Calle Triunfo
104-401: Calle Santa Catalina Angosta Calle Loreto Calle Mantas Calle del Medio Calle Espaderos Calle Plateros Calle Procuradores Calle Suecia [REDACTED] World Heritage Site (part of "Qhapac Ñan - Andean Road System", no. ref. 1459) (2014). Link to World Heritage file. The Plaza de Armas of Cusco is located in the city of Cusco , Peru . Located in the historic center of
208-520: A swamp located between two streams (Saphy and Tullumayo) because that place was free from the threats of neighboring ethnic groups. The swamp was formed due to the continuous irrigation of the Saphy and Tullumayu rivers. Manco Capac built his palace called Colcampata at the base of the Sacsayhuaman plateau and the city was always built around the swamp. Sinchi Roca , son and successor of Manco Capac dried
312-515: A Historic Monument of Peru. Likewise, in 1983, as part of the historic center of the city of Cusco, it became part of the central zone declared by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage Site . There is still no agreement on the proper name in Quechua that the current Plaza de Armas bore during the time of the Incas. According to some authors, such as María Rostworowski , who follows Gonzales Holguín's theory,
416-417: A UNESCO report titled "World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate". The Australian government's actions, involving considerable expense for lobbying and visits for diplomats , were in response to their concern about the negative impact that an "at risk" label could have on tourism revenue at a previously designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2021, international scientists recommended UNESCO to put
520-600: A hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú empire on the northern coast. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to the Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega , Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of
624-483: A minor boundary change, one that does not have a significant impact on the extent of the property or affect its "outstanding universal value", is also evaluated by the advisory bodies before being sent to the committee. Such proposals can be rejected by either the advisory bodies or the Committee if they judge it to be a significant change instead of a minor one. Proposals to change a site's official name are sent directly to
728-756: A remarkable accomplishment of humankind and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet, or it might be a place of great natural beauty. As of July 2024, a total of 1,223 World Heritage Sites (952 cultural, 231 natural and 40 mixed cultural and natural properties) exist across 168 countries . With 60 selected areas, Italy is the country with the most sites, followed by China with 59, and Germany with 54. The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored, uncontrolled or unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones. The World Heritage Sites list
832-452: A short civil war during which the co-ruler, Urco, died, was crowned Sapa Inca of Cusco, and renamed himself "Pachacuti" (meaning "Earth Shaker"). As ruler, Pachacuti married Mama Anawarkhi , of the ayllus of Choqo and Cachona, most likely to reward a chief belonging to one of these ayllus who had defended Cusco during the Chanka invasion, and left his original family-clan ( panaka ) to form
936-955: A single text was eventually agreed upon by all parties, and the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. The convention came into force on 17 December 1975. As of November 2024, it has been ratified by 196 states: 192 UN member states , two UN observer states (the Holy See and the State of Palestine ), and two states in free association with New Zealand (the Cook Islands and Niue ). Only one UN member state, Liechtenstein , has not ratified
1040-478: A traditional victory ritual. Viracocha told Yupanqui that the honor of the ritual belonged to the designated heir, Urco. Yupanqui protested and said that he had not won the victory for his brothers to step on the Chanka captives. A heated argument ensued, and Viracocha tried to have the general assassinated. Pachacuti was tipped off to the plot, however, and the assassination failed. Viracocha went into exile while Inca Yupanqui returned in triumph to Cusco, and, following
1144-433: Is an important figure along with the creator deity Viracocha and the mythical first Inca Manco Cápac . Pachacuti's role was that of an archetype of the perfect Inca ruler according to the philosophical principles of the Inca ruling caste, and of spreading the Inca cultural model and pantheon to the various ethnic groups of the Andes. Pachacuti built irrigation networks, cultivated terraces, roads and hospices. The "Road of
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#17330845202761248-588: Is attributed to the Spanish colonial scribes' failure to recognize the presence of an -y action nominalizer. Consequently, kuti-y means 'change, turn, return'. The colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos translated the anthroponym Pacha Kutiy as 'turn of time' and the Peruvian linguist Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino translated the compound as 'the turn of the world'. The form Pachacutec used in Garcilaso de la Vega's writing likely
1352-559: Is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee , composed of 21 "states parties" that are elected by the United Nations General Assembly , and advised by reviews of international panels of experts in natural or cultural history, and education. The Program catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to
1456-629: Is the central core of modern Cusco, surrounded by tourist restaurants, jewelry stores, travel agencies and the same Catholic churches built during the colonial period and which constitute two of the most important monuments of the city: the Cathedral of Cusco and the Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús (Church of the Society of Jesus). Since 1972, the building has been part of the Monumental Zone of Cusco, declared
1560-660: The Cajamarca chiefdom , whose capital and main sub-chiefdom was Guzmango, in the Hanansaya moiety . Capac Yupanqui, by invading the Cajamarca chiefdom, began tensions with the coastal ally of Cajamarca, the Chimú Empire , which spread from Tumbes in the north to Carabayllo in the south. According to John H. Rowe, the territories annexed by the Empire reached until Chinchaycocha , near
1664-598: The Chachapoya , the Quitu , the Cañari , and regional chiefdoms of modern-day Ecuador . Martti Pärssinen wrote that the territories north of Tomebamba and Cañar were potentially conquered after Pachacuti's reign, who abdicated in favor of his successor according to the chronicler Martín de Murúa . Following these campaigns, Topa Inca's conquests were celebrated on his return to Cusco. In Andean cosmology and mythology, Pachacuti
1768-695: The Desaguadero River near lake Titicaca, which marked the border between the conquered Lupaca chiefdom and the Pacasa chiefdom. However, in 1992, the Finnish ethno-historian Martti Pärssinen , pointing to local colonial sources, wrote that Pachacuti's generals reached the nation of Charcas, near lake Poopó . Various Spanish chroniclers place the birth of Topa Inca Yupanqui , son of the queen Mama Anarwakhi, during these conquests. Pachacuti potentially also conquered parts of Kuntisuyu , where many Aymara enclaves of
1872-573: The Hanan moiety of Cusco, whose rulers are collectively called the Hanan dynasty. He had several sons, among which are Tupac Ayar Manco, Apu Paucar, Amaru Topa or Amaru Yupanqui, Yamqui Yupanqui, Auqui Yupanqui, Tilca Yupanqui, and Tupac Inca Yupanqui . Pachacuti had two of his brothers, Capac Yupanqui and Huayna Yupanqui, killed after the military campaign against the region of Chinchay-Suyu. He also killed his sons Tilca Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui. Some ethno-historians however think that Capac Yupanqui
1976-751: The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm. Under the World Heritage Committee, signatory countries are required to produce and submit periodic data reporting providing the committee with an overview of each participating nation's implementation of the World Heritage Convention and a "snapshot" of current conditions at World Heritage properties. Based on the draft convention that UNESCO had initiated,
2080-544: The Urubamba valley , where he founded the famous site of Machu Picchu . Local kurakas (lords) were integrated using the principle of reciprocity and the "attachment system", where the Inca emperor held personal relations with allied local chiefs and "gifts", in the form of feasts, women, or materials, were exchanged in return for submission, reduced sovereignty, alliance and the construction of hatuncancha (administrative centers). Pachacuti occasionally elevated individuals from
2184-682: The "Son of the Sun". The Colla chiefdom and the Lupaca chiefdom of lake Titicaca , in the Altiplano , were one of the first of Pachacuti's targets. Following the construction of the Qurikancha, the "temple of gold" dedicated to the sun, Pachacuti sent an army near the border with the Colla chiefdom, before joining his forces not long after. The Colla chief or Colla Capac, informed of this, gathered his forces and awaited
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#17330845202762288-537: The Andes, Reiner Tom Zuidema and Pierre Duviols came to the conclusion that the Inca Empire was a diarchy , and that Pachacuti had co-reigned with the warrior chieftain Mayta Capac (the fourth ruler of Cusco in the traditional list), while Martti Pärssinen, examining Andean tripartite traditions, wrote that the Inca capital, Cusco , had three rulers, the co-rulers of Pachacuti being Capac Yupanqui and Mayta Capac, while
2392-403: The Empire into Hanan saya ("high half") and Hurin saya ("low half"), of which they doubt it had more than one king. Pachacuti's mummy was transported on his own wishes to the palace of Patallacta , but was later found at Tococache . Pachacuti, considered the son of Inca Viracocha and Mama Runtu, was, according to most traditional lists of Inca rulers, the fourth ruler of a lineage from
2496-556: The Empire. As part of his vision of a statesman and warrior chieftain he conquered many ethnic groups and states, highlighting his conquest of the Collao that enhanced the prestige of the Inca Pachacuti. Due to the remarkable expansion of their domains he was considered an exceptional leader, enlivening glorious epic stories and hymns in tribute to his achievements. Numerous kurakas do not hesitate to recognise his skills and identify him as
2600-679: The Great Barrier Reef on the endangered list, as global climate change had caused a further negative state of the corals and water quality. Again, the Australian government campaigned against this, and in July 2021, the World Heritage Committee , made up of diplomatic representatives of 21 countries, ignored UNESCO's assessment, based on studies of scientists, "that the reef was clearly in danger from climate change and so should be placed on
2704-605: The Hotel de Turistas which, during the Viceroyalty served as the Casa de Moneda. At the present time, the Plaza de Armas is surrounded by tourist restaurants, jewelry stores, travel agencies and tourist stores, etc. The two temples built around it are maintained as such during the hours of worship, outside these hours they are museums open to the public upon payment of the corresponding fees. Most of
2808-503: The Inca Empire, and consolidated Capac Yupanqui conquests. Establishing Cajamarca as a military base, he led an expedition against the Chimú Empire , from the mountains neighbouring the costal lowlands ( yungas ), forcing the Chimú ruler, Minchançaman , to surrender by cutting the irrigation canals of the Moche River leading to the Chimú capital of Chan Chan . Other campaigns were led against
2912-628: The Inca at the town of Ayaviri. During the ensuing battle, the Incas forced the Colla army to retreat, capturing the king, Colla Capac. Following the victory, Pachacuti occupied the principal city, Hatunqulla , and from there he received the submission of the Lupacas, the Pacasas and the Azangaros (previously a tributary chiefdom of the Collas). John Howland Rowe estimated the Inca Empire under Pachacuti to have reached
3016-454: The Inca" ( Qhapaq Ñan ) stretched from Quito to Chile. Pachacuti is also credited with having displaced hundreds of thousands in massive programs of relocation and resettling them to colonize the most remote edges of his empire. These forced colonists, called mitimaes , represented the lowest place in the Incan social hierarchy. Despite his political and military talents, Pachacuti did not improve
3120-968: The List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List. Only three sites have ever been delisted : the Arabian Oryx Sanctuary in Oman, the Dresden Elbe Valley in Germany, and the Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City in the United Kingdom. The Arabian Oryx Sanctuary was directly delisted in 2007, instead of first being put on the danger list, after the Omani government decided to reduce
3224-846: The Peruvian company Bembos and the American companies McDonald's , Starbucks and KFC . The square is still the place of celebrations of many Cuzco folkloric festivities such as Santiraticuy, Corpus Christi, Easter , etc. and many other modern festivities such as the Fiestas Patrias, Fiestas del Cusco, New Year, etc. Occasionally the Plaza de Armas is the site of some free concerts, parades of delegations and some political rallies. World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural heritage around
Plaza de Armas (Cusco) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3328-499: The Plaza de Armas of Cusco, where the spoils were exhibited and the prisoners of war were trampled as a sign of victory. When the Spaniards arrived in Cusco, they stayed in the Inca palaces around the square. Later, they built viceroyal mansions, cathedrals , temples and chapels over the Inca palaces. In 1545 the chief magistrate Polo de Ondergardo ordered the removal of the beach sand that
3432-597: The South Atlantic, is part of the Europe and North America region because the British government nominated the site. The table below includes a breakdown of the sites according to these regions and their classification as of July 2024 : This overview lists the 23 countries with 15 or more World Heritage Sites: Pachacuti Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui , also called Pachacútec ( Quechua : Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki ),
3536-741: The Southern Hemisphere. Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult. Accessing power following the Chanka–Inca War , Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the south, parts of the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon rainforest in the east, lands up to the Quito basin in the north, and lands from Tumbes to possibly
3640-659: The Vilcas, the Lucanas, the Chalcas, and the Cotabambas. The conquest of the chiefdom of Chincha , and the neighboring valley of Pisco , on the south-central coast, also took place during the reign of Pachacuti. The general Capac Yupanqui led an army to Chincha, gaining the recognition and submission of the local chiefs with the help of "reciprocal gifts", in exchange for which the Chincha allowed
3744-609: The World Heritage Committee for new designations. The Committee meets once a year to determine which nominated properties to add to the World Heritage List; sometimes it defers its decision or requests more information from the country that nominated the site. There are ten selection criteria – a site must meet at least one to be included on the list. Until 2004, there were six sets of criteria for cultural heritage and four for natural heritage. In 2005, UNESCO modified these and now has one set of ten criteria. Nominated sites must be of "outstanding universal value" and must meet at least one of
3848-944: The World Heritage Fund to facilitate its conservation under certain conditions. UNESCO reckons the restorations of the following four sites among its success stories: Angkor in Cambodia, the Old City of Dubrovnik in Croatia, the Wieliczka Salt Mine near Kraków in Poland, and the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Tanzania. Additionally, the local population around a site may benefit from significantly increased tourism revenue. When there are significant interactions between people and
3952-399: The archeologist Franck Garcia, the story of Pachacuti's reign was mainly symbolical and served to set philosophical principles, Inca history having the structural elements of a myth. John Howland Rowe analyzed and compared various colonial sources and came to the conclusion that there existed a state-sanctioned "standard history", believing Pachacuti's victory over the Chanka people to be
4056-483: The army, accompanied by four of Viracocha's generals, and prepared the defense of the city. During the subsequent assault on Cusco, the Chankas were repelled, so severely that legend tells even the stones rose up to fight on Yupanqui's side. At the battle of Yahuar Pampa, the Inka army won a decisive victory over the Chankas and asserted it's dominance. Cusi Yupanqui captured many Chanka leaders, who he presented to his father Viracocha for him to wipe his feet on their bodies,
4160-405: The awards, because World Heritage listing can significantly increase tourism returns. Site listing bids are often lengthy and costly, putting poorer countries at a disadvantage. Eritrea 's efforts to promote Asmara are one example. In 2016, the Australian government was reported to have successfully lobbied for the World Heritage Site Great Barrier Reef conservation efforts to be removed from
4264-470: The blocks located between Calle Espaderos, Calle del Medio and Calle Mantas. Precisely these blocks and the Calle del Medio were crossed by the Saphy River (currently covered and made sewer), which divided the square into its two sectors already known. It was the religious and administrative center of the Inca Empire. As well as being the main axis of the Inca road. Around the square were the palaces of Pachacuti , Huayna Capac and Viracocha Inca . The square
Plaza de Armas (Cusco) - Misplaced Pages Continue
4368-404: The booty of the war against the Chankas, before articulating gradually growing demands such as the construction of warehouses , the stocking of produce, the creation of an army, and the improvement of infrastructure. Using the means of reciprocity, Pachacuti rebuilt much of Cusco, designing it to serve the needs of an imperial city and as a representation of the empire. Each suyu had a sector of
4472-424: The buildings still have some Inca walls in their foundations, but it is the colonial style that prevails. The importance of the area makes it the most expensive in the city of Cusco. In some cases the rent of a local exceeds 1500 dollars per month. In the first decade of the 21st century , several national and international franchises entered the Cusco market, opening their first stores in the Plaza de Armas, such as
4576-420: The cause of imperial expansion. In 1953, María Rostworowski published her biography of Pachacuti, and supported Rowe's conclusion of late imperial expansion under Pachacuti. The Dutch structuralist anthropologist Reiner Tom Zuidema criticised Rowe and Rostworowski for methodological practices, and studied the symbolical territorial organization of Cusco and it's surroundings. Based on the dualist philosophy of
4680-419: The centre of Bombón [ es ] , the rest of the campaign merely raiding the territories up to the Cajamarca chiefdom. The French historian Henri Favre stated that an Inca garrison was established in Cajamarca, leaving a gap between the rest of Inca territory and Cajamarca. Pachacuti gave military command to his son and heir Topa Inca Yupanqui , who led military campaigns in the northern parts of
4784-447: The city is the main public space of the town since before its Spanish foundation in 1534 . Geological studies carried out in the area show that it originally had a swamp , crossed by the Saphy River (currently channeled and covered). During the Inca Empire , this swamp was dried up and transformed into the administrative, religious and cultural center of the imperial capital. It was the place where all kinds of ceremonies were held and
4888-431: The city, centering on the road leading to that province; nobles and immigrants lived in the sector corresponding to their origin. Each sector was further divided into areas for the hanan (upper) and hurin (lower) moieties . Many of the most renowned monuments around Cusco, such as the great sun temple Qurikancha (previously Intikancha ), were rebuilt during Pachacuti's reign. At the beginning of Pachacuti's reign,
4992-409: The class of yanakunas , servants who weren't obligated or entitled to the obligations and rights of reciprocal exchange, to rulers of local chiefdoms who had rebelled or refused Inca domination. His first military campaign, led personally by the emperor and his general Apo Mayta, was set against the Chankas' former allies, and the chiefdoms surrounding Cusco. Pachacuti conquered the Soras and Rucanas,
5096-623: The coastal regions from Nazca and Camaná to Tarapacá . These conquests were achieved with the help of many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Andes. Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be one of the first historical emperors of the Incas, and by others to be a mythological and cosmological representation of the beginning of the era of Inca imperial expansion. The compound Pachacuti referred to an ancient Andean cosmological concept, representing cataclysmic change of era-worlds. The anthroponym appeared written as ⟨Pachacuti⟩ or ⟨Pachacute⟩ in
5200-504: The commitment of countries and local population to World Heritage conservation in various ways, providing emergency assistance for sites in danger, offering technical assistance and professional training, and supporting States Parties' public awareness-building activities. Being listed as a World Heritage Site can positively affect the site, its environment, and interactions between them. A listed site gains international recognition and legal protection, and can obtain funds from, among others,
5304-404: The committee. A site may be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger if conditions threaten the characteristics for which the landmark or area was inscribed on the World Heritage List. Such problems may involve armed conflict and war, natural disasters, pollution, poaching, or uncontrolled urbanisation or human development. This danger list is intended to increase international awareness of
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#17330845202765408-417: The common culture and heritage of humankind. The programme began with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage , which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 196 states have ratified the convention, making it one of the most widely recognised international agreements and the world's most popular cultural programme. In 1954,
5512-515: The construction of administrative centers, the usage of land cultivated by Aclla (women working for the state) and yanakuna servants, and recognized Pachacuti's superiority. However, in 1945, the historian John Howland Rowe attributed the conquest to later rulers, claiming that the initial campaign was a raid . Pachacuti started the practice of forced migrations , sending mitimaes (colonists) of loyal areas to unstable provinces, or alternatively placing loyal peoples to strategic positions in
5616-412: The convention. By assigning places as World Heritage Sites, UNESCO wants to help preserve them for future generations. Its motivation is that "heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today" and that both cultural and natural heritage are "irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration". UNESCO's mission with respect to World Heritage consists of eight sub targets. These include encouraging
5720-780: The cosmological concepts associated with it, the lack of physical representations and of archeological evidence made some scholars come to the conclusion that Pachacuti was an Incan ideological and cosmological concept. The linguists, anthropologists, archeologists, ethnologists and historians Martti Pärssinen, Catherine Julien, Rodolfo Cerrón Palomino , Alfred Métraux , Brian S. Bauer, John Howland Rowe , Franck Salomon, Waldemar Espinoza Soriano, José Antonio del Busto Duthurburu , Gary Urton , and María Rostworowski , and Carmen Bernand consider Pachacuti to be historical, while others, such as Pierre Duviols , Juan Ossio Acuña , Reiner Tom Zuidema , and Franck Garcia consider Pachacuti to be mythological or mytho-historical. According to
5824-431: The cult of the Andean creator deity Viracocha , whose priests had supported the previous ruler Viracocha Inca, was possibly replaced by the Inti Sun cult. The first months of his reign were spent putting down revolts by surrounding chiefs in the Cusco valley and consolidating the territorial base of the polity, confronting the Ayarmacas , the Ollantaytambo , the Huacara, and the Toguaro. Pachacuti conquered lands along
5928-420: The current Portal de Harinas corresponds to the old palace called Korakora and the Portal de Carrizos to the old Acllawasi. During the Inca period, this was where almost all the Inca festivals were celebrated, including Inti Raymi , Huarachicuy, the Amaru dance, Capac Raymi, etc. It was also where the main fairs were held and where the victories of the Inca army were celebrated. The Inca armies were received in
6032-405: The early 15th century, the Cusco confederation , stretching 40 kilometers around the city of Cusco, faced an invasion by the Chankas , the Incas' traditional tribal archenemies. Multiple versions of the encounter exist, the most accepted one being supported by the majority of reliable Spanish sources. The ruler, Inca Viracocha, and his co-ruler Urco, fled the scene, while Cusi Yupanqui rallied
6136-492: The early colonial chronicles and documents of the 16th century . This written form can be reconstructed into Quechua as Pacha Kutiy . The form ⟨Pachacútec⟩ (contemporary quechua spelling: Pachakutiq ) was introduced by the writer Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in his Comentarios Reales de los Incas published in 1609. Before the coronation, Pachacuti was referred to as Inga Yupangui, with the Spanish navigator Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa additionally claiming Pachcuti's first name
6240-417: The empire. Pachacuti was a poet and the author of the Sacred Hymns of the Situa city purification ceremony. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa attributed one song to Pachacuti on his deathbed: "I was born as a lily in the garden, and like the lily I grew, as my age advanced / I became old and had to die, and so I withered and died." Pachacuti initially nominated his son Amaru Topa Inca to be co-ruler and heir to
6344-452: The endangered monuments and sites. In 1960, the Director-General of UNESCO launched the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia . This resulted in the excavation and recording of hundreds of sites, the recovery of thousands of objects, as well as the salvage and relocation to higher ground of several important temples. The most famous of these are the temple complexes of Abu Simbel and Philae . The campaign ended in 1980 and
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#17330845202766448-409: The government of Egypt decided to build the new Aswan High Dam , whose resulting future reservoir would eventually inundate a large stretch of the Nile valley containing cultural treasures of ancient Egypt and ancient Nubia . In 1959, the governments of Egypt and Sudan requested the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to assist them to protect and rescue
6552-406: The handling of quipus . From a young age, he was admired by Inca nobles because he had the courage, intelligence and maturity his brother, Inca Urco , the appointed co-ruler and heir to the throne, lacked. Similarly, he showed aptitudes for government and conquest that his brother likewise lacked. The generals of Viracocha started fomenting conspiracies to overthrow and replace Inca Urco. In
6656-473: The highland kingdoms existed, including the regions of Arequipa , Camana and Tarapacá . The conquest of Kuntisuyu is also attributed to Amaru Topa Inca, during the subsequent revolt of the chiefdoms around lake Titicaca. During military expeditions in the eastern lowlands and the Amazonian rainforest , the Colla, Lupaca and Azangaro revolted, led by one of the sons of the previous Colla ruler. According to Sarmiento de Gamboa , an army of around 200.000 men
6760-493: The historian and anthropologist María Rostworowski concluded that, based on Andean traditions of succession, which allowed for the "most capable" to take power, Pachacuti was not the son of Inca Viracocha, rendering him illegitimate in the eyes of the Spaniards, who believed in European concepts of primogeniture . Cusi Yupanqui was born in Cusco , at the palace of Cusicancha, bordering the Inticancha temple. His tutor, Micuymana, taught him history, laws and language, as well as
6864-554: The imperial lineage of Hatun Ayllu, failing in his attempt to fuse the two factions. To record the history of the previous Inca rulers of Cusco, Pachacuti ordered the creation of painted wooden panels, which, in relation to oral texts , often in the form of mnemonic songs sung at important celebrations, and quipus , which contained simple and stereotyped information according to colour , order and number , decipherable by Quipucamayocs , represented official and state-sanctioned pre-imperial history. Despite Pachacuti's prestige following
6968-909: The last two decades. These activities endanger Natural World Heritage Sites and could compromise their unique values. Of the Natural World Heritage Sites that contain forest, 91% experienced some loss since 2000. Many of them are more threatened than previously thought and require immediate conservation action. The destruction of cultural assets and identity-establishing sites is one of the primary goals of modern asymmetrical warfare. Terrorists, rebels, and mercenary armies deliberately smash archaeological sites, sacred and secular monuments and loot libraries, archives and museums. The UN, United Nations peacekeeping and UNESCO in cooperation with Blue Shield International are active in preventing such acts. "No strike lists" are also created to protect cultural assets from air strikes. The founding president of Blue Shield International Karl von Habsburg summed it up with
7072-411: The list." According to environmental protection groups, this "decision was a victory for cynical lobbying and [...] Australia, as custodians of the world's biggest coral reef, was now on probation." Several listed locations, such as Casco Viejo in Panama and Hội An in Vietnam , have struggled to strike a balance between the economic benefits of catering to greatly increased visitor numbers after
7176-722: The local level which can result in the site being damaged. Rock art under world heritage protection at the Tadrart Acacus in Libya have occasionally been intentionally destroyed. Chalcraft links this destruction to Libyan national authorities prioritizing World Heritage status over local sensibilities by limiting access to the sites without consulting with the local population. UNESCO has also been criticized for alleged geographic bias, racism , and colourism in world heritage inscription. A major chunk of all world heritage inscriptions are located in regions whose populations generally have lighter skin, including Europe, East Asia, and North America. The World Heritage Committee has divided
7280-415: The meditation ceremonies of the Inca nobles in the square which ended in crying. These ceremonies were forbidden by an archbishop and were replaced by "the three-hour sermon" of the Cusco Cathedral , which also usually ended in tears. Currently the population of Cusco in general agrees that its ancient name was Huacaypata . When Manco Cápac arrived in the valley of Cusco, he settled in the surroundings of
7384-445: The military chief or sinchi Anco Huallu . The Inca armies occupied the fortress of Urcocollac, advanced through territories of the central Andes, including those of the Huanca , the Yauyos and the Atavillos. At Huaylas, Capac Yupanqui established the military center of Maraycalle, from where the Inca forces conquered the confederated chiefdoms of Huaylas, Piscopampas, Pincos, Huaris and Conchucos. The Inca armies eventually arrived at
7488-544: The name was called Aucaypata ( Awqay(?) Pata (in Quechua : place of the warrior )). Others like Angles Vargas say it was Huacaypata ( Waqay Pata , (in Quechua : place of weeping )). According to him, the name contrasts perfectly with the name of the other sector of the Plaza Kusipata which means: Plaza del Regocijo (Rejoicing Square). Others like the North American traveler George Squier (whose expedition to Cusco
7592-399: The nations surrounding the kingdom of Cusco , and left the military command of subsequent campaigns to his generals, retiring to concentrate on administrative reforms and the embellishment of Cusco. The military commander Capac Yupanqui was sent, together with the captains Huayna Yupanqui and Yamqui Yupanqui, to the northern regions of Chinchaysuyu , accompanied by the Chanka army led by
7696-704: The natural environment, these can be recognised as "cultural landscapes". A country must first identify its significant cultural and natural sites in a document known as the Tentative List. Next, it can place sites selected from that list into a Nomination File, which is evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union . A country may not nominate sites that have not been first included on its Tentative List. The two international bodies make recommendations to
7800-543: The protected area's size by 90%. The Dresden Elbe Valley was first placed on the danger list in 2006 when the World Heritage Committee decided that plans to construct the Waldschlösschen Bridge would significantly alter the valley's landscape. In response, the Dresden City Council attempted to stop the bridge's construction. However, after several court decisions allowed the building of the bridge to proceed,
7904-467: The recognition and preserving the original culture and local communities. Another criticism is that there is a homogeneity to these sites, which contain similar styles, visitor centres , etc., meaning that a lot of the individuality of these sites has been removed to become more attractive to tourists. Anthropologist Jasper Chalcraft said that World Heritage recognition often ignores contemporary local usage of certain sites. This leads to conflicts on
8008-425: The semi- diarchy of the Inca, by the name of Yamqui Yupanqui. At the death of Pachacuti, instead of confirming his own power, Yamqui Yupanqui rather confirmed Tupac Inca Yupanqui as successor to his father. Some historians, however, doubt the internal organization of Cusco , separated into Hanan Cusco and Hurin Cusco moities, each of which potentially had two rulers, was identical to the state-wide organization of
8112-692: The southeast side of the square on the site that is now occupied by the Iglesia de la Compañía , the Portal de la Compañía, the University Auditorium and also the Palace of Justice. This site is now circumscribed by the Calle Loreto, Calle Afligidos, Calle Mantas and Avenida El Sol. The palace of the Inca Viracocha called Sunturwasi nowadays corresponds to the block where the Cathedral is located. Additionally,
8216-505: The state-wide imperial administration had only one. In 1945, Rowe devised an imperial chronology, stating Pachacuti reigned from 1438 to 1471, however archeological data suggests the early 15th century to be the beginning of Pachacuti's reign. The former minister of culture Juan Ossio Acuña supported the position of Zuidema, who wrote that the Inca rulers before Topa Inca Yupanqui , including Pachacuti, weren't historical rulers but rather social groups or factions. Pachacuti's given name
8320-452: The swamp with earth brought from the mountains and later Pachacuti was in charge of drying it completely covering the swamp with sand brought from the coast . During the Inca period , the main square was larger than the current square because in addition to the current square (former Huacaypata) it occupied the entire area of the current Plaza Regocijo (formerly Cusipata), the "Hotel Cusco" and
8424-445: The system of succession. His son became the next Inca without any recorded dispute after Pachacuti died in 1471 due to a terminal illness, even though some colonial sources hint at Pachacuti's abdication prior to his death. But in future generations, the next Inca had to gain control of the empire by winning enough support from the apos , priesthood, and military to win a civil war or intimidate anyone else from trying to wrest control of
8528-474: The ten criteria. A country may request to extend or reduce the boundaries, modify the official name, or change the selection criteria of one of its already listed sites. Any proposal for a significant boundary change or to modify the site's selection criteria must be submitted as if it were a new nomination, including first placing it on the Tentative List and then onto the Nomination File. A request for
8632-405: The threats and to encourage counteractive measures. Threats to a site can be either proven imminent threats or potential dangers that could have adverse effects on a site. The state of conservation for each site on the danger list is reviewed yearly; after this, the Committee may request additional measures, delete the property from the list if the threats have ceased or consider deletion from both
8736-460: The throne. However, due to the lack of military talent found in the joint prince, Pachacuti changed his decision and instead decided to name another of his sons, Tupac Inca Yupanqui , who in turn had a reputation as a talented general, as his co-ruler and successor. In his last years, the Inca government might have been de facto in the hands of his "helper" ( quechua : yanapac ), "compagnon" (quechua: yananti ), or "brother" (quechua: huauque ) in
8840-615: The valley was removed from the World Heritage List in 2009. Liverpool 's World Heritage status was revoked in July 2021, following developments ( Liverpool Waters and Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium ) on the northern docks of the World Heritage site leading to the "irreversible loss of attributes" on the site. The first global assessment to quantitatively measure threats to Natural World Heritage Sites found that 63% of sites have been damaged by increasing human pressures including encroaching roads, agriculture infrastructure and settlements over
8944-407: The victories of the Inca army were celebrated. After the Spanish conquest, it was transformed into a plaza (square) by the new rulers, who built Catholic temples and mansions on the ruins of the ancient Inca palaces. In this square, Túpac Amaru II was executed in 1781 as well as the cacique Bernardo Tambohuacso, Mateo Pumacahua and several other heroes of the independence of Peru . Today it
9048-540: The victory over the Chankas, he had "little effective power and a meager work force to undertake the development of Cusco". Instituting the system of reciprocity (a socio-economic principle regulating relations, based on obligatory and institutional mutual, "give and take", assistance) to assert his authority, Pachacuti summoned the surrounding kurakas (chiefs) to Cusco, and prepared "lavish feasts and ceremonies", tactically displaying much generosity and sharing gifts, including
9152-451: The word of 'he who goes around the world' required an additional morpheme altering the verbal valence . The form ⟨Pachacutec⟩ (*pacha kuti-q) reconstructed by Garcilaso was ungrammatical in Quechua, and the meaning of 'he who goes around the world' would have instead required an expression similar to *pacha kuti-chi-q. According to the oral tradition of Pachacuti's imperial lineage, the name
9256-436: The words: "Without the local community and without the local participants, that would be completely impossible". The UNESCO-administered project has attracted criticism. This was caused by perceived under-representation of heritage sites outside Europe, disputed decisions on site selection and adverse impact of mass tourism on sites unable to manage rapid growth in visitor numbers. A large lobbying industry has grown around
9360-526: The work of the World Heritage Committee was developed over a seven-year period (1965–1972). The United States initiated the idea of safeguarding places of high cultural or natural importance. A White House conference in 1965 called for a "World Heritage Trust" to preserve "the world's superb natural and scenic areas and historic sites for the present and the future of the entire world citizenry". The International Union for Conservation of Nature developed similar proposals in 1968, which were presented in 1972 at
9464-648: The world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity". To be selected, a World Heritage Site is nominated by its host country and determined by the UNESCO's World Heritage Committee to be a unique landmark which is geographically and historically identifiable, having a special cultural or physical significance, and to be under a sufficient system of legal protection. For example, World Heritage Sites might be ancient ruins or historical structures, buildings, cities, deserts, forests, islands, lakes, monuments, mountains or wilderness areas. A World Heritage Site may signify
9568-717: The world into five geographic regions: Africa, Arab states, Asia and the Pacific, Europe and North America, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Russia and the Caucasus states are classified as European, while Mexico and the Caribbean are classified as belonging to the Latin America and the Caribbean region. The UNESCO geographic regions also give greater emphasis on administrative, rather than geographic associations. Hence, Gough Island , located in
9672-400: Was Cusi . The compound is not influenced by other languages such as Aymara or Puquina , and is considered purely Quechua. It is composed of the noun pacha , which means 'land, region, time, world' and represents an Andean concept associating time with the physical world , and the verb kuti- 'to change, turn, return to a starting point'. The apparent absence of a nominalization mark
9776-411: Was Cusi Yupanqui, and he originated from the female lineage of Iñaca Panaka , in the moiety of Hanan Cusco ("high Cusco"), in complementary opposition to the moiety of Hurin Cusco ("low Cusco"). According to the accounts of the Spanish chroniclers, he was the son of the eighth ruler of Cusco, Inca Viracocha , whose lineage ( panaka ), however, was Sucsu Panaka . Analyzing the colonial writings,
9880-464: Was acquired following the war against the Chankas , according to the chronicler Juan de Betanzos' version together with the names or epithets Cápac and Indichuri. Pachacuti is often considered the first historical Incan emperor, despite various mythological elements of his reign. Various historians associate Pachacuti with the rewriting of the previous Inca rulers' reigns, in order to justify Incan imperial expansion. The nature of Pachacuti's reign,
9984-433: Was assembled, commanded by Amaru Topa Inca, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to put it down. After having put down the revolt, the Inca army continued beyond Inca territory and conquered the nations of Sora, Caranga, Caracaras Quillaqua, Charca, Chui and Chicha, near and around lake Poopó , possibly united in an inter-provincial wider confederation of large polities or Hatun apocazgo . Pachacuti personally conquered
10088-475: Was caused by the Incas' storing of the agent nominalizer -q instead of the action nominalizer -y. In Quechua, the presence of an uvular consonant such as /q/ causes the vowel /ɪ/ to be pronounced as an /e/ in Spanish . However, Garcilaso's restitution contradicted early colonial documentation and was grammatically implausible, since the verb kuti- is an intransitive verb , and the chronicler's intended meaning for
10192-668: Was collected from 50 countries. The project's success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving Venice and its lagoon in Italy, the ruins of Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, and the Borobodur Temple Compounds in Indonesia. Together with the International Council on Monuments and Sites , UNESCO then initiated a draft convention to protect cultural heritage. The convention (the signed document of international agreement ) guiding
10296-931: Was considered a success. To thank countries which especially contributed to the campaign's success, Egypt donated four temples; the Temple of Dendur was moved to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City , the Temple of Debod to the Parque del Oeste in Madrid , the Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden , and the Temple of Ellesyia to Museo Egizio in Turin . The project cost US$ 80 million (equivalent to $ 295.83 million in 2023), about $ 40 million of which
10400-482: Was in 1863) assure that its name was Huacapata (in Quechua : sacred place ). Victor Angles explains that the Plaza was formed by two sectors: Huacaypata and Cusipata (everyone agrees on the name of the latter) separated by the Saphy River and both would have a symbolic meaning because while the first one means place of crying the second one means place of rejoicing . According to the author this would be due to
10504-550: Was on the floor of the square to use it in the construction of the Cusco Cathedral . In 1555, the chief magistrate of Cuzco, Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega authorized the construction of buildings in the middle of the Huacaypata thus generating the blocks currently located between Calle Espaderos, Calle Del Medio, Calle Mantas, Calle Heladeros and Calle Espinar as well as the current Plaza de Armas, Plaza Regocijo, Plaza Espinar and
10608-412: Was surrounded by the palaces of the Incas as well as plots of land destined for future palaces. The palace of Pachacuti was called Qasana and was located on the northwest side of the square on the site that today corresponds to the Portal de Panes and is circumscribed by Calle Plateros, Calle Tigre, Calle Teqsecocha and Calle Procuradores. The palace of Huayna Capac was called Amaru Cancha and was located on
10712-506: Was the co-ruler or Huauque (lit. "brother") of Pachacuti. Amaru Topa was originally chosen to be the co-regent and eventual successor. Pachacuti later chose Tupac Inca because Amaru was not competent in military affairs. He was the first Inca ruler to abdicate. His lineage or panaqa of birth was Iñaka Panka, whose common ancestor was Mama Wako, the wife of Manco Capac , which he left to found his own lineage called Hatun Ayllu. He married Mama Anawarkhi or Anarwakhi (Coya Anahuarque), of
10816-514: Was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom of Cusco , which he transformed into the Inca Empire ( Quechua : Tawantinsuyu ). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti. In Quechua, the cosmogonical concept of Pachakutiy means 'the turn of the world' and Yupanki could mean 'honorable lord'. During his reign, Cusco grew from
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