71-629: Hawkstone Park is a historic landscape park in Shropshire, England, with pleasure grounds and gardens. It historically associated with Soulton Hall the Shropshire headquarters of Sir Rowland Hill ("Old Sir Rowland") publisher of the Geneva Bible , (d.1561) because these two estates were bought by him in 1556 from Sir Thomas Lodge (father of the writer Thomas Lodge , who penned the source book of Shakespeare's play As You Like It ). For these reasons,
142-418: A chapel in the east front (which is the only truly symmetrical face of the 1550s design which is intended to conjure Solomon's Temple ). The central position of this room was prioritised so strongly that its doorway interrupts a load-bearing wall supporting the hall above, thus requiring that other walls had to be reinforced. It is the only room in the building to have a central window. The house's alignment
213-460: A character to sink into oblivion, would be in the highest degree ungrateful, as well as injurious to posterity, for whose imitation it is held up. There is a view across Hawk Lake to Hawkstone Abbey Farm . The adaption of a somewhat unusual location for a medieval castle provides a valuable insight into the development of military architecture in this region in the 13th century. The upstanding remains of individual buildings, including those cut into
284-645: A dedication in Shakespeare's poem The Phoenix and the Turtle ) at Bachegraig (also called Bach-y-Graig) [ cy ] is understood to be 'the first brick house in Wales', built by Sir Rowland Hill's associate and fellow Mercer has been argued to have been based on Soulton Hall. Bach-y-Graig is acknowledged to be in an Antwerp style by Flemish craftsmen and were the first brick houses in Wales. While Clough's house has been demolished it shows important features in
355-448: A is column built to be 110 feet (34 m) high commemorating Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton . He coordinated the Geneva Bible translation and was the first Protestant Mayor of London . There has been come friction relating to its original and traditional name "The Obelisk", which is explicable because of the status of the person to whom it was raised. The statue on the top is a modern replacement. The original eighteenth century statue
426-471: A large fortune. He created two new drives, one at vast expense through a rock cutting, and even considered completely relocating the hall across the park. In 1824-5 he built a dower house known as The Citadel in Gothic Revival style. His extravagance and bad management caused a descent into a mess that was inherited in 1875 by his son, Rowland Clegg-Hill, the 3rd Viscount Hill (1833–1895) who was bankrupt by
497-466: A matter of speculation. It has thus been inferred that Parker may have been sheltered at Soulton by Rowland Hill, with whom he was later associated, not least by both being Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes at the dawn of Elizabeth I's reign. The history of the priest-hole has been memorialised by the addition of a modern plaque which says: Behind this tablet lies a space believed to have been intended to be used to hide scholars and priests from
568-473: A new uprising began in Cornwall later that year, the rebels’ grievances evidently accorded with Audley's own. Francis Bacon (writing 125 years later) stated that his character was “unquiet and popular and aspiring to ruin”. Twentieth-century historian A. L. Rowse further surmised that Audley "cherished some disappointment that his services had not been better rewarded by the king". The rebel army from Cornwall
639-471: A number of 18th-century farm buildings constituting a 'model farm' from the Regency Era Age of Improvement . Most intact among these is a linear range now known as Soulton Court bearing a 1783 datestone relating to later work, but incorporating an earlier manorial hall or courtroom of unknown date prior of perhaps the mid-1600s. This courtroom is traditionally associated with an aborted witch trial of
710-414: A rebellion against King Henry VII of England in 1497 and was executed. The Audley title was restored to John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley in 1512. The "Red Castle", as it became known, was held by the family until the early 16th century initially as their main Shropshire stronghold. Repairs were undertaken in 1283. It was in use in 1322, but by around 1400 it seems no longer occupied. When Leland visited
781-452: A series of contemporary monuments including standing stones and long barrow burial site. A recent (2021) scholarly appraisal of the building said: There must have been an important master mason behind the house's design; if only we knew more about the original build. Since that was written, more understanding has been shared and is emerging. The present hall building was constructed between 1556 and 1560 by Sir Rowland Hill , but
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#1732876680708852-489: A sound strategy or create a unified sense of purpose, and militarily he led the army only to defeat. The force approached London via Salisbury and Winchester , and then skirted to the south, via Guildford , evidently in the hope of gaining popular support in Kent . No such uprising materialised, however. Reaching Blackheath near Deptford , south-east London , they were opposed by an army of King Henry's under Lord Daubeny and
923-495: A writer of his character expresses it), yet trusting only in the merits of our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, he exchanged his life for a better, a short while after the death of that pious young monarch, being aged nearly seventy years. For a considerable time previous to his decease, he gave up his mercantile occupations, that he might with more devotedness of heart attend to the great concerns of another world. His lands, possessions, and church patronage, were immense; particularly in
994-499: Is a dower house on the estate built to represent the arms of the Hill family. It was built in 1824-5 to a design by Thomas Harrison of Chester. The building now known as Hawkstone Abbey Farm is an "eye-catcher" from Hawkstone and was part of the Hill projects over the estates. Soulton Hall Soulton Hall is a Tudor country house near Wem , England . It was a 16th century architectural project of Sir Rowland Hill , publisher of
1065-571: Is a later 1700s excavation of steps to connect to a long entrance tunnel into the Grotto. This is a level area between the Hawkstone Hills. Throughout the 1700s and 1800s, plants and trees were brought in from around the world. Many of these were planted along the terrace, providing shelter from the hot sun or rain. Nowadays, the Terrace Arboretum contains a forest of rhododendron. Soulton Hall
1136-557: Is an arch called "The Arch" on the top of Grotto Hill. Placed in commemoration of a member of the Hill family who hid in the Redcastle and the caves during the Civil War after the Hill houses at Soulton and Hawkstone had been ransacked by Parliamentarians around the time of the battle of Wem . The Cleft is a narrow passage in the cliff which is spanned by the Swiss Bridge. Standing on
1207-519: Is historically associated with St Mary's Church, Edstaston : the name of the house and family is carved into the church porch in the 1600s signifying their patronage. Further afield Wollaton Hall has been identified as a Prodigy House by Robert Smythson which may take cues from Soulton. The building is stylistically linked with Alkington Hall , a senior house of the Cotton family. Connections with Sir Christopher Wren 's St Mary Abchurch , which
1278-440: Is only the corps de logis (private block) of a much bigger complex subsequently muted and lost in intervening stages of development. It is constructed of brick, produced at the site, with Grinshill stone dressings. Hill was the first Protestant Lord Mayor of London in 1549, and Sheriff of London 1542. Hill was a sponsor of the Geneva Bible and an enthusiastic patron of the arts, in particular drama. He has been linked with
1349-426: Is said to be connected with work which led to the publication of the Geneva Bible , which bears the name of Rowland Hill on its frontispiece as publisher. The grounds of the hall contain archaeology of a lost theatre. The deeds and scholarship links the manor to Shakespeare , and in particular the play As You Like It which concerns the estate of a character called "Old Sir Rowland". Sir Rowland Hill
1420-432: Is taken from this room which addresses the range of dates possible for the celebration of Easter . Sir Rowland Hill's chair of estate , justice table, and bench - a suite of renaissance state furniture - has survived with its provenance in the hall at Soulton; this furniture shows deep familiarity with classical antiquity and shares stylistic details with a mid 16th century staircase. The broader precinct incorporates
1491-453: Is the acknowledged source from which William Shakespeare took inspiration when writing his pastoral comedy ' As You Like It '. To the east of the hall is what is now a walled garden, accessed by steps from the terrace on the north, or by a Tudor gate to the north. At the front of the hall is a pillared forecourt, known as chess court, thought to have been revised in the 1668 revisions. It has been suggested that Hill's statecraft involved
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#17328766807081562-469: Is the same size and shape and has a similar pavement outside, have been posited. It has been suggested on this basis and others that Christopher Wren contributed to changes made to Soulton in the mid 17th century. Some affinity both architectural, and by family connections has been attributed to Soulton with various early colonial American buildings, in particular Rosewell (plantation) in Virginia , while
1633-649: Is underlined by the way the design on the Geneva Bible's frontispiece is understood to have been the inspiration for Benjamin Franklin 's design for the Great Seal of the United States . The Tudor hall's unusual quoining relates to Anglo-Saxon architecture, while incorporating other features at that time only seen in the architecture of Corpus Christi College Cambridge . This together with its unusual strict geometry and
1704-466: The Ancient Theatre of Epidaurus , was built by Hill in the precinct of the house to the east of the current hall: the hall itself forms the theatre screen. This was completed by 1560. Some of the basement rooms retain their original Tudor treatment, including flooring, indicating that these were 'polite' rooms, rather than service spaces. One of these rooms (The Rithmomachia Room) contains in
1775-479: The Earl of Oxford . Many of the rebels were dismayed and wanted to submit themselves to the king. Reportedly it was An Gof (not Audley) who insisted on fighting. After desertions, Audley commanded a greatly outnumbered army against better-equipped opposition. The rebels were soundly defeated in the ensuing Battle of Deptford Bridge on Saturday 17 June 1497. Audley was captured on the battlefield. Like An Gof and Flamank he
1846-584: The Geneva Bible . Hill was a statesman, polymath and philanthropist, later styled the "First Protestant Lord Mayor of London " because of his senior role in the Tudor statecraft that was needed to bring stability to England in the fall out of the Reformation . The building of the current Soulton Hall, undertaken during the tumult of the Reformation, is therefore associated with the political and social work that laid
1917-526: The Shirley Plantation , near Williamsburg Virginia is linked by family ownership of the Hill family. Within the manor is evidence of Bronze Age habitation, and some signs of Neolithic activity. James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley (c. 1463 – 28 June 1497) was a British nobleman and the only lord to fully join the Cornish rebellion of 1497 opposing
1988-419: The 17th century. In 1668 a semi-circular door case bearing the marital coat of arms of Thomas Hill, a relitive of Sir Rowland's. A dovecot once existed to the south west of the garden wall which was dismantled by the end of the 1800s. An octagonal horse engine existed in the 1780s buildings just outside the base court to the north west. The landscape across the current farm and beyond to Hawkstone
2059-436: The 1st day of October, in the year 1795; who caused it to be erected, not only for the various uses of an Observatory, and to feast the eye, by presenting to it at one view, a most luxuriant and extensive prospect, which takes in not less than twelve (or, as some assert, fifteen) counties; but from motives of justice, respect, and gratitude to the memory of a truly great and good man, viz. Sir Rowland Hill, Knt.... he became one of
2130-699: The 6th Baron Audley, had joined the Yorkist side in the Wars of the Roses , and prospered under both King Edward IV and King Richard III , becoming Lord High Treasurer under the latter. James himself had, as a child, been made a Knight Bachelor by Edward IV when the latter's young son was created Prince of Wales . But under Henry VII, who overthrew the Yorkist dynasty of kings, the Tuchets were out of favour. Compared with other nobility,
2201-624: The Hawk River and his follies included a 'ruined' Gothic architecture Arch on Grotto Hill, the urn, a tribute to an English Civil War ancestor, the Swiss Bridge, and the 100-foot (30 m) obelisk with an internal staircase, topped by a statue of the original Sir Rowland Hill. Hawkstone Park had become one of Britain’s top attractions by the time he died in 1808. It maintained this status under his brother Sir John Hill, 3rd Baronet (1740–1824). Sir Rowland Hill, 4th Baronet Hill of Hawkstone, 2nd Viscount Hill (1800–1875) inherited, spent and lost
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2272-462: The Red Castle and extended the estate, with walks over the four natural hills and a wide range of follies that included a hermit to dispense wisdom to visitors. Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet (1733–1808) took over on his father’s death in 1783, published a guide for visitors and built the 'Hawkstone Inn' to accommodate them. He engaged landscape gardener William Emes to build a vast manmade lake ,
2343-463: The Soulton design that were altered in later phases. The architectural and political project that Sir Rowland Hill instigated is understood to have continued to yield fruits in the immediate area, Hawkstone Abbey Farm and Hawkstone Hall are both buildings taking stylistic cues from the building. Attingham Park , also a Hill house, is also thought to be within the wider cultural project. The house
2414-678: The accumulation of state papers and other texts at Soulton, which then passed, via the Alkington Cottons, into the Cotton Library (which includes the Beowulf manuscript and copies of Magna Carta ) and this, along with the repeated memorialization of Sir Rowland Hill with Magna Carta, offers a potential explanation for the battle of Wem in the English Civil War during which Soulton was ransacked. The influence of Hill's cultural activity
2485-456: The authorities during the turmoil of the sixteenth century. This memorial honours all who have suffered persecution for their beliefs. On the beams in this room there are also quotations from Michel de Montaigne . The old avenue between the eastern face of the hall and Soulton Bridge as a dressed springhead, which is a reference to the Well of Catharsis. The basement of the house contains
2556-518: The castle in around 1540 he described it as ruinous. In the sixteenth century, the manors Soulton and Hawkstone (the latter of which includes the village) were obtained in 1556 by Sir Rowland Hill , the coordinator of the Geneva Bible who is associated with Shakespeare’s play As You Like It. Sir Rowland Hill made his residence at Soulton and recruited the Hawkstone landscape for allegorical landscape gardens addressing his house there. Eventually
2627-482: The character of Old Sir Rowland in Shakespeare 's As You Like It . He was also involved in the case which established Parliamentary Privilege . Soulton was acquired by Hill and his protégé Thomas Leigh in 1556 from Thomas Lodge Sr . Lodge's son, also called Thomas Lodge Jr , would have been familiar with the woods at Soulton. The younger Lodge was the writer and dramatist, who wrote prose tale of Rosalynde, Euphues Golden Legacie , which, printed in 1590,
2698-477: The counties of Salop and Chester; the number of his tenants (none of whom he ever raised or fined) amounting to one thousand one hundred and eighty-one, as appears from his own hand writing. But his private virtues, good deeds, and munificent spirit, were quite unlimited, and extended-like the prospect before us, East, West, North, and South, far surpassing all bounds. "Being sensible," saith Fuller (speaking of him in his "Worthies of England"), "that "his great estate
2769-464: The development of the landscape is considered to be associated with the work of Richard Hill (1655–1727), also known as 'The Great Hill', circa 1707. The follies, estate and reputation were further enhanced by his nephew and heir Sir Rowland Hill, 1st Baronet Hill of Hawkstone (1705–1783) and then Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet (1733–1808) during the 18th century. The park endured a century of neglect and decay until an ongoing programme of restoration
2840-412: The early date of the priest hole's inclusion in the architecture at Soulton combined with Rowland Hill's position suggests they were more likely intended for use to hide prominent protestants such as Matthew Parker from the inquisitions of Mary I . Uniquely among protestant leaders Parker did not flee England yet somehow survived. His whereabouts, and that of his library during this time have always been
2911-405: The family caput . Subsequent generations of Audleys were also known as Lords of Heleigh Castle, and expanded from there. The site of the Red Castle is closed to the public as it is unsafe. It takes up the top of Red Castle Hill (the westerly outcropping hill of the park grounds), a crag overlooking the golf course and Weston to its south east. John Tuchet, 4th Baron Audley (1371–1408) inherited
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2982-593: The family's landed wealth was small. Nevertheless, having succeeding to the Audley barony on the death of his father, on 26 September 1490, James Tuchet was called to join King Henry's expeditionary force against the French in 1492. The Siege of Boulogne resulted in a favourable treaty for Henry, but the expedition was probably personally costly for James. Audley was summoned to attend sessions of Parliament from 1492. In 1496 he
3053-484: The first castle at Hawkstone Park, was built in 1227 by Henry de Audley (Alditheley), Sheriff of Shropshire and Staffordshire . This Norman enclosure castle was built of sandstone on a natural outcrop of rock, flanked on all sides by wide valleys. The castle has been known by various names: Red Castle; Rubree; Radeclif, Redcliffe, Redde, Castle Rous, and Hawkstone. About the same time (1227-1232) Henry also built Heighley Castle at Madeley, Staffordsire , and made it
3124-563: The good of the Commonwealth Richard Hill (1655–1727), 'The Great Hill', traveller and diplomat, had made a fortune by 'lucrative arithmetick' (sic), raised the family into the aristocracy , and established an existing Hawkstone Manor House as a seat of that branch of the family. He started partial demolition of the house in 1701, replacing it with the Hall, completing it circa 1707. Sir Rowland Hill, 1st Baronet (1705–1783), landscaped
3195-453: The hall and linked courts to the north, east and south has been matched to the geometry of the Telesterion at Ellusis , showing engagement with those Greek concepts. To the south of the current hall is a cobbled yard of Victorian date (1847). It is based on similar patterns seen at the preserved Tudor Hall at Plas Mawr it is said that this design was taken from Tudor features within
3266-617: The hall lost during subsequent renovations. Scholars have interpreted this as a dancing pavement linked to some of the ideas of harmony explored by Ptolemy . This pavement was installed by the 6x great grandmother of the current generation as cultural compensation for the loss of the Sir Rowland hill plasterwork ceilings which did not survive the mid 19th century. Other buildings in the region have retained such ceilings, such as Plas Mawr in Conwy . A theatre court, mathematically based upon on
3337-477: The lands passed via Sir Andrew Corbet of Moreton Corbet to Sir Rowland Hill, 1st Baronet Hill of Hawkstone (1705–1783), who lived nearby at Shelvock Manor . The hall at Hawkstone dates from the late 1600s, with records indicating the senior house in Hawkstone was in ruins in Tudor times. It is recorded that: in the ruin of Red Castle... Rowland Hill the Royalist found it convenient to hide, for his own safety and
3408-557: The landscape is increasingly linked with the inspiration for that play. One of the reasons for the dominance of the landscape as an eighteenth century attraction is the Geneva Bible' enduring internal importance and is known in America as the Founders Bible, as well as being the Bible of Shakespeare , Donne and Milton . In the later 1600s, Hawkstone Hall was built as another headquarters of
3479-471: The legacy estates of "Old Sir Rowland". The park, north east of the small village of Weston-under-Redcastle , near Wem . is listed Grade I in Historic England 's Register of Parks and Gardens . It is known for its follies . Today the park consists of 100 acres (40 ha) of follies and landscaped parkland grounds and rocky outcrops, based around the ruins of the medieval Red Castle. A climax in
3550-538: The mathematical relationship between the hall and walled garden, represent a geometric philosophical allegory seen in stately architecture as diverse as the Anglo-Saxon Mercian royal crypt at Repton , and the Coronation Theatre of Henry III at Westminster Abbey . The architecture is understood, include commentary on a 16th centuart understanding of Plato's understanding of geometry . The precinct of
3621-489: The most considerable and opulent merchants of his time, and was Lord Mayor of the same, in the second and third years of Edward VI , anno 1549 and 1550, and was the first Protestant who filled that high office. Having embraced the principles of the Reformation , he zealously exerted himself in behalf of the Protestant cause, and having been diligent in the use of all religious exercises, prayerful, conscientious, and watchful (as
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#17328766807083692-438: The path for the subsequent English Renaissance . Soulton Hall is understood to be constructed in a way that uses a set of humanist codes drawing together concepts from classical antiquity , geometry , philosophy and scripture ; in this the building influenced the architecture of many later buildings of similar style. With a chapel in its basement, a priesthole , and bookcases hidden within its walls, Soulton Hall
3763-605: The poor of all the Wards in London. He had no children, but his relations and kinsfolk were numerous, who all partook largely of his bounty, both in his lifetime and at his death. He constantly kept up a great family household, where he maintained good hospitality. Many resorted to him for his wise and salutary advice; and none who came to him were ever sent empty or dissatisfied away. Go and do thou likewise, as far as thy ability will permit, without injury to thy own relations. To suffer such
3834-665: The public utility. He founded exhibitions, and educated many students at both Universities, and supported at the Inns of Court others who were brought up to the Law. He was the unwearied friend of the widow and the fatherless. He clothed annually three hundred poor people in his own neighbourhood, both with shirts and coats; and in the city of London he gave £500 (an immense sum in those days) to St. Bartholomew's hospital, besides (saith Fuller) £600 to Christ Church hospital. He also gave most liberally to all other hospitals, and at his death bequeathed £150 to
3905-653: The rock, contain important architectural features. This is one of the wildest spots in Hawkstone Park. The White Tower is an octagonal red brick tower, once lime washed . Inside it originally had traces of a green, red and yellow colour scheme. Today it has a waxwork of the generals Viscount Hill and the Duke of Wellington inside. The Grotto may have originated as a 5th-century copper mine. This once contained elaborate decoration which included shells, slag, coral and ore-encrusted walls and coloured glass in its windows. There
3976-516: The rule of Henry VII of England . He was a leader in the rebel army's march to the edge of London, and in its defeat at the Battle of Deptford Bridge . Captured on the battlefield, he was sentenced for treason and beheaded. His peerage was forfeited, but restored to his son in 1512. Tuchet was born in Heleigh Castle , Staffordshire to John Tuchet, 6th Baron Audley and Anne Echingham. He succeeded to
4047-512: The southern slope of the Elysian Hill, the Menagerie housed a collection of stuffed birds in early C19. The arcade collapsed after a gale in 1952. This gothic style building was originally constructed as a halfway point for refreshments. This thatched building was present by 1787 and restored in the 1990s. This is on the roadway to Hawkstone Hall, excavated from hill to form a threshold. This
4118-400: The tiles a games board for Rithmomachia , an account of which Sir Rowland Hill printed. There is a priest hide on the principal floor of the house in the south west corner of the building in a turret containing several chimneys, in the interior of the room (believed to be Sir Rowland Hill's studiolo ). More associated with the hiding of Catholics during the reign of Elizabeth I of England ,
4189-491: The time of his death in 1895, forcing the sale of the contents of the hall and then the split up of the estate by 1906. During World War II , parts of the park were used as a prisoner of war camp . Hawkstone Park is now largely restored, and once again open to the public. It is protected as a Grade I historic park. There are various caves, tunnels through the rock, walkways, viewpoints and trails winding through Rhododendron plantations. Lately known as "The Monument", this
4260-625: The title of 7th Lord Audley , of Heleigh on 26 September 1490. About 1483 he married Margaret Darrell, the daughter of Richard Darrell of Littlecote, Wiltshire by Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Stafford , widow of Humphrey Stafford , styled Earl of Stafford, and daughter and coheir of Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset , by whom he had a son and heir, John Tuchet, 8th Baron Audley (c. 1483 – 20 January 1557/8). Audley married secondly, about Michaelmas 1488, Joan Bourchier (died 3 March 1532), daughter of Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin , and Elizabeth Dynham. James Tuchet's father, John,
4331-515: The title via his sister, then survived the uprising of Owain Glyndŵr and the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403, where he fought against Henry "Hotspur" Percy . His son James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (1398–1459) was killed by Sir Roger Kynaston , whilst leading the House of Lancaster at the Battle of Blore Heath in 1459. The Audleys forfeited the title when James Tuchet, 7th Baron Audley (c. 1463–1497) led
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#17328766807084402-520: Was a copy from an ancient monument, which before the fire of London stood in the church of St. Stephens Walbrook . He is holding a copy of the Magna Carta and pointing towards his house at Soulton Hall . The text originally on the Hawkstone pillar read as follows: THE RIGHTEOUS SHALL BE HAD IN EVERLASTING REMEMBRANCE. -Psalm cxi. 6. The first stone of this Pillar was laid by Sir Richard Hill, Bart. Member in several Parliaments for this County, on
4473-511: Was a cousin of Shakespeare's mother Mary Arden by reason of the marriage of his heiress Elizabeth Corbett to Robert Arden in the 1580s. Mentioned in the Norman Domesday Book , Soulton has housed a manor since late Anglo Saxon times, and a "lost castle " rediscovered in 2021 undergoing a multi-season archaeological investigation by DigVentures . The modern manor has a working farm focused on sustainable agriculture , and houses
4544-641: Was compelled to contribute £200 as part of a bond guaranteeing the loyalty of another Yorkist, the Marquess of Dorset . In early 1497, King Henry levied heavy taxes to raise an army against the Scots and the Yorkist rebellion of the pretender Perkin Warbeck . Audley objected to the subsidy granted in Parliament. At home it was his role to collect taxes, and at the same time he was ordered to provide 100 men for Henry's army. When
4615-455: Was given him of God," it was his desire to devote it to his glory. He built a spacious church in his own parish of Hodnet , and likewise the neighbouring church of Stoke , at his own expense. He built Tern and Atcham Bridges in this county, both of hewn stone, and containing several arches each. He also built other large bridges of timber. He built and endowed several Free Schools, particularly that of Drayton. He made and paved divers highways for
4686-730: Was imprisoned in the Tower of London ; the three were examined by the King in Council in the Tower on Monday 19 June. A week later, An Gof and Flamank were tried and, the following day, executed by hanging & beheading. Audley, as a nobleman, was instead taken to Westminster to be sentenced by the office of the Earl Marshal . Being condemned to death, he spent the night in Newgate Gaol . On Wednesday 28 June 1497, he
4757-463: Was led by a blacksmith, Michael Joseph (known as An Gof) , and a lawyer, Thomas Flamank . Audley met it when it reached Wells in Somerset. It seems Audley had already been in correspondence with An Gof and Flamank. Now, as a nobleman with military experience, he was acclaimed by the rebels as their commander. His exact qualities in this role are unclear but it was to turn out that he failed to provide
4828-438: Was recruited by Hill to make allegorical references to scripture. TM King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain visited in 1992. The house flag is a square teal banner with an eight-pointed star inside a circle, with looping garlands between the points of the star: three of these garlands are shaded and five are not. The house of Sir Rocard Clough and his Katheryn of Berain ("the mother of Wales" whose son John has
4899-491: Was started in 1990, enabling it to be re-opened in 1993. It is now scheduled as Grade-1 listed on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . It takes a 2.5-hour hiking tour to completely see each folly and their landscapes (a reasonable level of physical fitness and mobility is required and there are many steps, ascents and descents). At some times of the year, not all site trails are accessible. Red Castle,
4970-485: Was the house of Sir Rowland Hill, built by 1560, which recruited the Hawkstone landscape for allegorical landscape gardens. This is understood to be the "Tower,/Relict of Ages" referred to in the sonnet below. The eighteenth century phase is associated with the hall at Hawkstone. In a compartment at the west end of the garden of this building is a cemetery for priests associated with the former Redemptorist seminary located at Hawkstone Hall from 1926 to 1973. The Citadel
5041-420: Was transported to Tower Hill on display with his coat of arms painted on paper upside-down and torn, and there beheaded. His head was stuck on London Bridge and his body was buried at Blackfriars . Audley's lands were confiscated, later to be returned to his son John in 1533. The manor of Honybere was granted for life to Sir John Arundell , for the latter's service against the rebels. The Audley title
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