55-472: Haverton Hill is an area within the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of County Durham , England . Once considered a part of Billingham, Haverton Hill was once a thriving industrial community which has suffered significant depopulation since the 1960s as a result of pollution. It is situated to the north of the River Tees, near Billingham . The A1046 is the main road linking to Stockton and
110-638: A non-metropolitan district of the County of Cleveland , itself established at the same time. Multiple parishes and boroughs merged into Stockton's newly formed district borough: The borough became a unitary authority on 1 April 1996. It is ceremonially split between County Durham and North Yorkshire, to the north and south of the Tees respectively. It is the only council in England to be split between two ceremonial counties . The former districts and boroughs of Durham now form
165-467: A 12-digit Standard Book Number of 345-24223-8-595 (valid SBN: 345-24223-8, ISBN: 0-345-24223-8), and it cost US$ 5.95 . Since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained thirteen digits, a format that is compatible with " Bookland " European Article Numbers , which have 13 digits. Since 2016, ISBNs have also been used to identify mobile games by China's Administration of Press and Publication . The United States , with 3.9 million registered ISBNs in 2020,
220-463: A different ISBN, but an unchanged reprint of the hardcover edition keeps the same ISBN. The ISBN is ten digits long if assigned before 2007, and thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The first version of the ISBN identification format
275-400: A given ISBN is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for that country or territory regardless of the publication language. The ranges of ISBNs assigned to any particular country are based on the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so
330-453: A number too low to represent using the number of digits supplied rather than a lack of those who identified as that specific idea] The council maintains a number of local nature reserves including Barwick Pond, Charlton's Pond, Greenvale, Hardwick Dene and Elm Tree Woods, Norton Grange Marsh, Quarry Wood (Eaglescliffe), and Stillington Forest Park. County Durham: ISBN (identifier) The International Standard Book Number ( ISBN )
385-591: A population of 196,600 in 2021. The main settlement and namesake of the borough is Stockton-on-Tees , which lies on the north bank of the River Tees with the towns of Billingham and Norton-on-Tees . All three towns are in County Durham. The towns of Ingleby Barwick , Thornaby-on-Tees and Yarm are south of the river in North Yorkshire. The borough governed by Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council . The borough
440-480: A similar kind, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines and newspapers . The International Standard Music Number (ISMN) covers musical scores . The Standard Book Number (SBN) is a commercial system using nine-digit code numbers to identify books. In 1965, British bookseller and stationers WHSmith announced plans to implement
495-462: A standard numbering system for its books. They hired consultants to work on their behalf, and the system was devised by Gordon Foster , emeritus professor of statistics at Trinity College Dublin . The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee on Documentation sought to adapt the British SBN for international use. The ISBN identification format was conceived in 1967 in
550-401: A systematic pattern, which allows their length to be determined, as follows: A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection , the decimal equivalent of a binary check bit . It consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the number. The method for the 10-digit ISBN is an extension of that for SBNs, so the two systems are compatible; an SBN prefixed with
605-458: A zero (the 10-digit ISBN) will give the same check digit as the SBN without the zero. The check digit is base eleven, and can be an integer between 0 and 9, or an 'X'. The system for 13-digit ISBNs is not compatible with SBNs and will, in general, give a different check digit from the corresponding 10-digit ISBN, so does not provide the same protection against transposition. This is because the 13-digit code
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#1732863068514660-560: A zero to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. The national ISBN agency assigns the registrant element ( cf. Category:ISBN agencies ) and an accompanying series of ISBNs within that registrant element to the publisher; the publisher then allocates one of the ISBNs to each of its books. In most countries, a book publisher is not legally required to assign an ISBN, although most large bookstores only handle publications that have ISBNs assigned to them. The International ISBN Agency maintains
715-474: Is 7, and the complete sequence is ISBN 978-0-306-40615-7. In general, the ISBN check digit is calculated as follows. Let Then This check system—similar to the UPC check digit formula—does not catch all errors of adjacent digit transposition. Specifically, if the difference between two adjacent digits is 5, the check digit will not catch their transposition. For instance, the above example allows this situation with
770-400: Is a multiple of 11. That is, if x i is the i th digit, then x 10 must be chosen such that: For example, for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615-2: Formally, using modular arithmetic , this is rendered It is also true for ISBN-10s that the sum of all ten digits, each multiplied by its weight in ascending order from 1 to 10, is a multiple of 11. For this example: Formally, this
825-474: Is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase or receive ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency. A different ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation of a publication, but not to a simple reprinting of an existing item. For example, an e-book , a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book must each have
880-424: Is available on the International ISBN Agency website. A list for a few countries is given below: The ISBN registration group element is a 1-to-5-digit number that is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979), and can be separated between hyphens, such as "978-1-..." . Registration groups have primarily been allocated within the 978 prefix element. The single-digit registration groups within
935-402: Is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify the calculation.) For example, the check digit for the ISBN of 0-306-40615- ? is calculated as follows: Thus the check digit is 2. It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding t into s computes the necessary multiples: The modular reduction can be done once at
990-452: Is part of Tees Valley with nearby boroughs of Darlington , Middlesbrough , Redcar and Cleveland and Hartlepool . All River Tees bridges from Yarm Viaduct to Transporter Bridge are in the borough at least on one side, with the Borough of Middlesbrough to the south downstream on the other side to the east of the borough. Teesside International Airport is shared between the borough and
1045-414: Is rendered The two most common errors in handling an ISBN (e.g. when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits. It can be proven mathematically that all pairs of valid ISBN-10s differ in at least two digits. It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid ISBN-10s with eight identical digits and two transposed digits (these proofs are true because
1100-548: The Borough of Darlington . Stockton previously held borough status as the Municipal Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in historic County Durham. In 1968, the borough was merged into Teesside County Borough ; this civil parish was a part of the ceremonial (not administrative) North Riding county until its abolition. The town regained borough status on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 . It became
1155-415: The publisher , "01381" is the serial number assigned by the publisher, and "8" is the check digit . By prefixing a zero, this can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8 ; the check digit does not need to be re-calculated. Some publishers, such as Ballantine Books , would sometimes use 12-digit SBNs where the last three digits indicated the price of the book; for example, Woodstock Handmade Houses had
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#17328630685141210-448: The 13-digit ISBN, as follows: A 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts ( prefix element , registration group , registrant , publication and check digit ), and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts ( registration group , registrant , publication and check digit ) of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces. Figuring out how to correctly separate
1265-425: The 2021 census, the borough was recorded as having a population of 196,595 with 50.9% being female. For sexuality, those who identified as Straight or Heterosexual were 91.6%, Gay or Lesbian were 1.4%, Bisexual was 0.9%, Pansexual was 0.2%, Asexual was 0.0%, Queer was 0.0, 'All other sexual orientations' were 0.0% and those who did not answer were 5.9%. [Note, for percentages with 0.0%, this may due to
1320-432: The 6 followed by a 1. The correct order contributes 3 × 6 + 1 × 1 = 19 to the sum; while, if the digits are transposed (1 followed by a 6), the contribution of those two digits will be 3 × 1 + 1 × 6 = 9 . However, 19 and 9 are congruent modulo 10, and so produce the same, final result: both ISBNs will have a check digit of 7. The ISBN-10 formula uses the prime modulus 11 which avoids this blind spot, but requires more than
1375-473: The 978-prefix element are: 0 or 1 for English-speaking countries; 2 for French-speaking countries; 3 for German-speaking countries; 4 for Japan; 5 for Russian-speaking countries; and 7 for People's Republic of China. Example 5-digit registration groups are 99936 and 99980, for Bhutan. The allocated registration groups are: 0–5, 600–631, 65, 7, 80–94, 950–989, 9910–9989, and 99901–99993. Books published in rare languages typically have longer group elements. Within
1430-571: The 979 prefix element, the registration group 0 is reserved for compatibility with International Standard Music Numbers (ISMNs), but such material is not actually assigned an ISBN. The registration groups within prefix element 979 that have been assigned are 8 for the United States of America, 10 for France, 11 for the Republic of Korea, and 12 for Italy. The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing
1485-731: The A19 in the west and Port Clarence and the A178 in the east. In 1828 Haverton Hill was a small hamlet. The settlement along with adjoining, Port Clarence , grew as a result of the Clarence Railway opening in 1833. The railway, owned by Christopher Tennant, was a rival to the Stockton and Darlington Railway and transported coal from the Durham coalfields to colliers for shipment to places like London . Haverton Hill and Port Clarence were chosen as termini as
1540-416: The ISBN is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a prime number ). The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these two most common types of error, i.e., if either of these types of error has occurred, the result will never be a valid ISBN—the sum of the digits multiplied by their weights will never be a multiple of 11. However, if the error were to occur in
1595-506: The International ISBN Agency as the registration authority for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN Standard is developed under the control of ISO Technical Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 TC 46/SC 9 . The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978. An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit "0". For example, the second edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns , published by Hodder in 1965, has "SBN 340 01381 8" , where "340" indicates
1650-510: The United Kingdom by David Whitaker (regarded as the "Father of the ISBN") and in 1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay (who later became director of the U.S. ISBN agency R. R. Bowker ). The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the ISO and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108. The United Kingdom continued to use the nine-digit SBN code until 1974. ISO has appointed
1705-657: The allocations of ISBNs that they make to publishers. For example, a large publisher may be given a block of ISBNs where fewer digits are allocated for the registrant element and many digits are allocated for the publication element; likewise, countries publishing many titles have few allocated digits for the registration group identifier and many for the registrant and publication elements. Here are some sample ISBN-10 codes, illustrating block length variations. English-language registration group elements are 0 and 1 (2 of more than 220 registration group elements). These two registration group elements are divided into registrant elements in
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1760-573: The area over the next few decades, and in 1928 took over the Casebourne's cement works, which used byproducts from the fertiliser plant as a raw material. Atmospheric pollution, primarily from a Boiler and Sulphuric Acid Plant built by I.C.I. became a major concern after the Second World War. This led to the total demolition of the residential houses in Haverton Hill during the 1960s and 1970s with
1815-578: The bulk of its population being moved to nearby Billingham . Today, a light industrial estate occupies the site of Haverton Hill. The nearby I.C.I. plants responsible for most of the pollution have now been demolished. Haverton Hill is in the Stockton North parliamentary constituency. Haverton Hill is hard to access without a motor vehicle but there is an infrequent bus service run by the Stagecoach Group which travels through Haverton Hill Road. Both
1870-461: The check digit itself). Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed modulo 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero replaces a ten, so, in all cases, a single check digit results. For example, the ISBN-13 check digit of 978-0-306-40615- ? is calculated as follows: Thus, the check digit
1925-419: The check digit must equal either 0 or 11. Therefore, the check digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11. Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could result in a check digit value of 11 − 0 = 11 , which is invalid. (Strictly speaking, the first "modulo 11"
1980-424: The coal mines. Rivalry between the two railway companies hindered the prosperity of the Clarence Railway, despite its shorter distance to the coalfields, and prevented Haverton Hill and Port Clarence from growing as quickly as Middlesbrough . Between 1833 and 1850 small scale industries such as an iron works followed by glass works sprang up in Haverton Hill, making use of the improved transportation. In 1850, iron
2035-411: The complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2. If the value of x 10 {\displaystyle x_{10}} required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should be used. Alternatively, modular arithmetic is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. The remainder of this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This remainder plus
2090-471: The details of over one million ISBN prefixes and publishers in the Global Register of Publishers . This database is freely searchable over the internet. Publishers receive blocks of ISBNs, with larger blocks allotted to publishers expecting to need them; a small publisher may receive ISBNs of one or more digits for the registration group identifier, several digits for the registrant, and a single digit for
2145-437: The end, as shown above (in which case s could hold a value as large as 496, for the invalid ISBN 99999-999-9-X), or s and t could be reduced by a conditional subtract after each addition. Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that
2200-459: The number 1 and 34 bus services are on the Haverton Hill route. There are also cycle paths on each side of Haverton Hill Road. Haverton Hill : Port Clarence to Billingham by Colin H. Hatton, 2005 ISBN 0-7524-3425-X Stockton-on-Tees (borough) The Borough of Stockton-on-Tees is a unitary authority area in England with borough status . It straddles the ceremonial counties of County Durham and North Yorkshire and had
2255-502: The publication element. Once that block of ISBNs is used, the publisher may receive another block of ISBNs, with a different registrant element. Consequently, a publisher may have different allotted registrant elements. There also may be more than one registration group identifier used in a country. This might occur once all the registrant elements from a particular registration group have been allocated to publishers. By using variable block lengths, registration agencies are able to customise
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2310-428: The publishing house and remain undetected, the book would be issued with an invalid ISBN. In contrast, it is possible for other types of error, such as two altered non-transposed digits, or three altered digits, to result in a valid ISBN (although it is still unlikely). Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN—excluding the check digit itself—is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and
2365-475: The ranges will vary depending on the number of books and the number, type, and size of publishers that are active. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture and thus may receive direct funding from the government to support their services. In other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. A full directory of ISBN agencies
2420-476: The river at that stretch was deep enough to accommodate ships. Further upstream near Stockton-on-Tees, navigation was extremely difficult due to shallow waters. Directly opposite, on the other side of the River Tees, the Stockton and Darlington Railway was, for the same reason, extended, in 1830, to Middlesbrough . The Clarence railway used track belonging to the Stockton and Darlington Railway, between Shildon and
2475-400: The river where he discovered a vast salt bed at Saltholme Farm, near to Haverton Hill. Improved techniques for salt extraction were developed in 1882 which led to salt exploitation by Bell Brothers and other companies. This new industry led to further growth of Haverton Hill and neighbouring settlements with the salt industry building housing for its workers. Haverton Hill Road opening ceremony
2530-405: The same book must each have a different ISBN assigned to it. The ISBN is thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and ten digits long if assigned before 2007. An International Standard Book Number consists of four parts (if it is a 10-digit ISBN) or five parts (for a 13-digit ISBN). Section 5 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual describes the structure of
2585-415: The sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, alternating between 1 and 3, is a multiple of 10 . As ISBN-13 is a subset of EAN-13 , the algorithm for calculating the check digit is exactly the same for both. Formally, using modular arithmetic , this is rendered: The calculation of an ISBN-13 check digit begins with the first twelve digits of the 13-digit ISBN (thus excluding
2640-430: The sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a multiple of 11. For example, the check digit for an ISBN-10 of 0-306-40615- ? is calculated as follows: Adding 2 to 130 gives a multiple of 11 (because 132 = 12×11)—this is the only number between 0 and 10 which does so. Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and
2695-584: The unitary authority of County Durham , so ceremonial County Durham now has four unitary authorities . The Office for National Statistics has published a chart (pp. 240–253) of the trend of regional gross value of Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees (figures in Sterling [millions]). ^1 includes hunting and forestry. ^2 includes energy and construction. ^3 includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured. ^4 Components may not sum to totals due to rounding. In
2750-536: Was built to accommodate 500 men as skilled labour for the shipyard. In 1920 the Brunner Mond company, already having a salt extraction industry in the locality, diversified into producing fertiliser by setting up the company, Synthetic Ammonia and Nitrates Ltd. Brunner Mond in 1926 amalgamated with three other companies to form the Imperial Chemical Industries . ICI rapidly expanded its presence in
2805-537: Was by far the biggest user of the ISBN identifier in 2020, followed by the Republic of Korea (329,582), Germany (284,000), China (263,066), the UK (188,553) and Indonesia (144,793). Lifetime ISBNs registered in the United States are over 39 million as of 2020. A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an ebook, audiobook , paperback, and hardcover edition of
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#17328630685142860-593: Was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering ( SBN ) created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO 2108 (any 9-digit SBN can be converted to a 10-digit ISBN by prefixing it with a zero). Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns ISBNs to such books on its own initiative. A separate identifier code of
2915-481: Was discovered in Eston Hills , south of the River Tees, which was a further stimulus to the area, especially Middlesbrough, which already had many iron foundries built by John Vaughan and Henry Bolckow . In 1860 Haverton Hill became a parish. In 1861 Vaughan and Bolckow discovered salt deposits near Middlesbrough, but it was deemed not economically viable to extract. This prompted John Bell, in 1874, to drill north of
2970-559: Was held on October 15th1905. Casebourne's established a cement works on the Tees bank in 1904. A further stimulus for Haverton Hill's growth took place in 1917 when the Furness shipyard ( Haverton Hill shipyard ) was authorised to be built in order to replace ships sunk by German U-boats in the First World War. The first ship was launched in 1919, named 'War Energy'. A model village or garden city
3025-524: Was required to be compatible with the EAN format, and hence could not contain the letter 'X'. According to the 2001 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual, the ISBN-10 check digit (which is the last digit of the 10-digit ISBN) must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol 'X' is used for 10), and must be such that the sum of the ten digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 1,
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