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95-461: The Mosque is considered one of the most beautiful and perfect mosques in Baghdad in terms of engineering and architectural construction and is also considered important for its contribution to revolutionary ideas against British colonialism of Iraq . It is also a great symbol for Iraqis because it was the center of national events of the religious, political and social diversity of the region. The Mosque

190-483: A one-question plebiscite was carefully arranged that had a return of 96 percent in his favor. The British saw in Faisal a leader who possessed sufficient nationalist and Islamic credentials to have broad appeal, but who also was vulnerable enough to remain dependent on their support. Faisal traced his descent from the family of Muhammad . His ancestors held political authority in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina since

285-622: A rebellion against the central government in Baghdad. After the failure of the uprising, Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union . In 1945, during the final stages of World War II , Iraq joined the United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League . In 1948, massive violent protests, known as the Al-Wathbah uprising , broke out across Baghdad as a popular demand against

380-581: A 20 percent equity participation in the company; this figure had been included in the original TPC concession to the Turks and had been agreed upon at Sanremo for the Iraqis. In the end, despite strong nationalist sentiments against the concession agreement, the Iraqi negotiators acquiesced to it. The League of Nations was soon to vote on the disposition of Mosul, and the Iraqis feared that, without British support, Iraq would lose

475-506: A constitution and an elected assembly, Iraqi politics was more a shifting alliance of important personalities and cliques than a democracy in the Western sense. The absence of broadly based political institutions inhibited the early nationalist movement's ability to make deep inroads into Iraq's diverse social structure. The Mandatory administration continued to operate until 1932. In 1936 and 1937 various protests and revolts broke out against

570-417: A continued British presence, and anti-British politicians, such as Rashid Ali al-Gaylani , who demanded that remaining British influence in the country be removed. Various ethnic and religious factions tried to gain political accomplishments during this period, often resulting in violent revolts and a brutal suppression by the Iraqi military, led by Bakr Sidqi . In 1933, thousands of Assyrians were killed in

665-577: A demonstration in the mosque was when Ja'far Abu al-Timman boycotted the Iraqi elections of 1930 in protest against the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty . Al-Timman's political party, al-Hizb al-Watani, marched from their headquarters to the mosque and assembled in it. Later, the police arrived and attempted to arrest and stop the crowd. The leaders of the protest were sentenced to six months in prison while some protestors were given three months. Although cases some were quickly discharged. During demonstrations against

760-673: A figurehead from 1933 to 1939, when he was killed in a motor accident. Pressure from Arab nationalists and Iraqi nationalists demanded that the British leave Iraq, but their demands were ignored by the United Kingdom . Upon achieving official independence in October 1932, political tensions arose over the continued British presence in the new Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, with Iraq's government and politicians split between those considered pro-British politicians, such as Nuri as-Said , who did not oppose

855-705: A military force under British command, participated in the Kirkuk Massacre of 1924 of Kurds, Arabs, and Turkomen. (See Simele Massacres of 1933) On 1 October 1922, the Royal Air Force (RAF) elements stationed in Iraq were reorganized into the RAF Iraq Command , which came about partially as a result of the 1920 revolt. This new command was primarily designed to suppress any threats to the Hashemite monarchy . Air control

950-504: A new dynamic. The emerging class of Sunni and Shia landowning tribal sheikhs vied for positions of power with wealthy and prestigious urban-based Sunni families and with Ottoman-trained army officers and bureaucrats. Because Iraq's newly established political institutions were the creation of a foreign power, and because the concept of democratic government had no precedent in Iraqi history, the politicians in Baghdad lacked legitimacy and never developed deeply rooted constituencies. Thus, despite

1045-406: A purge in government of Pro-Gaylani elements, banned the listening of axis-aligned radio, and various other procedures aimed at keeping security and order in the country. Despite all these security procedures, this did not satisfy the British who demanded the disbanding of the Iraqi army and arresting any who supported, joined, or was sympathetic to the 1941 coup. Midfaai's government was split over

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1140-857: A treaty of alliance was concluded between the Kingdom of Iraq and the United Kingdom in 1922 called the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty . It provided the United Kingdom with a role in the administration and governance of Iraq. King Faisal had previously been proclaimed King of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920 but was ejected by the French in July of the same year. The British RAF retained certain military control. In this manner, Iraq remained under de facto British administration until 1932. Under King Faisal of Iraq,

1235-661: A whole had to be coerced [into submission] by the Royal Air Force." When the Kurdish leader Sheikh Mahmud launched an armed rebellion, the British used the newly established Iraqi army to suppress the revolt, but that proved ineffective. The British then resorted to deploying the RAF, which suppressed the revolt. In the same period, rebellions by the Shia in the South were also suppressed by the RAF. At

1330-574: Is buried in the same place along with some members of his family. Although there are many folklore tales over the origin of the name. The mosque was later reconstructed and expanded during 1819–1827 by the Mamluk ruler of Baghdad Dawud Pasha , the last ruler of the Mamluk state of Iraq . Dawud Pasha established a madrasa in the same place, known as Madrasa al-Dawudiyya. There is also an attached library. Reconstruction and maintenance were carried out in 1827 during

1425-434: Is different: When we consider the long experience of Britain in the government of Eastern countries, and set beside it the miserable polity which she bestowed on the populations of Mesopotamia, we are seized with rue- ful wonder. It is as though India and Egypt had never existed, as though Lord Cornwallis, Munro and Metcalf, John and Henry Lawrence, Milner and Cromer had attempted in vain to bring order, justice and security to

1520-400: Is established in the country, and that mosques are not deserted and are available to everyone who wants to enter them." She also stated "I do not feel that what I did was a mistake, and I was wearing the hijab and a long and modest robe, as I have love for all religions, and I did not expect that my behavior would be disturbing." Haydar-Khana Mosque is considered one of the finest examples of

1615-399: Is outside the general context, and that mosques are places of worship and not for photography and parade." Hashim, in turn, defended her behavior, stressing that she did not intend to offend but wanted to "show the beauty of mosques in Iraq, whether in the north, south, or Baghdad, to tell those who follow me from other countries that we have beautiful mosques in which we pray, and that security

1710-612: Is stable but also politically integrated. The population estimate in 1920 was 3 million, with the largest ethnic groups being Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, and Turkmens, with minorities of Persians , Yezidis, Jews, Mandaeans, Shabaks, Armenians, and Kawliyah. During the Iraqi Hashemite rule, Arab population began to expand at the expense of other ethnic groups both due to higher birth rates and government policies which preferred Arab Sunni minority over other ethnic and religious groups. In 1955, Iraqi population reached 6.5 million people. This

1805-601: The 1953 Iraqi parliamentary election . King Faisal II reached his majority on 2 May 1953, ending the regency of Abd al-Ilah, who continued however to be influential in politics due to his influence on the young king. In 1955, to counter the influence of the Soviet Union on the Middle East, Iran , Iraq, Pakistan , Turkey and the United Kingdom signed the Baghdad Pact , with the United States being heavily involved in

1900-546: The Al-Wathbah uprising , broke out across Baghdad as a popular demand against the government treaty with the British, and with communist party support. More protests continued in spring, but were interrupted in May, with the martial law, when Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League. Various other protests against the government appeared, including the 1952 Iraqi Intifada which ended just before

1995-404: The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1948 and British involvement in Iraqi politics, the brother of Iraqi poet al-Jawahiri , Ja'far, was killed in a gunfire on what is now al-Shuhada' Bridge. Forty days after Ja'far's funeral, al-Jawahiri climbed a ladder to the top of the mosque and recited one of the most famous Iraqi poems in Iraqi history before a crowd of thousands during a commemorative ceremony held at

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2090-489: The Cairo Conference of March 1921, the British set the parameters for Iraqi political life that were to continue until the 1958 revolution ; they chose a Hashemite , Faisal ibn Husayn , son of Sherif Hussein ibn Ali former Sharif of Mecca as Iraq's first King; they established an Iraqi army (but kept Iraq Levies under direct British command); and they proposed a new treaty. To confirm Faisal as Iraq's first monarch,

2185-728: The Futuwwa youth and Rashid Ali 's supporters, resulting in deaths of some 180 Jews and heavy damage to the Jewish community . After the Anglo-Iraqi War ended, Abd al-ilah returned as Regent with Jameel Al-Madfaai as Prime minister and dominated the politics of Iraq until the overthrow of the monarchy and the royal family's assassination in 1958. the Government pursued a largely pro- western policy during this period. al-Midfaai's government declared martial law in Baghdad and its surroundings, started

2280-573: The Iraqi Army , known as the 14 July Revolution . King Faisal II along with members of the Royal Family were executed in the courtyard of the Rihab Palace in central Baghdad (the young King had not yet moved into the newly completed Royal Palace ). The coup brought Abd al-Karim Qasim to power. He withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union . Iraq under

2375-477: The Ottoman constructions in Baghdad , and, in general, one of the most beautiful mosques in Baghdad. The mosque is square-shaped, and the three doors are made of marble. Inside the mosque, there are mushollas (prayer spaces) for summer and winter, and the winter chapel is topped by a massive façade blue dome with two smaller domes and a minaret surrounding it. The colors of the livery consist of blue and yellow. One of

2470-514: The Royal Iraqi Army established itself on the high ground to the south of the Habbaniyah air force base. An Iraqi envoy was sent to demand that no movements, either ground or air, were to take place from the base. The British refused the demand and then themselves demanded that the Iraqi army leave the area at once. After a further ultimatum given in the early hours of May 2 expired, at 0500 hours

2565-571: The Simele massacre , in 1935–1936 a series of Shi'a uprisings were brutally suppressed in mid-Euphrates region of Iraq, and in parallel an anti-conscription Kurdish uprising in the north and a Yazidi revolt in Jabal Sinjar were crushed in 1935. Throughout the period political instability led to an exchange of numerous governments. Bakr Sidqi himself ascended to power in 1936, following a successful coup d'état against prime minister Yasin al-Hashimi but

2660-493: The United Kingdom in June 1930, whereby the United Kingdom would end its effective mandate on the condition that the Iraqi government would allow British advisers to take part in government affairs, allow British military bases to remain, and a requirement that Iraq assist the United Kingdom in wartime. Strong political tensions existed between Iraq and the United Kingdom even upon gaining independence. After gaining independence in 1932,

2755-501: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , when the former territories of that Ottoman Empire were divided in August 1920 by the Treaty of Sèvres . However, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan. Instead, the Kingdom of Iraq was recognised as a sovereign country under King Faisal I of Iraq . Not withstanding the formal sovereignty of the Iraqi king,

2850-653: The United Nations and became a founding member of the Arab League . The period following the end of the occupation was a time of the creation of various political parties opposed to or supportive of the government including the National Democratic Party led by Kamil Chadirji , the Constitutional Union Party led by Nuri Al-Said, and the Iraqi Independence Party led by Muhammad Mahdi Kubba . In 1948, massive violent protests, known as

2945-409: The 10th century. The British believed these credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy; moreover, the British thought Faisal would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916 Arab Revolt against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Iraq emancipation movement, and his general leadership qualities. Faisal was instated as

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3040-470: The British began bombing the Iraqi troops threatening the base, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Iraqi War . Hostilities lasted from May 2 to May 31, 1941, between Iraqis and the British and their indigenous Assyrian Levies . The British would continue to occupy Iraq for many years afterwards. In the aftermath of the Iraqi defeat, a bloody Farhud massacre broke out in Baghdad on June 2, initiated by

3135-453: The British mandate and its institutions more as "agents of modernisation" than colonialism: The British mandate and the institutions it gave rise to in Iraq, were the agents of a modernisation that did not arise gradually or indigenously as the outcome of a population’s own resourcefulness and engagement with the world. The British in Iraq were modernisers more than colonisers, despite acting out of self-interest. Kedourie's judgement, however,

3230-423: The British, however, which limited the effect of the revolt. The Iraqi revolt of 1920 was a watershed event in contemporary Iraqi history. For the first time, Sunnis and Shias, tribes and cities, were brought together in a common effort. In the opinion of Hanna Batatu , author of a seminal work on Iraq, the building of a nation-state in Iraq depended upon two major factors: the integration of Shias and Sunnis into

3325-522: The Cairo Conference related to the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922 . Faisal was under pressure from the nationalists and the anti-British mujtahids of Najaf and Karbala to limit both British influence in Iraq and the duration of the treaty. Recognizing that the monarchy depended on British support— and wishing to avoid a repetition of his experience in Syria — Faisal maintained a moderate approach in dealing with

3420-475: The East, as though Burke and Macaulay, Bentham and James Mill had never addressed their intelligence to the problems and prospects of oriental government. We can never cease to marvel how, in the end, all this was discarded...[in] Mesopotamia. If Makiya is referring to economic development in his account of the British modernising legacy in Iraq, an authoritative study demonstrates that Iraq's productivity in agriculture,

3515-586: The French in July of the same year. Faisal was then granted by the British the territory of Iraq, to rule it as a kingdom, with the British Royal Air Force (RAF) retaining certain military control, but de facto , the territory remained under British administration until 1932. The civil government of postwar Iraq was headed originally by the High Commissioner , Sir Percy Cox , and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson . British reprisals after

3610-467: The Haydar-Khana Mosque is one of them despite its importance and significant role in Iraqi society. Parts of the mosque have started to fall apart including its outer stripes that include Quranic verses which were made by Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi. It is considered one of the greatest losses of Iraqi heritage. The Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Antiquities has declined to reconstruct and preserve

3705-604: The Iraqi government immediately declared that Kuwait was rightfully a territory of Iraq. Kuwait had loosely been under the authority of the Ottoman vilâyet of Basra for centuries until the British had formally severed it from the Ottoman influence after the First World War . It was on this basis the Iraqi government stated that Kuwait was a British imperialist invention. After Faisal died in September 1933, King Ghazi reigned as

3800-465: The Iraqi government, with the main issues centering around agrarian issues and conscription into the armed forces. These were suppressed by the Iraqi government with assistance from the RAF Iraq Command, with Kedourie writing that the "killing, it seems, was indiscriminate, and old men, women and children were the victims." An armed revolt which broke out in 1937 over agrarian issues and conscription

3895-745: The Iraqi kingdom. With the signing in Baghdad of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty on 30 June 1930 and the settling of the Mosul Question , Iraqi politics took on a new dynamic. The treaty came into force on 3 October 1932, when the Kingdom of Iraq officially became fully independent as the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq . The emerging class of Sunni and Shia landowning tribal sheikhs vied for positions of power with wealthy and prestigious urban-based Sunni families and with Ottoman-trained army officers and bureaucrats. Because Iraq's newly established political institutions were

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3990-460: The Islamic month of Sha'ban . Notables from as far as Karbala have participated in its gatherings including citizen members of Sayyid Abd al-Razzaq al-Wahaab 's membership that ran Karbala at the time. British forces responded by sending troops and armored cars continuously whenever there was a meeting. Violence breaking between the two sides would also lead to the death of at least one Arab Iraqi in

4085-531: The Middle East — the area would have fallen under French influence. In 1919, however, the French relinquished their claims to Mosul under the terms of the Long-Berenger Agreement . The 1919 agreement granted the French a 25 percent share in the TPC as compensation. Beginning in 1923, British and Iraqi negotiators held acrimonious discussions over the new oil concession. The major obstacle was Iraq's insistence on

4180-734: The Middle East, became confined to trading only within the borders of the Mandate itself. This decision by the colonial administration proved economically troubling and devastating for the bedouins. Before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire , the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) had held concessionary rights to the Mosul wilaya (province). Under the 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement — an agreement in 1916 between Britain and France that delineated future control of

4275-522: The Monarch of Iraq after the Naquib of Baghdad was disqualified as being too old (80 yrs) and Sayid Talib (a prominent Iraqi from the province of Basra) was deported on trumped up charges by the British. The voting was far from a reflection of the true feelings of the Iraqi people. Nevertheless, Faisal was considered the most effective choice for the throne by the British government. The final major decision taken at

4370-455: The Regent and King. The coup failed however, as the training was suddenly stopped . In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and `Abd al-Ilāh proposed a union of Hāshimite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Syrian union . The resulting Arab Federation was formed on 14 February 1958. The Hashemite monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a coup d'état by

4465-532: The Shaikhs "were in most cases directly dependent on the civil administration for the positions they held; realising that their positions entailed corresponding obligations, they co-operated actively with the political officers." In a dispatch by a British official to London in 1928, there was a description of how the electoral system worked: the government's provincial governors were in fact election agents who drew up lists of those to be elected and of those who would do

4560-539: The UK. The treaty, which had been originally set as a 20-year engagement but later reduced to four years, was ratified in June 1924; it stated that the king would heed British advice on all matters affecting British interests and on fiscal policy as long as Iraq had a balance of payments deficit with the UK, and that British officials would be appointed to specified posts in 18 departments to act as advisers and inspectors. A subsequent financial agreement, which significantly increased

4655-472: The UK. While unable to prevent the treaty, Faisal clearly felt that the British had gone back on their promises to him. The British decision at the Cairo Conference to establish an indigenous Iraqi army was significant. In Iraq, as in most of the developing world, the military establishment has been the best organized institution in an otherwise weak political system. Thus, while Iraq's body politic crumbled under immense political and economic pressure throughout

4750-782: The area to Turkey. In March 1925, an agreement was concluded that contained none of the Iraqi demands. The TPC, now renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), was granted a full and complete concession for a period of seventy-five years. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Country Studies . Federal Research Division . 33°20′N 44°23′E  /  33.333°N 44.383°E  / 33.333; 44.383 Kingdom of Iraq The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq ( Arabic : المملكة العراقية الهاشمية , romanized :  al-Mamlakah al-ʿIrāqiyyah ʾal-Hāshimyyah , lit.   ' Iraqi Hashemite Kingdom ' )

4845-415: The beginning of al-Rashid Street near the side of al-Maidan Square . The Haydar-Khana Mosque is usually nicknamed the "Revolutionary Mosque" by Iraqis due to its history of revolutionary gatherings and in spreading awareness, calls, and broadcasting of social issues to Iraqis as well as that of the religious and intellectual renaissance. In 1920, the notables of Baghdad gathered in the mosque in what marked

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4940-519: The beginning of the Iraqi Revolt . The mosque was also a stage for many personalities who fought against the British Colonel rule including Mulla Uthman al-Mawsili who broadcast his sermons in the mosque, and moved people towards the revolution, as he made the mosque square a site for daily gathering of people and not just a worshipping place. The first meeting in the mosque was held in 13 May during

5035-431: The building's main cupola is a band of calligraphy under the windows. The minaret of the mosque is covered in kashi tiles and its basin rests on three bands of muqarnas with a blue ribbed dome topping the minaret. Under the big dome in the summer chapel, there's a mihrab made of colored bricks, and on either side of it are panels with pointed arches and writings in square Kufic script . There are also inscriptions that date

5130-430: The building. In front of the winter prayer space, there is a vaulted arcade surmounted by five small domes although three notable ones. This arcade has a large entrance in front of the door of the sanctuary, and to its side are four smaller entrances. The large entrance has a pointed arch that connects from the outside with another pointed arc above it, and between the upper and lower arches are pendants and stalactites in

5225-608: The capture and killing of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. The British occupiers faced the growing strength of the nationalists, who continued to resist against the British authority. British administration had yet to be established in Iraqi Kurdistan . Three important anticolonial secret societies had been formed in Iraq during 1918 and 1919. The League of the Islamic Awakening ( Jam'iyya an-naḥda al-islāmiyya )

5320-399: The civil government of postwar Iraq was led by the High Commissioner , Sir Percy Cox , and his deputy, Colonel Arnold Wilson . British reprisals after the murder of a British officer in Najaf failed to restore order. British administration had yet to be established in the mountains of north Iraq. The most striking problem facing the British was the growing anger of the nationalists in

5415-568: The construction of the mosque. The comic book The Sandman features a story (issue 50, "Ramadan") taking place in Baghdad in which a similar looking mosque can be seen on the seventh page. The mosque is present in several Arabic novels such as The Traveler and the Innkeeper and Papa Sartre . Mandatory Iraq The Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration , or Mandatory Iraq ( Arabic : الانتداب البريطاني على العراق , romanized :  al-Intidāb al-Brīṭānī ʿalā l-ʿIrāq ),

5510-453: The creation of a foreign power, and because the concept of democratic government had no precedent in Iraqi history, the politicians in Baghdad lacked legitimacy and never developed deeply rooted constituencies. Thus, despite a constitution and an elected assembly, Iraqi politics was more a shifting alliance of important personalities and cliques than a democracy in the Western sense. The absence of broadly based political institutions inhibited

5605-424: The earlier meetings. The enthusiasm and national spirit was running high during the gatherings, these were noted by Musa al-Shabandar when he visited the mosque during Mawlid . He also noted similar enthusiasm in other mosques celebrating Mawlid at the time such as al-Kadhamiya Mosque . On June 24, 1920, a large demonstration was held in the mosque, where the poet Isa Abd al-Qadir read a poem in which he called for

5700-416: The early nationalist movement's ability to make deep inroads into Iraq's diverse social structure. The new Anglo-Iraqi Treaty was signed in June 1930. It provided for a "close alliance," for "full and frank consultations between the two countries in all matters of foreign policy ," and for mutual assistance in case of war. Iraq granted the British the use of air bases near Basra and at Al Habbaniyah and

5795-478: The electing. Elections to "the chamber of deputies and appointments to the senate," comments Keeourie, "were an additional weapon in the hands of the government wherewith the better to control the country." On 3 October 1932, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq became a fully- sovereign state . Ruled by the Hashemites, it lasted until 1958. Nomadic bedouin tribes within Iraq, which had previously traded all throughout

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5890-466: The financial burden on Iraq, required Iraq to pay half the cost of supporting British resident officials, among other expenses. British obligations under the new treaty included providing various kinds of aid, notably military assistance, and proposing Iraq for membership in the League of Nations at the earliest moment. In effect, the treaty ensured that Iraq would remain politically and economically dependent on

5985-451: The government to concede to army demands. The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état overthrew the pro-British Prime minister Taha al-Hashimi and placed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as prime minister of a pro-Nazi government called "the National defense government", the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah fled the royal palace after learning of this and with British support went to Habbaniyah then to Basra , he would spend

6080-495: The government treaty with the British, and with support from the communists. More protests continued in the spring, but were interrupted in May, when martial law was imposed after Iraq entered the 1948 Arab–Israeli War along with other members of the Arab League. In February 1958, King Hussein of Jordan and Prince `Abd al-Ilāh proposed a union of Hāshimite monarchies to counter the recently formed Egyptian–Syrian union . The resulting Arab Federation , formed on 14 February 1958,

6175-399: The head of a new government. Jameel al-Midfaai's government retired and Abd al-Ilah ordered Nuri to form a new government in 9 October. In 1943, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led a rebellion against the central government in Baghdad. After the failure of the uprising Barzani and his followers fled to the Soviet Union . In 1945, during the final stages of World War II , Iraq joined

6270-464: The insurgent effort. Shirazi then issued a ruling, and he called for a resistance against the British. By July 1920, Mosul was in rebellion against British rule, and the armed resistance moved south down the Euphrates River valley. The southern tribes, who cherished their long-held political autonomy, needed little inducement to join in the fray. They did not cooperate in an organized effort against

6365-459: The middle of which is a Qur'anic verse. Taking into account the climatic conditions of the city of Baghdad, the thickness of the walls is 2.5 meters. The Mosque also contains a number of madrasas of Islamic sciences and a library that contains works of the most prominent scholars of the city. The main big dome, which rests on eight windows that make a cupola , is covered with arabesque motifs and inscriptions decorated using Kashi blue tiles. Inside

6460-461: The monarchic period, the military gained increasing power and influence; moreover, because the officers in the new army were by necessity Sunnis who had served under the Ottomans, while the lower ranks were predominantly filled by Shia tribal elements, Sunni dominance in the military was preserved. The Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 provided for a "close alliance," for "full and frank consultations between

6555-414: The monarchy faced two bare alternatives: either the country would have plunged into chaos or its population should become universally the clients and dependents of an omnipotent but capricious and unstable government. To these two alternatives the overthrow of the monarchy has not added a third. The task of the subsequent governments was to find that third alternative, mainly to establish a modern state that

6650-513: The mosque due to its complex ownership. In August 2019, controversy surfaced over pictures by the Iraqi makeup artist and model Jehan Hashim that depict her posing inside the mosque. While some Iraqis on social media didn't see the act as controversial, the Sunni Endowment Office announced that it was about to file a complaint against her and would launch an investigation. Stating that "a lawsuit will be filed against her, and that this act

6745-481: The mosque many times to arrest some personalities who enjoy a large mass and it caused Iraqis to face the occupation and the soldiers with simple weapons. The mosque remained a gathering ground for demonstrations even after the independence of the Kingdom of Iraq . The mosque was also inhabited by prominent personalities such as Nuri al-Said , al-Rusafi , Mohammed al-Shabibi , al-Zahawi , and Said Qazzaz . An example of

6840-496: The mosque was in the year 1972. During the reconstruction work, a stone was found on which it was written that a person named Hassan renewed the building of the mosque in 1792. During this period, the Iraqi master calligrapher Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi made calligraphy for the mosque. After the US Invasion of Iraq in 2003, many of the heritage sites and landmarks of Baghdad are currently suffering from neglect and encroachment and

6935-525: The mosque which took place 40 days after his funeral. This led the Haydar-Khana Mosque to become a rally ground against the British again. Al-Jawahiri's memorial for his brother at the mosque became a national event at the time. The mosque was also located next to the gate to al-Mutanabbi Street and the Hajj Khalil Café. Its owner, Hajji Khalil al-Qahwati, prayed in the mosque daily and attended Friday prayers in it. The last renovation and reconstruction of

7030-509: The most important sector at the time, in fact declined from 275 kg per acre in 1920 to an average of 238 kg per acre between 1953 and 1958. Under the British mandate a new ruling class of 'government shaikhs' was created. "Many of them [the Shaikhs], reported Major Pulley to the British commissioner in Baghdad in 1920, "were small men of no account until we made them powerful and rich." The Civil Commissioner Wilson reported on his part that

7125-483: The negotiations to form it. Major protest and opposition followed the pact, as many did not approve of an alliance led by the west. In September 1956, a planned coup was discussed during spring training by a military faction known as the free officers (inspired by the Egyptian Free Officers Movement ) which planned to launch the coup after training by controlling strategic sites in Baghdad and arresting

7220-559: The new body politic and the successful resolution of the age-old conflicts between the tribes and the riverine cities and among the tribes themselves over the food-producing flatlands of the Tigris and the Euphrates . The 1920 rebellion brought these groups together, if only briefly; this constituted an important first step in the long and arduous process of forging a nation-state out of Iraq's conflict-ridden social structure. The Assyrian Levies ,

7315-400: The reasons the mosque is considered fine in its structure is due to its seemingly perfect harmonious proportions as the prayer space is square in shape with the direction of the qibla facing al-Rasheed Street directly. The calligraphy band on the exterior of the complex is made with kashi blue and gold tiles. The western part of the complex includes an iwan which serves as the main entrance to

7410-583: The reign of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II , again in 1890 by the then-Ottoman emir Abdul Hamid II . The square shaped mosque was considered the biggest mosque from the Ottoman era in Baghdad due to its size and area. Among the most well-known teachers who taught at the mosque's madrasa was the Islamic scholar Mahmud al-Alusi in 1905. The Mosque is situated in the Haydar-Khana neighborhood, located at

7505-620: The rest of the following months in Jordan and the Mandate of Palestine . His fleeing caused a constitutional crisis upon the new government. Rashid Ali did not abolish the monarchy, but installed ٍSharif Sharaf bin Rajeh as a more compliant Regent instead, and attempted to restrict the rights of the British under the treaty from 1930. Rashid Ali attempted to secure control over Iraq asking assistance of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan. On April 20

7600-509: The right to move troops across the country. The treaty, of twenty-five years' duration, was to come into force upon Iraq's admission to the League of Nations. This occurred on October 3, 1932. In 1932, the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq was granted full independence under King Faisal I . However, the British retained military bases in the country. Iraq was granted official independence on 3 October 1932 in accordance with an agreement signed by

7695-437: The solidarity and unity of Iraq. As a result, he was arrested by the British forces and exiled to Basra , the people became angry and the shop owners of al-Rashid Street closed their shops in condemnation of his exile. These gatherings made the area of the mosque extremely crowded. Poets would also recite enthusiastic poems urging participation and confronting the British occupation. British occupation forces and soldiers stormed

7790-442: The two countries in all matters of foreign policy ," and for mutual assistance in case of war. Iraq granted the British the use of air bases near Basra and at Habbaniyah and the right to move troops across the country. The treaty, of twenty-five years' duration, was to come into force upon Iraq's admission to the League of Nations. With the signing of the 1930 Treaty and the settling of the Mosul Question , Iraqi politics took on

7885-475: The usage of force to cleanse the country of Pro-Gaylani elements, and some ministers were not amused of having to ally with Britain, neither did the Prime minister Himself entertain the idea of creating so many arrests. This policy outraged both the British and the regent, who saw his policy of empathy as indirectly supporting opposition and radical movements. The minister of Finance, Ibrahim Kamal al-Ghuthunfiri [ar] ,

7980-628: Was overthrown in 1941 by the Golden Square officers, headed by Rashid Ali . The short-lived pro-Nazi government of Iraq was defeated in May 1941 by the Allied forces in the Anglo-Iraqi War . Iraq was later used as a base for Allied attacks on the Vichy-French-held Mandate of Syria and support for the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran . At the same time, the Kurdish leader Mustafa Barzani led

8075-554: Was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958. It was founded on 23 August 1921 as the Kingdom of Iraq , following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Mesopotamian campaign of the First World War . Although a League of Nations mandate was awarded to the United Kingdom in 1920, the 1920 Iraqi revolt resulted in the scrapping of the original mandate plan in favour of a formally sovereign Iraqi kingdom, but one that

8170-450: Was also "put down with the help of indiscriminate aerial bombing." During these disturbances, Shia religious leaders were expelled from Iraq due to being Persians. Kedourie describes the monarchy as despotic, with a record "full of bloodshed, treason and rapine" and "however pitiful its end we may know that it was implicit in its beginning." In his assessment of the British mandate and the Iraqi monarchy, historians Kanan Makiya considers

8265-425: Was at the top of the politicians who wanted a change to al-Midfaai's policy, and believed in the usage of harsher measures to keep security in the country, he submitted his resignation on 2 September 1941. The resignation of Ibrahim Kamal weakened Midfaai's government, and the retired minister began calling for some politician to prepare the formation of a new government, and paved the way for Nuri al-Said to become

8360-556: Was considered by the British government as a more cost-effective method of controlling large areas of territory than land forces, an idea that was heavily promoted by RAF officer Hugh Trenchard . During the 1920s and 30s, the RAF Iraq Command participated in the suppression of numerous protests and revolts against the Hashemite monarchy. Historian Elie Kedourie noted that "the North [of Iraq] as

8455-411: Was created in 1921, following the 1920 Iraqi Revolution against the proposed British Mandate of Mesopotamia , and enacted via the 1922 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as Mandatory Power. Faisal ibn Husayn , who had been proclaimed King of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920, was ejected by

8550-554: Was followed by Assyrian , Yazidi and Shi'a unrests, which were all brutally suppressed. In 1936, the first military coup took place in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, as Bakr Sidqi succeeded in replacing the acting Prime Minister with his associate. Multiple coups followed in a period of political instability, peaking in 1941. During the Second World War , the Iraqi government of the Prince-Regent , Prince 'Abd al-Ilah ,

8645-409: Was later assassinated in 1937 during a visit to Mosul, followed by the death of King Ghazi in a car crash in 1939 suspected to have been planned by the British, causing a regency under Prince 'Abd al-Ilah over the 4 year old king Faisal II of Iraq lasting until 1953. From 1917 to 1946, five coups by the Iraqi Army occurred, led by the chief officers of the army against the government to pressure

8740-677: Was organized at Najaf . The Muslim National League ( al-Jam'iyya al-waṭaniyya al-islāmiyya ) was formed with the object of organizing and mobilizing the population for major resistance. In February 1919, in Baghdad , a coalition of Shia merchants, Sunni teachers, and civil servants, Sunni and Shia ulama , and Iraqi officers formed the Guardians of Independence ( Harās al-istiqlāl ). The Istiqlal had member groups in Karbala , Najaf, Kut , and Hillah . The Grand Mujtahid of Karbala, Imam Shirazi , and his son, Mirza Muhammad Riza, began to organize

8835-544: Was said to be first originally established and constructed by Abbasid Caliph al-Nasir and its original name is attributed to an old unknown Sufi man named "Haydar." The mosque originally had a Sufi Lodge but it wasn't inside the mosque, instead it on a branch next to the mosque. The name of the mosque later was attributed to a man said to be named "Haydar Pasha Jalabi bin Muhammad Jalabi Shabandar" who's said to be an Iraqi notable who established Hammam Haydar and

8930-439: Was short-lived and ended the same year with a military coup led by Abdul-Karim Qasim deposing the monarchy. The territory of Iraq was under Ottoman dominance until the end of the First World War , becoming an occupied territory under the British military from 1918. In order to transform the region to civil rule, Mandatory Mesopotamia was proposed as a League of Nations Class A mandate under Article 22 and entrusted to

9025-496: Was under effective British administration. The plan was formally established by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty . The role of the United Kingdom in the formal administration of the Kingdom of Iraq was ended in 1932, following the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty (1930) . Now officially a fully independent kingdom, officially named the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq , it underwent a period of turbulence under its Hashemite rulers throughout its entire existence. Establishment of Sunni religious domination in Iraq

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