In religious studies , an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with notions of heredity and a particular ethnicity . Ethnic religions are often distinguished from universal religions , such as Christianity or Islam , which are not limited in ethnic, national or racial scope.
41-579: Hawaiian religion refers to the indigenous religious beliefs and practices of native Hawaiians , also known as the kapu system. Hawaiian religion is based largely on the tapu religion common in Polynesia and likely originated among the Tahitians and other Pacific islanders who landed in Hawaiʻi between 500 and 1300 AD. It is polytheistic and animistic , with a belief in many deities and spirits, including
82-537: A means of maintaining a distinct ethnic identity such as the role of African traditional religion and African diaspora religions among the African diaspora in the Americas . Some ancient ethnic religions, such as those historically found in pre-modern Europe, have found new vitality in neopaganism . Moreover, non-ethnic religions, such as Christianity , have been known to assume ethnic traits to an extent that they serve
123-540: A multitude of wahi pana (sacred places), and at small kuahu (altars) in individual homes. Although it is unclear when settlers first came to the Hawaiian Islands , there is significant evidence that the islands were settled no later than 800 AD and immigration continued to about 1300 AD. Settlers came from the Marquesas and greater Polynesia . At some point, a significant influx of Tahitian settlers landed on
164-458: A person who was possessed ( noho ) would go into a trance -like state, it was not an ecstatic experience but simply a communion with the known spirits. Kapu refers to a system of taboos designed to separate the spiritually pure from the potentially unclean. Thought to have arrived with Pāʻao, a priest or chief from Tahiti who arrived in Hawaiʻi sometime around 1200 AD, the kapu imposed
205-574: A role as an important ethnic identity marker, a notable example of this is the Serbian "Saint-Savianism" of the Serbian Orthodox Church , and the religious and cultural heritage of Syriac Christianity branch of the Assyrian people . Pu%27uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park located on
246-589: A role in the politics of post-contact Hawaiʻi. In the 1970s the Hawaiian religion experienced a resurgence during the Hawaiian Renaissance . In 1976 members of a group "Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana " filed suit in federal court over the use of Kahoʻolawe by the United States Navy for target practice . Charging that the practice disturbed important cultural and religious sites Aluli et al. v. Brown forced
287-474: A series of restrictions on daily life. Prohibitions included: Hawaiian tradition shows that ʻAikapu was an idea led by the kahuna in order for Wākea, the sky father, to get alone with his daughter, Hoʻohokukalani without his wahine, or wife, Papa, the earth mother, noticing. The spiritually pure or laʻa , meaning "sacred" and unclean or haumia were to be separated. ʻAikapu included: Other Kapus included Mālama ʻĀina , meaning "caring of
328-439: A ‘Supreme Being’ or ‘Creator God’ who is by nature ‘other than’ his creation. They do, however, claim to experience a spirit world in which beings more powerful than they are concerned for them and can be called upon for help." "Along with ancestors and gods, spirits are part of the family of Hawaiians. "There are many kinds of spirits that help for good and many that aid in evil. Some lie and deceive, and some are truthful ... It
369-506: Is a wonderful thing how the spirits ( ʻuhane of the dead and the ‘angels’ ( anela ) of the ʻaumākua can possess living persons. Nothing is impossible to god-spirits, akua ." King Kamehameha the Great died in 1819. Subsequently, two of his wives, Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani , then the two most powerful people in the kingdom, conferred with the kahuna nui , Hewahewa . They convinced young Liholiho, Kamehameha II , to overthrow
410-420: Is unrelated to the modern New Age practice known as " Huna ". Hawaiian religion is polytheistic , with many deities, most prominently Kāne , Kū , Lono and Kanaloa . Other notable deities include Laka , Kihawahine , Haumea , Papahānaumoku , and, most famously, Pele . In addition, each family is considered to have one or more guardian spirits known as ʻaumakua that protected family. One breakdown of
451-517: The kapu system. They ordered the people to burn the wooden statues and to tear down the rock temples. Without the hierarchical system of religion in place, some abandoned the old gods, and others continued with cultural traditions of worshipping them, especially their family ʻaumākua . Protestant Christian missionaries arrived from the United States from 1820 onwards, and eventually gained great political, moral and economic influence in
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#1732875996722492-421: The ʻaumākua bridged the gap between gods and man. The gods possessed great mana ; but man, too, has some mana . None of this may have been true in the time of Pāʻao , but otherwise, the Hawaiian did not seem prostrate before his gods. Heiau served as focal points for prayer in Hawaiʻi. Offerings, sacrifices , and prayers were offered at these temples, the thousands of koʻa ( shrines ),
533-401: The 1930s, American author Max Freedom Long originated a philosophy and practice which he called "Huna" . While Long and his successors represent this invention as a type of ancient Hawaiian occultism , scholars Rothstein and Chai consider it a New Age mix of cultural appropriation and fantasy, and not representative of traditional Hawaiian religion. Traditional beliefs have also played
574-520: The 19th century describe prayer throughout the day, with specific prayers associated with mundane activities such as sleeping, eating, drinking, and traveling. However, it has been suggested that the activity of prayer differed from the subservient styles of prayer often seen in the Western world: ...the usual posture for prayer – sitting upright, head high and eyes open – suggests a relationship marked by respect and self-respect. The gods might be awesome, but
615-642: The Great Wall that encloses the puʻuhonua were home to several generations of powerful chiefs. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau is one of the only four places in Hawaii where the flag of Hawaii can officially fly alone without the American flag; the other three places are ʻIolani Palace , the Mauna ʻAla and Thomas Square . The 420 acre (1.7 km ) site was originally established in 1955 as City of Refuge National Historical Park and
656-496: The Hawaiian pantheon consists of the following groups: Another breakdown consists of three major groups: Not all ancient Hawaiian believed in deities. Some ancient Hawaiians were atheists , referred to as 'aia'. One Hawaiian creation myth is embodied in the Kumulipo , an epic chant linking the aliʻi , or Hawaiian royalty, to the gods. The Kumulipo is divided into two sections: night, or pō , and day, or ao , with
697-532: The Hawaiian islands, bringing with them their religious beliefs . Early Hawaiian religion resembled other Polynesian religions in that it was largely focused on natural forces such as the tides , the sky, and volcanic activity as well as man's dependence on nature for subsistence. The major early gods reflected these characteristics, as the early Hawaiians worshiped Kāne (the god of the sky and creation), Kū (the god of war and male pursuits), Lono (the god of peace, rain, and fertility) and Kanaloa (the god of
738-674: The Island of Hawaii regarding the choosing of Mauna Kea for the site location of the Thirty Meter Telescope . These protests have become known as the Thirty Meter Telescope Protests. Some Hawaiians regard Mauna Kea as the most sacred mountain of Native Hawaiian religion and culture. Native Hawaiian cultural practitioners have repeatedly failed in court to prove that these practices predate 1893 (the threshold for protection under Hawaii State law). Protests began locally within
779-495: The Kingdom of Hawaii. Most of the aliʻi converted to Christianity , including Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani, but it took 11 years for Kaʻahumanu to proclaim laws against ancient religious practices: Worshipping of idols such as sticks, stones, sharks, dead bones, ancient gods and all untrue gods is prohibited. There is one God alone, Jehovah. He is the God to worship. The hula is forbidden,
820-539: The Navy to survey and protect important sites, perform conservation activities, and allow limited access to the island for religious purposes. Outrage over the unearthing of 1,000 graves (dating back to 850 AD) during the construction of a Ritz-Carlton hotel on Maui in 1988 resulted in the redesign and relocation of the hotel inland, as well as the appointment of the site as a state historic place. Since 2014 an ongoing series of protests and demonstrations have taken place on
861-595: The United States and Canada, a popular alternative term has been nature religion . Some neopagan movements, especially in Europe, have adopted ethnic religion as their preferred term, aligning themselves with ethnology . This notably includes the European Congress of Ethnic Religions , which chose its name after a day-long discussion in 1998, where the majority of the participants expressed that pagan contained too many negative connotations and ethnic better described
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#1732875996722902-443: The abolition of the kapu system. The last person buried here was a son of Kamehameha I in 1818. Radiocarbon dating has not been done extensively in the area. Testing of the nearby 'Āle'ale'a heiau site gave deceptive results. Oral traditions compiled by Dorothy Barrère are still considered the best for chronological order of the surrounding complex. The heiau contained 23 remains including that of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. It
943-510: The belief that spirits are found in non-human beings and objects such as other animals, the waves, and the sky. It was only during the reign of Kamehameha I that a ruler from Hawaii island attempted to impose a singular "Hawaiian" religion on all the Hawaiian islands that was not Christianity . Today, Hawaiian religious practices are protected by the American Indian Religious Freedom Act . Traditional Hawaiian religion
984-427: The chant ( olioli ), the song of pleasure ( mele ), foul speech, and bathing by women in public places. The planting of ʻawa is prohibited. Neither chiefs nor commoners are to drink ʻawa. Despite the outlawing of traditional Hawaiian religious practices, a number of traditions survived by integration, through practice in hiding, or through practice in rural communities in the islands. Surviving traditions include
1025-518: The first Aliʻi Nui , or "Grand Chief". This came to be called Niʻaupiʻo , the chiefly incest to create the "godly child". Punishments for breaking the kapu could include death, although if one could escape to a puʻuhonua (for example Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park ), a city of refuge, one could be saved. Kāhuna nui mandated long periods when the entire village must have absolute silence. No baby could cry, dog howl , or rooster crow, on pain of death. Human sacrifice
1066-426: The former corresponding to divinity and the latter corresponding to humankind . After the birth of Laʻilaʻi , the woman, and Kiʻi , the man, the man succeeds at seducing and reproducing with the woman before the god Kāne has a chance, thereby making the divine lineage of the gods younger than and thus subservient to the lineage of man. This, in turn, illustrates the transition of mankind from being symbols for
1107-714: The gods (the literal meaning of kiʻi ) into the keeper of these symbols in the form of idols and the like. The Kumulipo was recited during the time of Makahiki, to honor the god of fertility, Lono. The kahuna were well respected, educated individuals that made up a social hierarchy class that served the King and the Courtiers and assisted the Maka'ainana (Common People). Selected to serve many practical and governmental purposes, Kahuna often were healers, navigators, builders, prophets/temple workers, and philosophers. They also talked with
1148-435: The land" and Niʻaupiʻo . Tradition says that mālama ʻāina originated from the first child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani being deformed so they buried him in the ground and what sprouted became the first kalo , also known as taro. The Hawaiian islands are all children of Papa, Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani so basically meaning that they are older siblings of the Hawaiian chiefs. Second child of Wākea and Hoʻohokukalani became
1189-458: The latter term implies "the appropriation of religious beliefs and practices at a popular level." The term folk religion can therefore be used to speak of certain Chinese and African religions, but can also refer to popular expressions of more multi-national and institutionalized religions such as Folk Christianity or Folk Islam . In Western contexts, a variety of terms are also employed. In
1230-595: The ocean). As an Indigenous culture , spread among eight islands, with waves of immigration over hundreds of years from various parts of the South Pacific , religious practices evolved over time and from place to place in different ways. Hawaiian scholar Mary Kawena Pukui , who was raised in Kaʻū, Hawaii , maintained that the early Hawaiian gods were benign. One Molokai tradition follows this line of thought. Author and researcher Pali Jae Lee writes: "During these ancient times,
1271-473: The only 'religion' was one of family and oneness with all things. The people were in tune with nature, plants, trees, animals, the ʻāina , and each other. They respected all things and took care of all things. All was pono ." "In the dominant current of Western thought there is a fundamental separation between humanity and divinity. ... In many other cultures, however, such differences between human and divine do not exist. Some peoples have no concept of
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1312-463: The remains moved to the royal mausoleum in Honolulu . It was believed that additional protection to the place of refuge was received from the mana in the bones of the chiefs. It survived several years after other temples were destroyed. It was looted by Lord George Byron (cousin of the distinguished English poet) in 1825. In 1829, High Chiefess Kapiʻolani removed the remaining bones and hid them in
1353-460: The root of their traditions in particular nations. In the English-language popular and scholarly discourse Paganism , with a capital P, has become an accepted term. Ethnic religions are defined as religions which are related to a particular ethnic group, and often seen as a defining part of that ethnicity's culture, language, and customs. Diasporic groups often maintain ethnic religions as
1394-528: The spirits. Kahuna Kūpaʻiulu of Maui in 1867 described a counter- sorcery ritual to heal someone ill due to hoʻopiʻopiʻo , another’s evil thoughts. He said a kapa (cloth) was shaken. Prayers were said. Then, "If the evil spirit suddenly appears ( puoho ) and possesses the patient, then he or she can be immediately saved by the conversation between the practitioner and that spirit." Pukui and others believed kahuna did not have mystical transcendent experiences as described in other religions. Although
1435-455: The state of Hawaii on October 7, 2014, but went global within weeks of the April 2, 2015, arrest of 31 people who had blockaded the roadway to keep construction crews off the summit. Ethnic religion A number of alternative terms have been used instead of ethnic religion . Another term that is often used is folk religion . While ethnic religion and folk religion have overlapping uses,
1476-464: The west coast of the island of Hawaiʻi in the U.S. state of Hawaii . The historical park preserves the site where, up until the early 19th century, Hawaiians who broke a kapu (one of the ancient laws) could avoid certain death by fleeing to this place of refuge or puʻuhonua . The offender would be absolved by a priest and freed to leave. Defeated warriors and non-combatants could also find refuge here during times of battle. The grounds just outside
1517-416: The worship of family ancestral gods or ʻaumākua , veneration of iwi or bones, and preservation of sacred places or wahi pana . Hula , at one time outlawed as a religious practice, today is performed in both spiritual and secular contexts. Along with the surviving traditions, some Hawaiians practice Christianized versions of old traditions. Others practice the old faith as a co-religion . In
1558-449: Was an ancient Hawaiian heiau originally built in approximately 1650 AD as the burial site for the ruling monarch ( aliʻi nui ) of the Island of Hawaii named Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku . It was built by his son, a Kona chief named Kanuha. The complex may have been established as early as 1475 under the aliʻi nui ʻEhu-kai-malino. The nobility ( ali'i ) of Kona continued to be buried until
1599-516: Was not unknown. The kapu system remained in place until 1819 (see below). Prayer was an essential part of Hawaiian life, employed when building a house, making a canoe, and giving lomilomi massage . Hawaiians addressed prayers to various gods depending on the situation. When healers picked herbs for medicine, they usually prayed to Kū and Hina, male and female, right and left, upright and supine. The people worshiped Lono during Makahiki season and Kū during times of war. Histories from
1640-502: Was renamed on November 10, 1978. In 2000 the name was changed by the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 observing the Hawaiian spelling. It includes the puʻuhonua and a complex of archeological sites including: temple platforms, royal fishponds, sledding tracks, and some coastal village sites. The Hale o Keawe temple and several thatched structures have been reconstructed. Hale o Keawe
1681-410: Was situated near a great ancient wall near the royal residence to the east side of the wall. Further south were further aliʻi homes were built. Excavations of the area indicate a large crafting community to support the royal residence. The heiau would lay untouched after the banning of the Hawaiian religion while all other such temples were destroyed until Kaahumanu had the building dismantled and all