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38-473: In November 2008, operations of HavenCo ceased without explanation. On 22 August 2000, Michael Bates of Leigh-on-sea , Essex - also known as Prince Michael of Sealand - bought a dormant British company which was renamed HavenCo Limited. It was given the registration number of 04056934 by Companies House , an executive agency of the UK Department of Trade and Industry. The registered office of HavenCo Limited

76-504: A centrally located beach adjacent to Bell Wharf. At low tide Leigh's foreshore has a wide expanse of mud flats and creeks , extending offshore towards the deep water channel of the Thames (Yantlet Channel). Leigh is 40 miles (65 kilometres) from central London via road and rail networks and is part of the London commuter belt . Archaeological finds of pottery and coins from Romano-British era in

114-653: A joint emperor. After the Roman departure from Britain, the Romano-British were advised by Honorius to "look to their own defences". A written plea with General Flavius Aëtius as one of its believed recipients, known as the Groans of the Britons , may have brought some brief naval assistance from the fading Roman Empire of the West, but otherwise they were on their own. In the early stages

152-428: A key factor for this rating was the sympathetic nature of the 19th and 20th century additions. Leigh Hall, a medieval manor house for the parish that was demolished in 1907, was once situated near the ancient eastern manorial boundary of Leigh and Prittlewell . Robert Eden, who became rector of Leigh in 1837, demolished the previous rectory and commissioned a large new one, which was completed in 1838. One quarter of

190-452: A number of natives whose patrons obtained citizenship for them. The granting of Roman citizenship was gradually expanded and more people from provinces became citizens. One way for a provincial inhabitant to become a citizen was to serve in the Roman army or a city council. The number of citizens steadily increased, as people inherited citizenship and more grants were made by the emperors. Eventually in 212 or early 213 AD, everybody living in

228-500: A population of 9, in the ownership of Ranulf Peverel in the Rochford Hundred. St Clement's Church was rebuilt in the late 15th century or early 16th century, although the list of rectors dates back 1248. The fabric of the church is of Kentish ragstone and flint rubble, with a Tudor porch constructed of red brick. The mediaeval structure of the church was added to and altered during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The chancel

266-598: Is Vortigern , which may have been a title meaning "High King". The depredations of the Picts from the north and Scotti (Scots) from Ireland forced the Britons to seek help from pagan Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who then decided to settle in Britain. Some of the Romano-British people migrated to Brittany , the Suebi Kingdom of Galicia and possibly Ireland. The Anglo-Saxons obtained control of eastern England in

304-574: Is a civil parish . It is represented in Parliament in the Southend West and Leigh constituency, by David Burton-Sampson . The population of the entire district taken at the 2011 Census was 38,931. Several annual events have become well established, including Leigh Regatta, Leigh Folk Festival and The Leigh Art Trail. The regatta is held over one weekend in September. Leigh Heritage Centre

342-573: Is a town and civil parish in the city of Southend-on-Sea , in the ceremonial county of Essex , England. In 2011 it had a population of 22,509. Leigh-on-Sea is on the northern side of the Thames Estuary , a few miles from the open waters of the North Sea to the east, and a similar distance from the Kent coast to the south. The coastal environs of the town feature a nature reserve at Two Tree Island and

380-587: Is located in the Old Smithy and serves as a museum for Old Leigh. It is run by the Leigh Society, who have also opened the next-door Plumbs Cottage, a restored and substantially rebuilt 1850s fisherman's cottage. Old Leigh Art Studios is a commercial gallery with artists studios. It was established by the artist Sheila Appleton and potter Richard Baxter in 1991. They have since been joined by painter Ian Smith and ceramicist Julie O’Sullivan. The studios participate in

418-463: Is seen in the post-Roman period with these Germanic settlements. Some Anglo-Saxon histories (in context) refer to the Romano-British people by the blanket term "Welsh". The term Welsh is derived from an Old English word meaning 'foreigner' , referring to the old inhabitants of southern Britain. Historically, Wales and the south-western peninsula were known respectively as North Wales and West Wales. The Celtic north of England and southern Scotland

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456-499: Is situated near the western end of Old Leigh marina . Built in 1934, it replaced the original station, which was opposite Bell Wharf. Leigh-on-Sea is a district of Southend-on-Sea , and includes the electoral wards Belfairs, Blenheim Park, Eastwood Park, Leigh and West Leigh. The two latter Electoral Wards and one Poll District of Belfairs and Blenheim Park Wards are included in the Leigh-on-Sea Town Council area, which

494-552: The 1740s however, Leigh's deep water access had become silted up (as attested to by John Wesley ) and the village was in decline as an anchorage and port of call. Broadway developed between the 1870s and the 1920s from a residential street to a commercial parade of shopfronts, as the town began to expand. During the 1920s, Broadway was extended further west with the demolition of a large manor house, Black House/Leigh House (built 1620). In 1983 Leigh gained its own paper, Leigh Times , and in 1996 gained its own Town Council. During

532-445: The 1990s and the early 21st century Leigh-on-Sea went through more change: the growing dominance of out-of-town, 24-hour supermarkets and retail parks, as well as the arrival and popularity of retail online shopping , meant that much local business had to reinvent itself, either as venues for socialising, or to offer niche services and products to cater for the town's changing demographic. Leigh-on-Sea has frequently been cited as one of

570-555: The 3rd century. One early figure was Saint Alban , who (according to tradition) was martyred near the Roman town of Verulamium , on the site of the modern St Albans, during the reign of Emperor Decius . One aspect of Roman influence seen in British life was the grant of Roman citizenship . At first this was granted very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, whom Roman practice made citizens; to veterans, either legionaries or soldiers in auxiliary units ; and to

608-530: The 5th and 6th centuries – approximately from 410 when the Roman legions withdrew, to 597 when St Augustine of Canterbury arrived – southern Britain preserved an active sub-Roman culture that survived the attacks from the Anglo-Saxons and even used a vernacular Latin when writing. Roman troops, mainly from nearby provinces, invaded in AD 43, in what is now part of England, during the reign of Emperor Claudius . Over

646-472: The 5th century. In the mid-6th century, they started expanding into the Midlands , then in the 7th century they expanded again into the southwest and the north of England. The unconquered parts of southern Britain, notably Wales , retained their Romano-British culture, in particular retaining Christianity. Members of groups who spoke Germanic also migrated to the southern section of Great Britain. Cultural exchange

684-747: The Bates family over management of the company. The HavenCo website went offline in 2008. In 2013, Freedman announced plans for HavenCo to resume operation: offering proxies, VPNs, and other services using servers in the European Union and the United States, while storing encryption keys and other cold data in Sealand. Leigh-on-Sea 51°32′33″N 0°39′13″E  /  51.5425°N 0.6535°E  / 51.5425; 0.6535 Leigh-on-Sea ( / ˌ l iː -/ ), commonly referred to simply as Leigh ,

722-641: The Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, and immigrants from continental Europe , the Middle East , and North Africa . There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, both within Britannia and from other Roman territories, including North Africa, Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean, and continental Europe. Christianity came to Britain in

760-521: The annual Leigh Art Trail. Romano-British culture The Romano-British culture arose in Britain under the Roman Empire following the Roman conquest in AD 43 and the creation of the province of Britannia . It arose as a fusion of the imported Roman culture with that of the indigenous Britons , a people of Celtic language and custom. Scholars such as Christopher Snyder believe that during

798-480: The authority of that entity, whereas it had no entitlement to do so. The company announced that it had become operational in December 2000 and that its Acceptable Use Policy prohibited child pornography , spamming , and malicious hacking , but that all other content was acceptable. It claimed that it had no restrictions on copyright or intellectual property for data hosted on its servers , arguing that as Sealand

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836-418: The benefits, duties, status or sense of identity of citizens. Romans continued to stigmatize peregrini dediticii as freedmen or foreigners who were tortured and excluded from citizenship forever. Eventually emperor Honorius ordered Roman troops back home to help defend Italy against invasion. Constantine III initially rebelled against Honorius and took further troops to Gaul , but was later recognised as

874-482: The best places to live in the UK, owing to factors such as its proximity to London, nearby outstanding Westcliff and Southend grammar schools, good access to sports and arts activities, multiple opportunities to develop skills, and a strong sense of belonging and community spirit. A 2018 survey by Rightmove found that Leigh-on-Sea was the place in the UK where people were happiest living. On 15 October 2021, Sir David Amess ,

912-417: The building remains today as Leigh Library, as the other wings of the building were demolished by Southend Corporation when they acquired the building and the surrounding land. The rectory and grounds occupied a 6-acre (2.5-hectare) site, and the work carried out by Eden included the construction of Rectory Grove as a public right of way, which replaced an existing cliff-top path called Chess Lane. Leigh Library

950-531: The city of Colchester through urbanisation and new clusters of public buildings. The Roman army and their families and dependents amounted to 125,000 people, out of Britannia's total population of 3.6 million at the end of the fourth century. There were also many migrants of other professions, such as sculptors (Barates) from Roman Syria and doctors from the Eastern Mediterranean region. Romano-British cultures and religions continued to diversify; while

988-441: The international media, appearing on the cover of Wired Magazine , in over 200 press articles, and in several television reports. In these reports, HavenCo claimed to have established a secure colocation facility on Sealand, and that it had commenced operations as a data haven . Detractors claim that these reports gave the impression that HavenCo was registered on Sealand itself, and that the company would issue domain names under

1026-467: The laws of their ancestors. Principal handicaps were that they could not own land with a Latin title, serve as a legionary in the army, or, in general, inherit from a Roman citizen. In the Republic, foreign peregrini were further named as peregrini dediticii which meant they were "surrendered foreigners" and forbidden to gain Roman citizenship. These surrendered foreigners were not provided with any of

1064-625: The local Member of Parliament , was murdered at a constituency surgery being held in Belfairs Methodist Church in the town. Southend was granted city status as a memorial to Amess in 2022. Leigh-on-Sea is served by Leigh-on-Sea railway station on the London, Tilbury and Southend line . Regular, daily bus services run between Southend-on-Sea, Benfleet, Canvey Island , Basildon , Rayleigh and Chelmsford . Scheduled flights to national and European destinations operate out of nearby London Southend Airport . The current railway station

1102-715: The local trawlers were at one time bawleys , and two of Old Leigh's pubs – the Peter Boat and Ye Olde Smack – owe their names to types of local fishing boat. The riverside settlement of 'Old Leigh', or 'The Old Town', is historically significant; it was once on the primary shipping route to London. From the Middle Ages until the turn of the 20th century, Old Leigh hosted the settlement's market square, and high street (known as Leigh Strand). Elizabethan historian William Camden (1551–1623) described Leigh as "a proper fine little towne and verie full of stout and adventurous sailers". By

1140-673: The locality suggest early settlement. From at least the Saxon period a hilltop clearing amidst the woodland that covered much of the surrounding area (the Rochford Hundred) of Essex came to be known as Leigh (Lee in Anglo-Saxon). A place of minor economic importance at the time of the Norman Conquest , a reference to Leigh (Legra) appears in the Domesday Book survey of 1086 where it lists

1178-491: The lowlands and cities may have had some organisation or "council" and the Bishop of London appears to have played a key role, but they were divided politically as former soldiers, mercenaries, nobles, officials and farmers declared themselves kings, fighting amongst each other and leaving Britain open to invasion. Two factions may have emerged: a pro-Roman faction and an independence faction. The one leader at this time known by name

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1216-490: The next few years the province of Britannia was formed, eventually including the whole of what later became England and Wales and parts of Scotland . The Claudian army took over Colchester and eleven tribal kings of Britain also surrendered to the Roman army. By AD 47, the Romans had invaded southern Britain and claimed territory that held many natural resources. This led to an increase in imperial wealth. The Romans developed

1254-456: The populace remained mainly Celtic, there was an increase in Romanisation. The bulk of the population was rural and engaged in agriculture; from a total population of 3.6 million at the end of the fourth century, the urban population was about 240,000 people, with the capital city of Londinium having about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across

1292-552: The provinces except slaves and freed slaves were granted citizenship by the Constitutio Antoniniana . Roman citizenship held many benefits; for example, citizens could make their own decisions, could request protection, and could share possessions/responsibilities within the community under the protection of Roman law. The other inhabitants of Britain, who did not enjoy citizenship, the Peregrini , continued to live under

1330-451: Was designated as a listed building at Grade II in 1974. In the 11th century Leigh was a marginal community of homesteads. The Domesday Book of 1086 records 'five smallholders above the water who do not hold land', who were probably engaged in fishing thus giving Leigh a claim to nearly a thousand years of activity in the fishing industry. The main seafood catch from Leigh fishing boats has always been shellfish and whitebait . Many of

1368-504: Was extended at the east end in 1872 by C. F. Haywood; Ernest Geldart added the south aisle in 1897, and there were a number of alterations made by Sir Charles Nicholson in 1913 and 1919. The tower at the west end was a prominent landmark for shipping on the Thames Estuary, and the building contains a good selection of stained glass dating from between the 18th and 20th centuries. The building is Grade II* listed by Historic England , and

1406-611: Was not a member of the World Trade Organization or WIPO , international intellectual property law did not apply. Other services available from HavenCo at the time included IT consulting, systems administration, offshore software development, and electronic mail services. Later policies specified, "No pornography that would be considered illegal within the EU," and "No infringement of copyright." Ryan Lackey left HavenCo under acrimonious circumstances in 2002, citing disagreements with

1444-513: Was recorded at 11 Kintyre House, Cold Harbour, London, E14 9NL England. The directors were listed as Michael Roy Bates, a citizen of the United Kingdom, who was named Chief Operating Officer, and Ryan Donald Lackey , a US citizen. Other founders included Sean Hastings , Jo Hastings, Avi Freedman, and Sameer Parekh was an advisor to the company. The company later relocated its registration to Cyprus . HavenCo initially received broad coverage in

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