of modern document-reproduction technology. They have now been replaced by digital duplicators, scanners , laser printers , and photocopiers , but for many years they were the primary means of reproducing documents for limited-run distribution. The duplicator was pioneered by Thomas Edison and David Gestetner , with Gestetner dominating the market up until the late 1990s. Like

2880-558: The suggestion of Yale art historian Vincent Scully , the pair travelled across America for a year to study architecture. In 1963, Foster returned to the UK and established his own architectural firm Team 4 , with Rogers, Su Brumwell , and the sisters Georgie and Wendy Cheesman . Among their first projects was the Cockpit, a minimalist glass bubble installed in Cornwall, the features of which became

2940-487: The time the most expensive building ever constructed. The building is marked by its high level of light transparency, as all 3500 workers have a view to Victoria Peak or Victoria Harbour . Foster said that if the firm had not won the contract it would probably have been bankrupted. Foster was assigned the brief for a development on the site of the Baltic Exchange, which had been damaged beyond repair by an IRA bomb, in

3000-406: The top sheet transferred colored wax to its back side, producing a mirror image of the desired marks. (This acted like a reverse of carbon paper .) The wax-supply sheet was then removed and discarded, and the other sheet (containing the images) was fastened onto the drum of the (manual or electrical) machine, with the waxed (back, or reverse-image) side out. The usual wax color was aniline purple,

3060-416: The use of typewriters to prepare mimeograph masters. If the user put the stencil on the drum wrong-side-out, the copies came out mirror-imaged. The spirit duplicator invented in 1923 and sold by Ditto, Inc., used two-ply "spirit masters" or "ditto masters". The top sheet could be typed, drawn, or written upon. The second sheet was coated with a layer of colored wax. The pressure of writing or typing on

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3120-438: The walls of the terminal's east and west elevations clad in two sequences of traditionally mouth-blown, leaded glass. For complex technical and security reasons, the original scheme, which Clarke considered to be his magnum opus , couldn't be executed. Though unrealised, the collaboration is historically significant for its scale, its introduction of colour and materials broadly viewed as antithetical to high-tech architecture into

3180-577: The world. He has also been on the Board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation . Foster believes that attracting young talent is essential, and is proud that the average age of people working for Foster and Partners is 32, just like it was in 1967. In May 2022, it was announced that Foster would help plan reconstruction in Ukraine after the end of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Foster has been married three times. His first wife, Wendy Cheesman , one of

3240-642: Was a machine painter at the Metropolitan-Vickers works in Trafford Park , which influenced Norman to take up engineering, design, and, ultimately, architecture. His mother worked in a local bakery. Foster's parents were diligent and hard workers who often had neighbours and family members look after her son, which Foster later believed restricted his relationship with his mother and father. Foster attended Burnage Grammar School for Boys in Burnage , where he

3300-486: Was bullied by fellow pupils and took up reading. He considered himself quiet and awkward in his early years. At 16, he left school and passed an entrance exam for a trainee scheme set up by Manchester Town Hall , which led to his first job, an office junior and clerk in the treasurer's department. In 1953, Foster completed his national service in the Royal Air Force , choosing the air force because aircraft had been

3360-441: Was claimed that nearly 100 papers could be copied in two minutes with a roller copier. Roller copiers competed with carbon paper technology. It was claimed that a roller copier could make a half dozen copies of a typewritten letter if the letter was run through the copier several times. It could make a dozen copies if the letter was written with a pen and good copying ink. The Process Letter Machine Co. of Muncie, Indiana, offered

3420-611: Was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy (ARA) on 19 May 1983, and a Royal Academician (RA) on 26 June 1991. In 1995, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (HonFREng). On 24 April 2017, he was given the Freedom of the City of London . The Bloomberg London building received a Stirling Prize in October 2018. In 1986 he received an Honorary Doctorate from

3480-430: Was limited by the properties of the available copying inks. Some documents that were to be copied with copying presses were written with copying pencils rather than copying ink. The cores of copying pencils, which appear to have been introduced in the 1870s, were made from a mixture of graphite , clay , and aniline dye. By the late 1870s, an improved method for moistening pages in copying books had been invented, and by

3540-445: Was not blotted. The copying clerk arranged the portion of the letter book to be used in the following sequence starting from the front: a sheet of oiled paper, then a sheet of letter book tissue, then a letter placed face up against the back of the tissue on which the copy was to be made, then another oiled paper, etc. Prior to the introduction of inks made with aniline dyes in 1856, the quality of copies made on letter copying presses

3600-455: Was originally going to be hosted at the University of Notre Dame , which later withdrew over safety concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank (born 1 June 1935) is an English architect and designer. Closely associated with the development of high-tech architecture , Foster is recognised as

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