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66-461: Headgear may be worn for protection against cold (such as the Canadian tuque ), heat, rain and other precipitation , glare, sunburn , sunstroke , dust , contaminants, etc. Helmets are worn for protection in battle or against impact, for instance when riding bicycles or motor vehicles. Headgear can be an article of fashion , usually hats , caps or hoods . The formal man's black silk top hat

132-635: A skufia , a kamilavkion , or a klobuk . The term red hat , when used within the Roman Catholic Church , refers to the appointment of a Cardinal , a senior "Prince of the Church", who is a member of the electoral college that chooses the Pope . On being appointed to the cardinalate, he is said to have received the red hat , or cardinal's biretta. In Lutheranism, many clergy wear the ruff and in Anglicanism,

198-463: A crime. Masks which physically protect the wearer vary in design, from guard bars across the face in the case of ice hockey goalkeepers, to facial enclosures which purify or control the wearer's air supply, as in gas masks . Orthodontic headgear is used to control the growth of the maxillary and mandibular bones during orthodontic treatment. The most common treatment headgear is used to correct anteroposterior discrepancies. The headgear attaches to

264-468: A flimsy fabric such as muslin ; it was worn indoors or under a bonnet by married women, or older unmarried women who were "on the shelf" (e.g. mob-cap ). An ochipok is part of traditional Ukrainian costume. Some headgear, such as the crown , coronet , and tiara , have evolved into jewelry. These headgear are worn as a symbol of nobility or royal status. Kokoshnik is part of Russian traditional dress, often worn by nobility. A fillet or circlet

330-505: A frame which fashionable women wore over towering wigs or hairstyles to protect them from the elements (e.g. calash). A mask is worn over part or all of the face, frequently to disguise the wearer, but sometimes to protect the face. Masks are often worn for pleasure to disguise the wearer at fancy dress parties, masked balls, during Halloween or other festivals, or as part of an artistic performance. They may also be worn by criminals to prevent recognition or as camouflage while they commit

396-445: A full-length gown, helmet, glass eye coverings, gloves and boots (see Plague doctor costume ) to prevent contagion when dealing with plague victims. These were made of thick material which was then covered in wax to make it water-resistant . A mask with a beak-like structure was filled with pleasant-smelling flowers, herbs and spices to prevent the spread of miasma , the prescientific belief of bad smells which spread disease through

462-445: A job-related eye injury that requires medical attention. Eye injuries can happen through a variety of means. Most eye injuries occur when solid particles such as metal slivers, wood chips, sand or cement chips get into the eye. Smaller particles in smokes and larger particles such as broken glass also account for particulate matter-causing eye injuries. Blunt force trauma can occur to the eye when excessive force comes into contact with

528-534: A larger garment, like an overcoat , shirt or cloak . Historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, or a separate form of headgear. In medieval Europe hoods with short capes, called chaperons in French, were extremely common, and later evolved into elaborate and adaptable hats. Women's hoods varied from close-fitting, soft headgear to stiffened, structured hoods (e.g. gable hoods , hennins or French hoods ) or very large coverings made of material over

594-398: A popular choice during chemotherapy treatment as an alternative to wigs, hats, headscarves and headbands. Sikh women also wear turbans as a religious practice. Turbans for women made in natural fabrics are both comfortable and functional. The Breast Cancer Care booklet, Breast Cancer and Hair Loss , suggests: "You may want to wear a soft hat or turban in bed to collect loose hairs." A veil

660-910: A purpose serve to protect the skin. Lab coats for example, are worn to protect against potential splashes of chemicals. Face shields serve to protect one's face from potential impact hazards, chemical splashes or possible infectious fluid. Many migrant workers need training in PPE for Heat Related Illnesses prevention (HRI). Based on study results, research identified some potential gaps in heat safety education. While some farm workers reported receiving limited training on pesticide safety, others did not. This could be remedied by incoming groups of farm workers receiving video and in-person training on HRI prevention. These educational programs for farm workers are most effective when they are based on health behavior theories, use adult learning principles and employ train-the-trainer approaches. Each day, about 2,000 US workers have

726-571: A skullcap called a " kufi " or taqiyah (cap) , especially during prayers. Headgear differs from culture to culture, and some Muslims' headgear is not related to their religion, such as the turbans worn in Saudi Arabia. The doppa , originating in the Caucasus , is worn by Kazan Tatars , Uzbeks and Uyghurs . Muslim men in Indonesia and Malaysia are often seen wearing a kopiah , but its use pre-dates

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792-441: A veil in traditional wedding and funeral ceremonies. Wigs are headpieces made from natural or synthetic hair which may be worn to disguise baldness or thin hair, or as part of a costume . A toupee may be worn by a man to cover partial baldness. In most Commonwealth nations, special wigs are also worn by barristers , judges , and certain parliamentary officials as a symbol of the office. The dhari, also spelt dhoeri,

858-443: A yarmulke. There is a common phrase that explains this, saying that "there's always something above" one who is wearing a yarmulke, helping one remember one is human and God is infinite. A Talmudic quote speaks of a righteous man who would "not walk (six feet) with an uncovered head, the (spirit of God) is always above him". Jews also may wear a fur hat or a black hat with a brim. In Islamic etiquette, wearing headgear, traditionally

924-544: Is a distinctive headdress worn by men of the Torres Strait Islands , which lie in the Torres Strait between Australia and Papua New Guinea , for dance performances or cultural ceremonies. It is traditionally made with a pearl shell or turtle shell in the middle and decorated with white feathers, traditionally from the frigate bird or Torres Strait pigeon , although now made with a variety of materials. The head

990-464: Is a piece of sheer fabric that covers all or part of the face. For centuries women covered their hair, neck, ears, chin, and parts of the face with fabric. Each culture created elaborate head wraps for women and men using a shawl , headscarf , kerchief or veil. Very elaborate veiling practices are common in Islam , Africa and Eastern Europe . Women who do not cover their head on a regular basis, often use

1056-437: Is a round band worn around the head and over the hair. Elaborate and costly versions of these eventually evolved into crowns , but fillets could be made from woven bands of fabric , leather , beads or metal . Fillets are unisex, and are especially prevalent in archaic to Renaissance dress. Hairnets are used to prevent loose hair from contaminating food or work areas. A snood is a net or fabric bag pinned or tied on at

1122-428: Is applied to traditional categories of clothing, and protective gear applies to items such as pads, guards, shields, or masks, and others. PPE suits can be similar in appearance to a cleanroom suit . The purpose of personal protective equipment is to reduce employee exposure to hazards when engineering controls and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels. PPE

1188-641: Is derived from the Khwarazmians , more pointed, and an ancestral cap, which can be seen in some of the portraits of Jalaleddin Mingburnu . Differences between the Uyghur doppas and Uzbek doppis can be observed from their shape, method of making, and colour. Uyghur doppas are round, whereas Uzbek doppis are square with pointy edges. Uyghur doppas are relatively softer, while Uzbek doppis are slightly harder and set into shape with mold. This clothing -related article

1254-545: Is low certainty evidence that supports making improvements or modifications to PPE in order to help decrease contamination. Examples of modifications include adding tabs to masks or gloves to ease removal and designing protective gowns so that gloves are removed at the same time. In addition, there is low certainty evidence that the following PPE approaches or techniques may lead to reduced contamination and improved compliance with PPE protocols: Wearing double gloves, following specific doffing (removal) procedures such as those from

1320-724: Is needed when there are hazards present. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails. Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between the wearer/user and the working environment. This can create additional strains on the wearer, impair their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death. Good ergonomic design can help to minimise these barriers and can therefore help to ensure safe and healthy working conditions through

1386-692: Is not available or other engineering control systems are not feasible or inadequate. In the United Kingdom, an organization that has extensive expertise in respiratory protective equipment is the Institute of Occupational Medicine . This expertise has been built on a long-standing and varied research programme that has included the setting of workplace protection factors to the assessment of efficacy of masks available through high street retail outlets. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE), NHS Health Scotland and Healthy Working Lives (HWL) have jointly developed

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1452-534: Is now rare (they would normally be called caps today, except in Scotland where the "bunnet" is common in both civilian life and in the Royal Regiment of Scotland ). Caps are generally soft and often have no brim or just a peak (like on a baseball cap). For many centuries women wore a variety of head-coverings which were called caps. For example, in the 18th and 19th centuries a cap was a kind of head covering made of

1518-490: Is often overlooked as an occupational hazard, as it is not visible to the eye. Overall, about 22 million workers in the United States are exposed to potentially damaging noise levels each year. Occupational hearing loss accounted for 14% of all occupational illnesses in 2007, with about 23,000 cases significant enough to cause permanent hearing impairment. About 82% of occupational hearing loss cases occurred to workers in

1584-792: Is often shaken to produce a shimmering effect while dancing. Dhari , the word used in the eastern islands of the strait, is the Meriam Mir word for "headdress". In the central and western islands, it is known as dhoeri , in the Kala Lagaw Ya language of those islands. The dhari is today a potent symbol for Torres Strait Islander people , and used in the Torres Strait Islander flag . Torres Strait Islander artists such as Alick Tipoti and Ken Thaiday Snr create dhari as artworks. War bonnets , which usually include an array of feathers, are worn mostly by men in various Plains Indian cultures in

1650-505: Is tasked towards actively conducting studies on respirators and providing recommendations. Surgical masks are sometimes considered as PPE, but are not considered as respirators, being unable to stop submicron particles from passing through, and also having unrestricted air flow at the edges of the masks. Surgical masks are not certified for the prevention of tuberculosis . Occupational skin diseases such as contact dermatitis , skin cancers , and other skin injuries and infections are

1716-465: Is usually frowned upon. Women, however, are required to wear a hat to cover the head in some churches based on 1 Corinthians 11:5 . In the Jewish tradition, the converse idea equally shows respect for the superior authority of God. Wearing a kippah or yarmulke means the wearer is acknowledging the vast gulf of power, wisdom, and authority that separates God from mankind. It is a sign of humility to wear

1782-555: Is worn for religious reasons. In Judaism , men cover their heads out of reverence for God . Jewish religious headgear for men include small cloth skull-caps, called kippahs or yarmulkes. Some men wear them at all times, others only in the synagogue . In Orthodox and Hasidic Judaism , the kippah may also be additionally covered by hats such as fedoras or shtreimels . Traditional married Jewish women cover their hair in various ways, such as with headscarfs, called tichels , snoods , shpitzels or wigs, called "sheitels", according to

1848-930: The AIDS Healthcare Foundation , leading to several citations brought by Cal/OSHA . The failure to use condoms by adult film stars was a violation of Cal/OSHA's Blood borne Pathogens Program, Personal Protective Equipment. This example shows that personal protective equipment can cover a variety of occupations in the United States, and has a wide-ranging definition. The National Defense Authorization Act for 2022 defines personal protective equipment as Equipment for use in preventing spread of disease, such as by exposure to infected individuals or contamination or infection by infectious material (including nitrile and vinyl gloves, surgical masks, respirator masks and powered air purifying respirators and required filters, face shields and protective eyewear, surgical and isolation gowns, and head and foot coverings) or clothing, and

1914-488: The Canterbury cap is popular among pastors. Male Sikhs are required to wear turbans . Some Sikh women also wear a turban; however it is not a requirement for female Sikhs. Turbans are also worn by Muslims , especially Shia Muslims , who regard turban-wearing as Sunnah Mu'akkadah (confirmed tradition). In Islam , the hijab , or headscarf, is worn by women because it is considered modest. Muslim men also sometimes wear

1980-596: The European Parliament and Council of the European Union under the ordinary legislative procedure before being published in the Official Journal of the European Union and becoming law. Research studies in the form of randomized controlled trials and simulation studies are needed to determine the most effective types of PPE for preventing the transmission of infectious diseases to healthcare workers. There

2046-656: The European Union level, personal protective equipment is governed by Directive 89/686/EEC on personal protective equipment (PPE). The Directive is designed to ensure that PPE meets common quality and safety standards by setting out basic safety requirements for personal protective equipment, as well as conditions for its placement on the market and free movement within the EU single market. It covers "any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety hazards". The directive

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2112-632: The mao-tzu , 帽子 Mandarin màozi ), the classic skullcap that is the most like the Jewish tradition. In Japan , the cap is more in the form of a pillbox and is called the boshi (帽子). Though not of ecclesiastical significance, the Buddhist skullcap does denote something about the priest's standing in the community. Headgear such as crowns and tiaras are worn in recognition of noble status especially among royalty. Wigs are worn traditionally by judges and barristers of Commonwealth nations. Feathered headpieces, such as

2178-496: The taqiyah (cap) , is permissible while saying prayers at a mosque . In the military , there are specific rules about when and where to wear a hat. Hats are generally worn outdoors only, at sea as well as on land; however, personnel carrying firearms typically also wear their hats indoors. Removing one's hat is also a form of salute . Many schools also have this rule due to the fact that many younger men tend to wear baseball caps and this being in relations to gangs depending on

2244-570: The war bonnet of Plains Indian cultures, are worn by various Native North American and South American indigenous peoples . Other purposes of headgear include: Bonnets , as worn by women and girls, were hats worn outdoors which were secured by tying under the chin, and often which had some kind of peak or visor. Some styles of bonnets had peaks so large that they effectively prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Bonnets worn by men and boys are generally distinguished from hats by being soft and having no brim—this usage

2310-553: The CDC, and providing people with spoken instructions while removing PPE. Doppa The doppa ( Uyghur : دوپپا ) or doppi ( Uzbek : doʻppi / дўппи / دوپپا ; Tajik : тоқӣ ) is a square or round skullcap originating in Central Asia , worn by Uyghurs , Uzbeks , Kazan Tatars , and Tajiks . The doppa is a specific type of hat within the Tubeteika category. The doppa

2376-686: The European or international level by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN, CENELEC) and the International Organization for Standardization in relation to the design and manufacture of the product. Usage of the harmonized standards is voluntary and provides presumption of conformity. However, manufacturers may choose an alternative method of complying with the requirements of the Directive. Personal protective equipment excluded from

2442-467: The NIOSH recommendation should be provided with hearing protection by the employers, as they are a low-cost intervention. A personal attenuation rating can be objectively measured through a hearing protection fit-testing system. The effectiveness of hearing protection varies with the training offered on their use. This form of PPE is all-encompassing and refers to the various suits and uniforms worn to protect

2508-555: The RPE (Respiratory Protective Equipment) Selector Tool, which is web-based. This interactive tool provides descriptions of different types of respirators and breathing apparatuses, as well as "dos and don'ts" for each type. In the United States, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) provides recommendations on respirator use, in accordance to NIOSH federal respiratory regulations 42 CFR Part 84. The National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) of NIOSH

2574-599: The United States. They are linked to status, culture and ceremony, and have to be given as gifts as a mark of respect for the receiver. In the Western culture derived from Christian tradition, removing one's headgear is a sign of respect, especially indoors, making oneself more open, humble or vulnerable, much like bowing or kneeling. This is as if to say, "I acknowledge that you are more powerful than I am, I make myself vulnerable to show I pose no threat to you and respect you." Men's hats are removed in Church, and not removing them

2640-457: The air breathed by the user. The filtration may be either passive or active (powered) . Gas masks and particulate respirators (like N95 masks ) are examples of this type of respirator. A second type of respirator protects users by providing clean, respirable air from another source. This type includes airline respirators and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). In work environments, respirators are relied upon when adequate ventilation

2706-457: The air. In more recent years, scientific personal protective equipment is generally believed to have begun with the cloth facemasks promoted by Wu Lien-teh in the 1910–11 Manchurian pneumonic plague outbreak, although some doctors and scientists of the time doubted the efficacy of facemasks in preventing the spread of that disease since they didn't believe it was transmitted through the air. Personal protective equipment can be categorized by

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2772-590: The area of the body protected, by the type of hazard, and by the type of garment or accessory. A single item – for example, boots – may provide multiple forms of protection: a steel toe cap and steel insoles for protection of the feet from crushing or puncture injuries, impervious rubber and lining for protection from water and chemicals, high reflectivity and heat resistance for protection from radiant heat, and high electrical resistivity for protection from electric shock. The protective attributes of each piece of equipment must be compared with

2838-521: The arrival of Islam in the region. The black satin headgear called or known as "fenta" or "topi" is a pillbox-shaped skullcap, worn by Zoroastrians . It is considered by some in the Zoroastrian religion to be of vital spiritual importance. In earlier times, a saucer-shaped, red-and-white-striped kipah was the hallmark of the Zoroastrian. Buddhist priests in China wear the bao-tzu (more commonly known as

2904-490: The back of a woman's head for holding the hair. Scarves are used to protect styled hair or keep it tidy. Shower caps and swim caps prevent hair from becoming wet or entangled during activity. Hats often have a brim all the way around the rim, and may be either placed on the head, or secured with hat-pins (which are pushed through the hat and the hair). Depending on the type of hat, they may be properly worn by men, by women or by both sexes. Helmets are designed to protect

2970-430: The braces via metal hooks or a facebow. Straps or a head cap anchor the headgear to the back of the head or neck. In some situations, both are used. Elastic bands are used to apply pressure to the bow or hooks which is then transferred to the patients teeth and jaw. Its purpose is to slow or stop the upper jaw from growing, thereby preventing or correcting an overjet. Other forms of headgear treat reverse overjets, in which

3036-428: The correct use of PPE. Practices of occupational safety and health can use hazard controls and interventions to mitigate workplace hazards, which pose a threat to the safety and quality of life of workers. The hierarchy of hazard controls provides a policy framework which ranks the types of hazard controls in terms of absolute risk reduction. At the top of the hierarchy are elimination and substitution , which remove

3102-415: The eye. Chemical burns, biological agents, and thermal agents, from sources such as welding torches and UV light , also contribute to occupational eye injury. While the required eye protection varies by occupation, the safety provided can be generalized. Safety glasses provide protection from external debris, and should provide side protection via a wrap-around design or side shields. Industrial noise

3168-414: The hands, gloves are an essential item in providing skin protection. Some examples of gloves commonly used as PPE include rubber gloves , cut-resistant gloves , chainsaw gloves and heat-resistant gloves. For sports and other recreational activities, many different gloves are used for protection, generally against mechanical trauma. Other than gloves, any other article of clothing or protection worn for

3234-406: The hazard entirely or replace the hazard with a safer alternative. If elimination or substitution measures cannot be applied, engineering controls and administrative controls – which seek to design safer mechanisms and coach safer human behavior – are implemented. Personal protective equipment ranks last on the hierarchy of controls, as the workers are regularly exposed to

3300-441: The hazard, with a barrier of protection. The hierarchy of controls is important in acknowledging that, while personal protective equipment has tremendous utility, it is not the desired mechanism of control in terms of worker safety. Early PPE such as body armor , boots and gloves focused on protecting the wearer's body from physical injury . The plague doctors of sixteenth-century Europe also wore protective uniforms consisting of

3366-492: The hazards expected to be found in the workplace. More breathable types of personal protective equipment may not lead to more contamination but do result in greater user satisfaction. Respirators are protective breathing equipment, which protect the user from inhaling contaminants in the air, thus preserving the health of their respiratory tract. There are two main types of respirators. One type of respirator functions by filtering out chemicals and gases, or airborne particles, from

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3432-504: The head, and sometimes the neck, from injury. They are usually rigid, and offer protection from blows. Helmets are commonly worn in battle , on construction sites and in many contact sports (most commonly being associated with American football ). In most of the United States they are required by law for anyone operating a range of vehicles including motorcycles, and sometimes extending to bicycles and skateboards. Modern hoods are generally soft headcoverings which are an integral part of

3498-468: The headcovering varies by region, though the early Church's Apostolic Tradition specifies that Christian headcovering is to be observed with an "opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen". With respect to Christian clergy , the zucchetto worn by Roman Catholic hierarchs is a skull-cap. Other forms of apostolic headgear include the mitre , biretta , tasselled cardinal's hat, and the papal tiara . Orthodox Christian clergy and monastics often wear

3564-593: The manufacturing sector. In the US the Occupational Safety and Health Administration establishes occupational noise exposure standards. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends that worker exposures to noise be reduced to a level equivalent to 85 dBA for eight hours to reduce occupational noise-induced hearing loss . PPE for hearing protection consists of earplugs and earmuffs . Workers who are regularly exposed to noise levels above

3630-462: The materials and components thereof, other than sensors, electronics, or other items added to and not normally associated with such personal protective equipment or clothing. Under this Act, US military services are prohibited from purchasing PPE from suppliers in North Korea, China, Russia or Iran, unless there are problems with the supply or cost of PPE of "satisfactory quality and quantity". At

3696-485: The principles and halacha of tzniut . Traditionally, Christian women are required to wear a headcovering as taught in 1 Corinthians 11:2–16 (the same text teaches that men are to pray and worship with their head uncovered), which has been practiced since the time of the early Church and continues to be observed universally in certain denominations, such as in Conservative Anabaptist churches. The style of

3762-498: The scope of the Directive includes: The European Commission is currently working to revise Directive 89/686/EEC. The revision will look at the scope of the Directive, the conformity assessment procedures and technical requirements regarding market surveillance. It will also align the Directive with the New Legislative Framework . The European Commission is likely to publish its proposal in 2013. It will then be discussed by

3828-511: The scope of the Directive is divided into three categories: Directive 89/686/EEC on personal protective equipment does not distinguish between PPE for professional use and PPE for leisure purposes. Personal protective equipment falling within the scope of the Directive must comply with the basic health and safety requirements set out in Annex II of the Directive. To facilitate conformity with these requirements, harmonized standards are developed at

3894-419: The second-most common type of occupational disease and can be very costly. Skin hazards, which lead to occupational skin disease, can be classified into four groups. Chemical agents can come into contact with the skin through direct contact with contaminated surfaces, deposition of aerosols, immersion or splashes. Physical agents such as extreme temperatures and ultraviolet or solar radiation can be damaging to

3960-700: The side in which the hat is worn. A hat can be raised (briefly removed and replaced, with either hand), or "tipped" (touched or tilted forward) as a greeting. Protective clothing Personal protective equipment ( PPE ) is protective clothing , helmets , goggles , or other garments or equipment designed to protect the wearer's body from injury or infection . The hazards addressed by protective equipment include physical, electrical, heat, chemical, biohazards , and airborne particulate matter . Protective equipment may be worn for job-related occupational safety and health purposes, as well as for sports and other recreational activities . Protective clothing

4026-407: The skin over prolonged exposure. Mechanical trauma occurs in the form of friction, pressure, abrasions, lacerations and contusions. Biological agents such as parasites, microorganisms, plants and animals can have varied effects when exposed to the skin. Any form of PPE that acts as a barrier between the skin and the agent of exposure can be considered skin protection. Because much work is done with

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4092-459: The top jaw is not forward enough. Turbans are headgear, mostly for males, made up from a single piece of cloth which is wrapped around the head in a wide variety of styles. Turban is the best known word in English for a large category of headgear and general head wraps traditionally worn in many parts of the world. All over the world Sikhs wear a turban as religious headgear. Turbans for women are

4158-408: The user from harm. Lab coats worn by scientists and ballistic vests worn by law enforcement officials, which are worn on a regular basis, would fall into this category. Entire sets of PPE, worn together in a combined suit, are also in this category. Below are some examples of ensembles of personal protective equipment, worn together for a specific occupation or task, to provide maximum protection for

4224-494: The user: Participants in sports often wear protective equipment. Studies performed on the injuries of professional athletes, such as that on NFL players, question the effectiveness of existing personal protective equipment. The definition of what constitutes personal protective equipment varies by country. In the United States, the laws regarding PPE also vary by state. In 2011, workplace safety complaints were brought against Hustler and other adult film production companies by

4290-723: Was adopted on 21 January 1989 and came into force on 1 July 1992. The European Commission additionally allowed for a transition period until 30 June 1995 to give companies sufficient time to adapt to the legislation. After this date, all PPE placed on the market in EU Member States was required to comply with the requirements of Directive 89/686/EEC and carry the CE Marking . Article 1 of Directive 89/686/EEC defines personal protective equipment as any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety hazards. PPE which falls under

4356-430: Was formerly an indispensable portion of the suit, and women's hats have, over the years, attained a fantastic number of shapes ranging from immense confections to no more than a few bits of cloth and decorations piled on top of the head. Some hats, such as Deep Blue Sea , are showpiece creations created more as works of art than as practical items of fashion, and may be worth thousands or millions of dollars. Some headgear

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