Misplaced Pages

#63936

85-533: He Zhuoguo was born in Yangmei Ruin, Nanxiang, Rong County, Guangxi, and lost his father since childhood. Enrolled in private school at 7 years old. At the age of 10, his mother died. Afterwards, he was supported by his second brother He Zhufan and transferred from a private school to primary school. In 1910, 13-year-old He Zhuguo was taken to Guangzhou by his second brother He Zhufan, who was an official in Guangdong, and

170-632: A "good warlord", and his remains were buried with honors in 1953 at the sacred Mount Tai in Shandong . His tomb is located immediately to the east of Tianwai Village square ( 36°12′25.86″N 117°6′7.95″E  /  36.2071833°N 117.1022083°E  / 36.2071833; 117.1022083 ). His widow Li Dequan served as Minister of Health of the People's Republic of China . Many of Feng Yuxiang's former subordinates joined or merged into Kuomintang National Revolutionary Army and fought with distinction in

255-608: A corps of cadres and above to study. In January 1939, He Zhu was transferred to Shenmu, Shaanxi for rest. During the period of Shenmu, He Zhuguo did good things for the people. He Zhuguo founded Shenmu Middle School to help farmers build "Yunhuiqu". In the winter of 1938, the Japanese army attacked Ikzhao League from Chahar, and the National Government decided to relocate the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan. In May 1939, He Zhuoguo, an envoy of

340-574: A large number of local guerrillas. In January 1941, with the cooperation of a large number of armored vehicles, the Japanese army stationed in Shangqiu set off for Guide and went to the front of the boundary to sweep the Huangfan area. He Zhu was blocked by the Ministry of State. In July 1941, the 2nd Army was ordered to expand into the 15th Army, governing the 2nd Army and the 92nd Army of Li Xianzhou. He Zhuguo

425-612: A meeting. After arriving in Chongqing, Chiang Kai-shek talked with He Zhuguo several times, preparing to send He Zhuguo to take over the Northeast. But He Zhuoguo asked to resign from the military and turn to govern the Yellow River. Chiang Kai-shek persuaded him: "First solve the Northeast military problem, it will take about two years, then go to govern the Yellow River!" He Zhuguo accepted the appointment as deputy director and chief of staff of

510-618: A mixture of paternalistic Christian socialism and military discipline. He forbade prostitution, gambling and the sale of opium and morphia. From 1919 he was known as the "Christian General". In 1923 British Protestant Christian missionary Marshall B. Broomhall said of him: He was reputed to have liked baptizing his troops with water from a fire hose . However, no such incident is mentioned in Sheriden's detailed biography, or in Broomhall's account. Both Broomhall and Sheriden say that baptism

595-638: A peaceful settlement of the Xi'an Incident. After Zhang Xueliang sent Chiang Kai-shek to Nanjing and was detained, in January 1937, a senior general of the Northeast Army produced a main and a faction and a main battle group on how to rescue Zhang Xueliang. He Zhuguo and Wang Yizhe were the representatives of the Harmony School. The Harmony School believed that the Xi'an problem should be solved first and then Zhang Xueliang

680-661: A welcome party for him. Mao Zedong gave a welcome speech in person. At the end of 1939, He Zhuguo led 2 cavalry troops to defend Henan. Soon, the New Fourth Army Peng Xuefeng guerrilla detachment entered Boxian, Huaiyang, and defended with He Zhu ’s Ministry. In 1940, Zhang Yunyi, chief of staff of the New Fourth Army, commanded the troops of the New Fourth Army north of the Yangtze River. Zhang Yunyi and He Zhuguo sent liaison personnel to each other's forces to discuss

765-738: The Central Plains War broke out. Zhang Xueliang called for peace, and sent the Northeast Army to Shanhaiguan for armed mediation. He Zhuguo led the Northeast Army 9th Brigade to Shanhaiguan to carefully observe war developments. After the September 18th Incident in 1931, Zhang Xueliang, who presided over the Beiping Branch of the National Government Military Commission, again ordered He Zhuguo to station in Shanhaiguan. At

850-539: The Fengtian Army and won the trust of Zhang Xueliang. In the spring of 1924, with Feng Yuxiang as the witness, He Zhuguo married Jia Chengjing, the niece of Jia Deyao, the former principal of Baoding Military Academy . In September 1924, the Second Zhili-Fengtian War broke out. Zhang Zuolin organized Fengtian Army into 6 troops. Zhang Xueliang and Guo Songling served as the third and deputy commanders of

935-619: The First Zhili–Fengtian War in 1922. It was at this time that Feng also began to move closer to the Soviet Union . Within the Zhili clique Feng was demoted by Wu Peifu and sent to guard the southern suburbs of Beijing. In 1923 Feng was inspired by Sun Yat-sen and secretly plotted with Hu Jingyi and Xue Yue to overthrow Wu Peifu and Cao Kun , who controlled the Beiyang government . When

SECTION 10

#1733085609064

1020-744: The Nationalist government , including brief army commands at the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. He spent his later years supporting the anti-Chiang Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang before his death in 1948. Feng was born in Chaohu , Anhui . As the son of an officer in the Qing Imperial Army , Feng spent his youth immersed in military life. He joined the Huai Army when he

1105-486: The Second Sino-Japanese War . They include Song Zheyuan , Tong Linge , Zhao Dengyu , Sun Lianzhong , Liu Ruming , Feng Zhi'an , Yang Hucheng , Ji Hongchang and Zhang Zizhong . Notable exceptions were Sun Liangcheng and Qin Dechun , who collaborated with the Japanese. Other generals, after serving a lengthy term in the warlord era, retired to live a life of pleasure. Sir Richard Evans , author of Deng Xiaoping and

1190-740: The Second Zhili–Fengtian War began in 1924, Feng was in charge of defending Rehe against the Fengtian clique. However, he switched sides and seized the capital in the Beijing Coup on 23 October 1924. This turnabout prompted Shandong warlord Zhang Zongchang to join the Fengtian and led to a decisive defeat of the Zhili forces. Hence, Feng's coup brought far-reaching political changes in China. Feng imprisoned Zhili-leader and president Cao Kun, installed

1275-639: The "Committee for Recovering the Four Provinces of the Northeast". Chiang Kai-shek, fearing that Communists had taken control of the Anti-Japanese Allied Army, launched a concerted siege of the army with 60,000 men. Surrounded by Chiang Kai-shek and the Japanese, Feng Yuxiang resigned his post and retired to Tai'an in Shandong. Between 1935 and 1945 Feng Yuxiang supported the KMT and held various positions in

1360-589: The 15th Army and the 19th Army, defending Eastern Henan. In July 1945, under the order of Chiang Kai-shek, He Zhuguo held direct negotiations with Lieutenant General Imai Takeo, the general commander of the Japanese Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Dispatch Army. He Zhuguo proposed that "Japan wants peace with China and must regard world peace as an indispensable important matter "," Japan must withdraw its troops from Manchuria and overseas after

1445-597: The 3rd Army, respectively. The 3rd and 1st Army established a joint headquarters to take charge of the front line of Shanhaiguan and Jiumenkou. He Zhuguo served as Chief of Staff of the Combat Section of the Coalition Command. After the victory of Fengtian Army in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War , Fengtian Army established the Jinyu Garrison Command, with Zhang Xueliang as the commander-in-chief, Guo Songling as

1530-663: The 3rd War Area. In this capacity Feng led Chinese forces early in the defense of Shanghai , but he was quickly relieved in favor of Zhang Zhizhong and later Chiang himself. After World War II he traveled to the United States, where he was an outspoken critic of the Chiang regime and of the Truman administration's support for it. While there, he went to Gen. Joseph Stilwell 's house in California, as he admired Stilwell. Barbara Tuchman tells

1615-631: The 45th Brigade. In April of the same year, he was promoted to the commander of the 37th Brigade Major General and Kaifeng Police. In May of the same year, he led the Ministry to participate in the battle of Linying in southern Henan. In June of the same year, the 37th Brigade renamed the Provisional 23rd Division. In October of the same year, He Zhuguo led his ministry to fight against Yan Xishan and conquered Dingzhou. In April 1928, He Zhuguo battled with Feng Yuxiang in Zhangde to defeat Han Lingshan, and He Zhuguo

1700-407: The 626 regiment of He Zhuguo, returned fire. From the morning of January 2, 1933, to the afternoon of January 3, the 626 regiment stubbornly resisted the Japanese army. He Zhuguo personally led the defensive battle. Due to the heavy casualties, He Zhuoguo was forced to retreat. After the treat from Shanhaiguan He Zhuguo was ordered to defend Beiping and Tianjin. The Japanese turned to Rehe. Because of

1785-653: The Chinese Communist Party and the New Fourth Army. Because He Zhuguo had cooperated with the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army in northern Shanxi and had frequent contacts with Yan'an, Tang Enbo was wary of He Zhu's state. The Kuomintang spy organization in Henan with Tang Bolai secretly investigated and monitored He Zhuguo, listing He Zhuguo's accusations of "accommodating the Communist Party", "communicating

SECTION 20

#1733085609064

1870-1006: The Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference , and served as the central member and member of the Standing Committee of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang . He moved to Beijing from Hangzhou. On September 3, 1985, He Zhuguo died of a heart attack in Beijing at the age of 88. On September 15, the CPPCC National Committee held a farewell ceremony for Comrade He Zhuguo's body in Beijing. Baoding Military Academy Baoding Military Academy or Paoting Military Academy ( Chinese : 保定軍校 ; pinyin : Bǎodìng Jūnxiào ; Wade–Giles : Pao-ting Chün-hsiao )

1955-655: The Long March of the Central Red Army was about to enter Shaanxi. The National Government established the Northwest Bandit Headquarters in Xi'an, with Zhang Xueliang as deputy commander-in-chief. Zhang Xueliang transferred the Northeast Army to Shaanxi to block the Red Army, and He Zhuguo's cavalry army was also transferred to Shaanxi. Since then, the Northeast Army has suffered heavy losses in many engagements with

2040-639: The Nanjing National Government delegation. He Zhuguo was also instructed to test the attitude of the Japanese government towards Northeast China. In Japan, when He Zhuguo held talks with the Japanese Chief of Staff, the Secretary of the Army, and officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Japanese side made a territorial claim to Northeast China, demands He Zhuguo rejected on the spot. In April 1930,

2125-640: The Nationalist army and government. In October 1935 Chiang invited him to Nanjing to serve as the vice-president of the Military Affairs Commission . He held the nominal position until 1938 and remained a member of the council until 1945. During the Xi'an Incident , when Chiang Kai-Shek was held prisoner by rebellious warlords, Feng immediately called for Chiang's release. After the Second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937 he briefly served as Commander-in-Chief of

2210-590: The Nationalists in the Northern Expedition and merged his Guominjun with the National Revolutionary Army . The Nationalists vanquished the Zhili faction in the south and Feng asserted control over much of north-central China. Zhang Zuolin was forced to withdraw the Fengtian forces back to Manchuria. In August Feng went to the Soviet Union and returned in September. In October 1928 Feng Yuxiang

2295-411: The Northeast Army west of Luoyang to stabilize the military and prepare for the recovery of the Northeast. He Zhuguo's proposal was adopted by Zhang Xueliang, who agreed with Chiang Kai-shek. Soon, Zhang Xueliang formed the cavalry corps with the seven cavalry divisions of the Northeast Army and the central cavalry dispatched by Chiang Kai-shek, and appointed He Zhuguo as commander. In the summer of 1935,

2380-646: The Northeast camp and commander-in-chief of the Northeast Route Guard. In October 1945, He Zhuguo won the Medal of Honor. During the Chinese Anti-Japanese War, he worked closely with the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army under the leadership of He Long and Peng Xuefeng in the northwestern Shanxi, Shaanxi-Ganning, Eastern Henan, and Northern Anhui. He visited Yan'an twice and was warmly welcomed by leaders such as Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Zhu De. After

2465-643: The Northern Expeditionary Army, the warlords in the north supported Zhang Zuolin as the commander-in-chief of the National Pacification Army . In 1927, He Zhuguo entered Henan with Zhang Xueliang's regiment to fight against the Wu Peifu's former deputy commander, Jin Yun'e. He Zhuguo conquered Zhongmu, Zhengzhou , Kaifeng , Luoyang and other places successively, and then acted as the commander of

2550-543: The Peng Xuefeng Department of the New Fourth Army: if the two sides were forced to play against each other, they would follow the approach of the Red Army and the Northeast Army before the Xi'an Incident. There are a large number of puppet troops in Shangqiu, Henan and Bo County in the north of Anhui, around the defense zone of Hezhu State Department. He Zhuguo was instructed to counter the puppet army and included

2635-658: The Red Army's actions. After negotiating with Zhu Rui, director of the Political Department of the First Red Army, He Zhuguo took the initiative to make way for the Red Army and enable the three main forces of the Chinese Workers, Peasants and the Red Army to join the division. Before and after the Xi'an Incident in December 1936, He Zhuguo followed Zhang Xueliang closely and supported the Chinese Communist Party's idea of

He Zhuguo - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-748: The Red Army. Zhang Xueliang changed from actively suppressing the CCP to passively dealing with it. In January 1936, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party issued the "Red Army's Letter to All Officers of the Northeast Army for the Willingness to Join the Anti-Japanese Army with the Northeast Army." In August 1936, when the Red Army was passing the He Zhuoguo cavalry defense zone, Peng Dehuai wrote to He Zhuguo, hoping that He Zhuguo would cooperate with

2805-409: The Soviet Red Cross Hospital for eye treatment. In 1954, the United Front Work Department of the CCP Central Committee invited He Zhuguo to serve as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference . On December 12, 1956, Beijing held a commemorative meeting for the 20th anniversary of the Xi’an Incident. He Zhuguo attended the invitation of Zhou Enlai. After

2890-408: The United States for treatment. The consultation of an American ophthalmologist determined that the food was poisoned, which damaged the optic nerve and could no longer be treated. In the spring of 1947, He Zhuguo returned home with his wife and children and settled in Hangzhou. In May 1949, the Chinese People's Liberation Army occupied Hangzhou. He Zhuguo sent a congratulatory message to Mao Zedong on

2975-405: The Zhili and Fengtian cliques in the Anti-Fengtian War , and he retreated to the northwest. In 1926, Feng joined the Kuomintang 's successful Northern Expedition . He later resisted Chiang's consolidation of power in the Central Plains War and was forced to retire, but in 1933 organized a new army which successfully drove the Japanese Army out of Chahar . In the 1930s, Feng held positions in

3060-646: The academy was briefly moved to Beijing and became the Army Academy. In October 1912, the academy was relocated back to Baoding and formally became the Baoding Military Academy. In 1993, a memorial and museum was built on the site of the academy in Baoding to commemorate the academy and the 11,000 cadets who studied there. In 2006, the memorial became a national-level historical site. Feng Yuxiang Feng Yuxiang ( simplified Chinese : 冯玉祥 ; traditional Chinese : 馮玉祥 ; pinyin : Féng Yùxiáng ; IPA: [fə́ŋ ỳɕi̯ɑ́ŋ] ; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948), courtesy name Huanzhang (焕章),

3145-419: The army and study in the Lushan Officer Training Corps. In January 1935, Chiang Kai-shek changed the headquarters of the bandits from Henan, Hubei and Anhui to Wuchang, the chairman of the military committee of the National Government, and Zhang Xueliang served as the director of the camp. Chiang Kai-shek was preparing to transfer the Northeast Army to Guizhou, but He Zhuguo suggested that Zhang Xueliang transfer

3230-463: The battle together. Tan Youlin, deputy brigade commander of the New Fourth Army, etc., went to Yan'an to attend the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party . He Zhuguo's headquarters issued a special pass to them. In 1940, the Japanese army transferred troops from North China to attack Fuyang. In cooperation with the New Fourth Army, He Zhuguo held Fuyang. After the incident in southern Anhui in 1941, He Zhuguo still reached an agreement with

3315-426: The bombardment was a misunderstanding, asked He Zhuguo to stop anti-Japanese actions, and again proposed the creation of a buffer zone. Otherwise, Japan will send troops to occupy Shanhaiguan, and even Beiping and Tianjin. Zhang Xueliang immediately dispatched troops to reinforce He Zhuguo. On New Year's Day in 1933, the Japanese Kwantung Army advanced to Yuguan, and opened fire on the Chinese defenders, and Shi Shi'an,

3400-451: The campaign against Zhang Xun and was restored to his rank. In February 1918 he was ordered to suppress the Constitutional Protection Movement , but proclaimed his support for peace talks in Hubei and was stripped of titles but permitted to stay in command of his forces. The capture of Changde in June earned him back his titles. By August 1921 he was promoted to command a division and was based in Shaanxi. Feng, like many young officers,

3485-405: The commander and deputy commander of the Xuanfu Army. Jiang Dengxuan and Han Linchun convinced He Zhuguo to abandon plans to study in Japan, and appointed him the Xuanfu Army combat section chief of staff. The Xuanfu Army advanced all the way to Bengbu, Anhui , But within half a year, the communication lines were intercepted by Sun Chuanfang and Chen Tiaoyuan, and Feng Jun was forced to withdraw to

He Zhuguo - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-429: The deputy commander-in-chief, and He Zhuguo as the commander-in-chief of the colonel. After Fengtian Clique won the Second Zhili-Fengtian War , Zhang Zuolin led the Xuanfu Army south to expand territory. In the spring of 1925, with the consent of Zhang Zuolin and Zhang Xueliang, He Zhuguo planned to study in the Japanese Army University. Before his departure, he went to Beijing to visit Jiang Dengxuan and Han Linchun ,

3655-505: The early 1930s criticizing Chiang Kai-shek's failure to resist Japanese aggression. On 26 May 1933, Feng Yuxiang became commander-in-chief of the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army Alliance, with Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu as frontline commanders. Ji Hongchang's army, numbering over 100,000 men according to Feng, pushed against Duolun , and by July 1933 drove the Japanese and Manchukuoan troops out of Chahar Province . By late July Feng and Ji Hongchang established, at Zhangjiakou ,

3740-419: The election should be conducted in a differential manner, and the other was that farmers did not have enough food. After the end of the Cultural Revolution, in the spring of 1978, the Zhejiang Provincial Party Committee of the CCP why Zhuguo screened the vindication, and He Zhuguo returned to serve as a member of the CPPCC National Committee . In 1979, He Zhuguo was added as a member of the Standing Committee of

3825-423: The end of November 1932, Masjiro Ochiai asked He Zhuguo to create an independent buffer zone in Luandong and Rehe, promising to supply all governmental and military expenses. He Zhuguo has never given an affirmative answer. On December 8, 1932, the Kwantung Army stationed in Jinzhou bombarded Yuguan (i.e. Shanhaiguan) with armored vehicles. When He Zhuguo came forward to negotiate, Japan asked He Zhuguo to admit that

3910-405: The enemy", and "smuggling", but it was lost because of no evidence. In April 1944, Tang Enbo was transferred to Guizhou after the defeat of the Central Plains against Japan. He Zhuguo was co-edited with Guangxi's Li Pinxian, and changed the original theater to the tenth war zone. Li Pinxian served as commander-in-chief and He Zhuguo served as deputy commander-in-chief. The Tenth War Zone administers

3995-437: The main force of the Japanese army went south through Shuoxian County, and the Ministry of He Zhu moved to the west of Jingping for rest. In the battle of Xinkou, He Zhuguo led the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army with the 2nd Army and Helong to fight guerrilla warfare in northern Shanxi, attacking the rear of the Japanese army and destroying the traffic line. After the Japanese army captured Taiyuan, He Zhuguo's cavalry army

4080-405: The meeting, He Zhuguo was received by Mao Zedong. Standing members of the Fifth and Sixth CPPCC National Committees, members of the Central Committee of the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang , and standing committee members. In the anti-rightist movement in 1957, He Zhuguo was labeled as a "rightist" because he proposed two opinions to the Chinese Communist Party. The two opinions were that

4165-437: The more liberal Huang Fu , evicted the last Emperor Puyi from the Forbidden City and invited Sun Yat-sen to Beijing to resurrect the Republican government and reunify the country. Despite being severely ill already, Sun came to Beijing and died there in April 1925. Feng renamed his army the Guominjun or the National People's Army. To counter pressure from the Zhili and Fengtian factions, he invited Duan Qirui to take on

4250-439: The next four years defending Yuan's regime. In July 1914, as a brigade commander, he participated in the suppression of the Bailang Peasant Uprising in Henan and Shaanxi . During the National Protection War of 1915–16 he was sent to Sichuan to fight the Anti-Yuan National Protection Army, but secretly communicated with revolution leader Cai E . In April 1917 he was stripped of his military rank but still led his old troops in

4335-408: The nickname the "Christian General". He became a warlord in Northwest China, based in Shaanxi , and rose to a high rank within the Zhili clique . In 1924, Feng launched the Beijing Coup , which knocked the Zhili out of power, and re-organised his troops as the Guominjun . He brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing for negotiations on re-unification, but this was not realized. In 1926, Feng was defeated by

SECTION 50

#1733085609064

4420-413: The northeast. In November 1925, Guo Songling , deputy commander of the Fengyu Jinyu Garrison Command, rebelled against Fengtian. Zhang Xueliang negotiated with Guo Songling but failed to reach an agreement, but was ready to fight against Guo Songling's deputy. At that time, the cavalry of Heilongjiang came to the front to reinforce, and Zhang Xueliang ordered He Zhuguo to serve as a cavalry commander. During

4505-399: The northwest. On July 7, 1937, the Lugou Bridge incident broke out. At that time, He Zhuguo, who was stationed in Xianyang, was instructed to go to the northern plains of Jinbei to stand by and was included in the second theater sequence. In August 1937, in order to defend Taiyuan, He Zhuguo led a cavalry army to cross the Yellow River from Fengling, and participated in the military meeting of

4590-411: The officer academy in Baoding took on a number of different names, including the Beiyang Army Expedited Martial Studies Academy . The academy trained officers for the New Army, which was a significant factor in Yuan Shikai's rise to power at the end of the Qing dynasty and the pivotal role he played in the Xinhai Revolution . In 1912, after Yuan became the provisional president of the Republic of China,

4675-466: The pacification of Guo Songling, He Zhuguo served with distinction. He was awarded the gold medal of bravery and appointed head of the 45th regiment. In the spring of 1926, Zhang Zuolin, Wu Peifu , and Yan Xishan besieged the Feng Yuxiang Guominjun . He Zhuguo led the 45th Regiment to defeat the army of Tang Zhidao in Luanhe and attacked Rehe . In November 1926, the Northern Expeditionary Army defeated Sun Chuanfang's main force. In order to contend with

4760-403: The presidency. Nevertheless, Feng was defeated by a Zhili–Fengtian alliance in the Anti-Fengtian War in January 1926. He lost control of Beijing and retreated to Zhangjiakou , where his army became known as the Northwest Army. In April 1926 Sun Yat-sen's successor, Chiang Kai-shek , launched the Northern Expedition from Guangzhou against the northern warlords. Feng threw his support behind

4845-431: The reorganization of the Northeast Army. Chiang Kai-shek then appointed He Zhuguo as the deputy director of Xi'an Xingying, and then appointed him as deputy director of the Yu Ansu Soviet Military Reorganization Committee to reorganize the Northeast Army who had just entered the Henan Anhui Soviet. After the reorganization was completed, He Zhuguo served as the commander of the 2nd Army of the Central Cavalry and remained in

4930-497: The same day. Mao Zedong replied that He Zhuguo reassure him in Hangzhou. The People's Government of Zhejiang Province immediately sent a condolences. He refused to go to Taiwan. After the founding of the People's Republic of China , He Zhuguo opened a sugar factory in Hangzhou in response to the people's government's call to develop production, but he was in debt one year later. After asking the Premier Zhou Enlai for help, Zhou Enlai helped He Zhuguo to end his debt and introduced him to

5015-470: The school. Exams were administered to students. The instruction for Tianjin Military Academy was copied at the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools. The 'maritime defense fund' supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was shared with the Tianjin Naval Academy. The Tianjin Military Academy in 1886 adopted as part of its curriculum the Romance of the Three Kingdoms . Among its alumni were Wang Yingkai and Duan Qirui . Among its staff

5100-507: The second theater when passing through Taiyuan. On September 14, He Zhuguo was instructed to go north from the original Pingbei, stop the Japanese Sakai Mechanical Corps detachment from Datong to the south, and destroy the Pingsui Railway, and cooperate with the Helong Division of the 120th Division of the Eighth Route Army. On September 17, He Zhuguo battled with the Japanese army in Jingping Town. The Japanese army suffered five to six hundred casualties. He Zhuguo suffered heavy losses. Soon after,

5185-444: The spirit guard, sent two cavalry regiments to defend. In July of the same year, the tomb of Genghis Khan moved to the Taibai Palace in Xinglong Mountain, Gansu. During his stay in northern Shaanxi, He Zhuguo went to Yan'an three times to solve military problems and was welcomed by Mao Zedong. Among them, in the autumn of 1939, He Zhuguo led his department to relocate to southern Henan, passing Yan'an. The military circles of Yan'an held

SECTION 60

#1733085609064

5270-488: The story: "a few days after her husband's death, Mrs. Stilwell was upstairs at her home in Carmel, California when a visitor was announced with some confusion as 'the Christian.' Mystified, she went down to find in the hall the huge figure and cannonball head of [Feng Yuxiang], who said, 'I have come to mourn with you for Shih Ti-wei , my friend. ' " Feng Yuxiang also visited and lived for several months in Berkeley, California, during his stay as visiting scholar. Although he

5355-411: The tactical instructor and squad leader of the cavalry section of the Baoding Military Academy . In July 1922, He Zhuguo arrived in Northeast China to join Zhang Zuolin, the Feng Department, and served as military instructor and director of the cavalry section of the Northeast Army Jiangwutang. In 1923, he was promoted to captain of the third team of the Lieutenant Colonel. Since then, he participated in

5440-430: The victory of China's Anti-Japanese War, he served as chief of staff of the Northeast Xingyuan, but failed to take office because of sudden blindness in both eyes. After taking over, He Zhuoguo was invited to attend a banquet held by Xiong Shihui. His eyes were unwell the next day, and his eyes were blind on the third day. He was ineffective in Chongqing. In the spring of 1946, approved by Chiang Kai-shek, He Zhuguo went to

5525-406: The war "and other four opinions. The negotiations ended without result, and Zhuzhu Guo reported the negotiations to the Chongqing National Government. After Japan surrendered in 1945, He Zhuguo was still the deputy commander-in-chief of the 10th theater and commander-in-chief of the 15th Army. The commander ordered He Zhuguo to head to Xuzhou, and Jiang Jieshi ordered He Zhuguo to go to Chongqing for

5610-456: The weak resistance of Chinese defenders such as Zhang Zuoxiang, Wan Fulin, and Tang Yulin, the Japanese army occupied Rehe. Zhang Xueliang was forced by Chiang Kai-shek to resign as the Northeastern Army commander, but not before reorganizing the Northeast Army. He Zhuguo was reorganized into the 57th Army, governing the Army 109 Division, 115 Division, 120 Division, Cavalry 3rd Division, Artillery 15th Regiment, etc. In January 1934, Zhang Xueliang

5695-420: Was Yinchang . In 1902, Yuan Shikai , the Viceroy of Zhili Province and the Minister of Beiyang , founded an officer academy in Baoding, the capital of Zhili Province . Baoding was the headquarters for his New Army , which until 1901 was based in Xiaozhan, near Tianjin . The Boxer Protocol required the Qing government to demilitarize Tianjin and the New Army was relocated to Baoding. From 1902 to 1912,

5780-417: Was 11 as a deputy soldier (Fu Bing, 副兵), the lowest rank in the army, he received a uniform and food, but no salary, unlike regular soldiers. By the age of 16 he had proved himself and became a regular. Unlike other soldiers who gambled away their pay, Feng saved his salary and used a portion of it to help out other soldiers in need, especially those deputy soldiers (Fu Bing, 副兵), like he had once been, and so he

5865-402: Was a Chinese warlord and later general in the National Revolutionary Army . He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1930. At the start of the 1911 Revolution , Feng was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai 's Beiyang Army . He initially joined forces with the revolutionaries, but came to support Yuan's regime . In 1914, he converted to Christianity, earning him

5950-427: Was a military academy based in Baoding , during the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China , in the first two decades of the 20th century. For a time, it was the most important military academy in China, and its cadets played prominent roles in the political and military history of the Republic of China. The Baoding Military Academy closed in 1923, but served as a model for the Whampoa Military Academy , which

6035-409: Was admitted to Guangdong Suihuan School. He Zhufan ordered He Zhuguo to apply for the third phase of the Huangpu Army Primary School. After graduation, He Zhuguo entered the sixth phase of Baoding Military Academy in 1916.In April 1917, he was sent to Japan to study in the 12th Cavalry Division of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy . After graduating from the country in the autumn of 1919, he served as

6120-432: Was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 15th Army. In the same year, Tang Enbo's 31st Army was transferred to Henan, Tang Enbo served as the deputy commander of the first theater, and the commander-in-chief of the four provinces of Jiangsu , Shandong , Henan and Anhui , and He Zhuguo served as the deputy commander of the four provinces of Sulu, Henan and Anhui. In fact, Tang Enbei was ordered by Chiang Kai-shek to monitor

6205-619: Was appointed as Vice President of the Executive Yuan and War Minister of the Republic of China by President Chiang Kai-shek. Feng's patriotism was a basic motivation. Because of atrocities he saw Japanese soldiers commit during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, Feng promised that he would fight the Japanese to death if he ever became a soldier. Every year on the anniversary of Japan's 21 Demands in 1915 he and his officers wore belts on which

6290-747: Was founded in Guangzhou in 1924. It, along with the Yunnan Military Academy and the Whampoa Military Academy, was one of the “three major strategist cradles in modern China”. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , half of 300 divisions in China's armed forces were commanded by Whampoa graduates and one-third were Baoding cadets. In 1885 Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy 天津武備學堂 for Chinese army officers, with German advisers, as part of his military reforms. The move

6375-600: Was involved in revolutionary activity and was nearly executed for treason. He later joined Yuan Shikai 's Beiyang Army and with the help and advice of Chinese diplomat Wang Zhengting , converted to Christianity in 1914, being baptized into the Methodist Episcopal Church . Feng's career as a warlord began soon after the collapse of the Yuan Shikai government in 1916. Feng, however, distinguished himself from other regional militarists by governing his domains with

6460-411: Was murdered; others deny it. The same descendants also learned from their father that many believed Feng was murdered by political adversaries. Allegedly, those who knew details of the shipboard fire and its circumstances had reported that Feng and his daughter perished in the middle of night, with their cabin door(s) locked from the outside. The Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong classified Feng as

6545-513: Was never a Communist himself, he was close to them in his final years. According to descendants whose father was raised by Feng Yuxiang in his household, he was inspired by the elder Feng's example of service to country and countrymen to serve in the military. He died in a shipboard fire on the Black Sea while en route to the Soviet Union in 1948, along with one of his daughters. Some believe he

6630-432: Was ordered to attack Japanese Shuo County, Jingping, Pinglu, Daiyue, Yingxian and other strongholds for several months and destroy the bridge. At the end of February 1938, the Japanese attacked the Ministry of He Zhu and were counterattacked by the Ministry of He Zhu to restore the original base. In 1938, after the publication of Mao Zedong's "On Protracted Warfare", He Long sent 100 volumes to He Zhuguo, and He Zhuguo convened

6715-715: Was popular among his comrades-in-arms. Feng was hard-working and motivated, and in 1902 he was reassigned to Yuan Shikai 's newly established Beiyang Army . During the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 Feng joined the Luanzhou Uprising against the Qing Court and supported the revolutionaries in the South. The uprising was suppressed by the Beiyang Army and Feng was imprisoned by Yuan Shikai . In 1914 he regained military rank and spent

6800-690: Was promoted to lieutenant general. In 1928, Zhang Zuolin died in the Huanggutun Incident . Zhang Xueliang succeeded the Northeast Security Commander and reorganized Fengjun. He Zhuguo served as the lieutenant general of the 3rd Brigade of the Northeast Army Infantry, stationed in Rehe Lingyuan. In December 1928, Northeast China changed its flag. In the autumn of 1929, Zhang Xueliang sent He Zhuguo and others to visit Qiucao with

6885-515: Was recalled by Chiang Kai-shek and served as deputy commander-in-chief of the Yu-E-Wan anti-communist encirclement campaign. He Zhuguo's 57th Army was transferred to Xiaogan, Songbu, Huang'an, Macheng, and West Anhui in eastern Hubei, and surrounded the 25th Army at Dabie Mountain in Xuhai. Due to the unsuccessful operation, He Zhuguo turned to defense. In July of the same year, He Zhuguo was instructed to leave

6970-496: Was rescued. On February 2, the young main officer of the Northeastern Army killed Wang Yizhe, and He Zhuguo fled into Yanghucheng Mansion because of news. Since then, in order to stabilize the Northeast Army, He Zhuguo met with CCP leader Zhou Enlai and others many times, and soon stabilized the Northeast Army. Soon, He Zhuguo went to Nanjing on behalf of the Northeast Army, and went to Xikou to meet with Zhang Xueliang to agree on

7055-484: Was supported by Anhui Army commander Zhou Shengchuan. The academy was to serve Anhui Army and Green Standard Army officers. Various practical military, mathematic and science subjects were taught at the academy. The instructors were German officers. Another program was started at the academy for five years in 1887 to train teenagers as new army officers. Mathematics, practical and technical subjects, sciences, foreign languages, Chinese Classics and history were taught at

7140-497: Was taken very seriously and that not all of Feng's troops were baptized. Journalist John Gunther , in his 1939 book Inside Asia , specifically denied that such mass baptisms took place. In the early 1920s Feng rose to prominence in the Zhili clique of warlords, named so because their base of power was centred around Zhili Province . This Zhili clique defeated the Fengtian clique , headed by Zhang Zuolin , father of Zhang Xueliang , in

7225-652: Was written "In Memory of the National Humiliation of May 7th". By early 1929 Feng grew dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government in Nanjing. He joined Yan Xishan and Li Zongren to challenge Chiang's supremacy, but was defeated by Chiang in the Central Plains War . Chiang then incited anti-Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang sentiments among the Chinese Muslims and Mongols, encouraging them to topple their rule. Stripped of his military power, Feng spent

#63936