78-469: Hatherton may refer to: Hatherton, Cheshire , England Hatherton, Staffordshire , England The derelict Hatherton Canal Baron Hatherton Hatherton Glacier , in East Antarctica, named for Trevor Hatherton [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with
156-571: A Methodist chapel. The Hatherton Flush Site of Special Scientific Interest is a wetland by the Weaver that supports marsh helleborine , marsh lousewort and tubular water-dropwort , which are rare in Cheshire. Haretone was a small manor at the time of the Domesday survey of 1086, and was held by William Malbank , Baron of Wich Malbank ( Nantwich ), with an annual value of 10 shillings . Before
234-546: A Roman Catholic French princess, Henrietta Maria . Parliament refused to assign him the traditional right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, deciding instead to grant it only on a provisional basis and negotiate with him. Charles, meanwhile, decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots , whom French royal troops held besieged in La Rochelle . Such military support for Protestants on
312-477: A Tuscan porch. Bank House, on Audlem Road by Oakes Corner, dates originally from the late 17th or early 18th century, and is in plum-coloured brick with stone dressings under a tiled roof. Hatherton House on Broad Lane dates originally from the late 18th or early 19th century. Its three-storey, three-bay main façade is in red brick with stone dressings, with decorative yellow-brick quoins . The arched ashlar doorway features pilasters and carved wreaths; above it
390-406: A basement and attics, under a tiled roof, and the main entrance is approached by a flight of stone steps. Of the buildings listed at grade II, the oldest is Yew Tree Farmhouse on Audlem Road, a 16th-century, timber-framed house with a tiled roof, featuring small framing infilled with brick. Birchall Moss Hall, also on Audlem Road, is a timber-framed, rendered former farmhouse with small framing and
468-473: A charge of treason. The members had learned that he was coming and escaped. Charles not only failed to arrest them but turned more people against him. In the summer of 1642, these national troubles helped to polarise opinion, ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take. Opposition to Charles also arose from many local grievances. For example, imposed drainage schemes in The Fens disrupted
546-447: A court case, attainder did not require a legal burden of proof to be met, but it did require the king's approval. Charles, however, guaranteed Strafford that he would not sign the attainder, without which the bill could not be passed. Furthermore, the Lords opposed the severity of a death sentence on Strafford. Yet increased tensions and a plot in the army to support Strafford began to sway
624-434: A key area for wildlife. There are numerous small meres or ponds, as well as small areas of deciduous and mixed woodland, including Birchall Moss, Birchenhill Wood, Acton's Rough, Lane Wood, Gorse Wood, Chestnut Wood and Blackthorn Wood. Chestnut and Blackthorn Woods, which line Birchall Brook on the boundary with Hankelow , are marked on tithe maps and might represent small patches of ancient woodland . Hatherton Flush
702-476: A practical means of compelling them. From the thirteenth century, monarchs ordered the election of representatives to sit in the House of Commons , with most voters being the owners of property, although in some potwalloper boroughs every male householder could vote. When assembled along with the House of Lords , these elected representatives formed a Parliament. So the concept of Parliaments allowed representatives of
780-421: A range of up to 300 yards. Musketeers would assemble three rows deep, the first kneeling, second crouching, and third standing. At times, troops divided into two groups, allowing one to reload while the other fired. Among the musketeers were pike men, carrying pikes of 12 feet (4 m) to 18 feet (5.5 m) long, whose main purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. Positioned on each side of
858-597: A resurgence of Protestant power, struck first , and all Ireland soon descended into chaos. Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish, and Puritan members of the Commons soon started murmuring that this exemplified the fate that Charles had in store for them all. On 4 January 1642, Charles, followed by 400 soldiers, entered the House of Commons and attempted to arrest five members on
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#1732890972381936-608: A single kingdom. Many English Parliamentarians were suspicious of such a move, fearing that such a new kingdom might destroy old English traditions that had bound the English monarchy. Because James had described kings as "little gods on Earth", chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings , and Charles shared his father's position, the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification. At
1014-621: A stalemate. Concern over the political influence of radicals within the New Model Army like Oliver Cromwell led to an alliance between moderate Parliamentarians and Royalists, supported by the Covenanter Scots . Royalist defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War resulted in the execution of Charles I in January 1649, and establishment of the Commonwealth of England . In 1650, Charles II
1092-414: A tiled roof, dating originally from the late 16th or 17th century. Several brick houses built between the 17th and mid-19th centuries are also listed at grade II. Part of Park House on Park Lane dates from the 17th century and is in brick described by Historic England as "plum coloured". The three-bay main façade dates from the early 19th century and uses orange-red brick with stone dressings; it features
1170-535: A total population of 360 in 2011. Nearby villages include Hankelow , Stapeley , Walgherton , Wybunbury , Blakenhall and Buerton . The A529 runs through the parish and the River Weaver forms the western boundary. Hatherton was first recorded in the Domesday survey as Haretone . The 18th-century Hatherton Manor farmhouse is listed at grade II* , and there are also grade-II-listed timber-framed and brick farmhouses and former country houses . The hamlet has
1248-565: A village store and post office, which has since closed. In 1881, more than two-thirds of the men in the parish were engaged in agriculture. Hatherton was within the Delves-Broughton estate until it was broken up in around 1920. In the 1960s, the Co-operative Wholesale Society bought many local farms and ran them as Co-op farms . The 1967–68 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease caused major problems for dairy farms in
1326-640: Is a Primitive Methodist chapel on Crewe Road (now the B5071 ). A Wesleyan Methodist chapel was constructed on Audlem Road (now the A529 ) in 1900; it closed in 1968. During the First World War, eighty German prisoners-of-war were interned in Hatherton and employed as agricultural labourers, and the stables of The Broomlands near Birchall Moss served as an equine hospital. The stables were later converted into dwellings and
1404-500: Is a Site of Special Scientific Interest on the bank of the Weaver south of Acton's Rough (at SJ672483 ), designated for its variety of wetland plants. It is the largest example of its kind of flush in the county. The flush is set in partly unimproved acidic grassland . The site supports abundant orchids , including the locally rare species marsh helleborine , as well as seven species of sedge ; other locally rare species include marsh lousewort and tubular water-dropwort , and
1482-523: Is a first-floor window whose stone surround is topped with a pediment . The early 19th-century Hatherton Lodge stands on Lodge Lane, on the site of an earlier lodge, and is described by Historic England as an example of the Picturesque Movement . The L-shaped villa has a stucco -rendered front façade of three bays with stucco quoins. The central limestone portico with Tuscan columns has a bow window above it. The Broomlands on Birchall Moss Lane
1560-478: Is a hamlet and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire , England. The hamlet is on the B5071 at SJ687474 , 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 miles (4.4 km) to the north east of Audlem and 3 + 3 ⁄ 4 miles (6.0 km) to the south east of Nantwich . The civil parish has an area of 673 hectares (1,660 acres) and also includes the small settlements of Birchall Moss, Broomlands and part of Artlebrook, with
1638-477: Is a large mid-19th-century former country house , now divided into three, which has a rendered finish and a slate roof. The entrance front has a colonnade porch with stone Doric columns, and the five-bay garden façade features two small bows. A disused 19th-century road bridge over Birchall Brook, on the boundary with Hankelow, is also listed; it is in red brick with stone dressings. There are no educational facilities in Hatherton. The civil parish falls within
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#17328909723811716-554: Is a small mid-19th-century Methodist chapel on Crewe Road; as of 2020, it forms part of the Methodist ministry of nearby Hankelow . There are several listed buildings within the parish, one of which is designated as grade II*, the middle of the three grades, denoting "particularly important buildings of more than special interest": Hatherton Manor, off Audlem Road (A529), is a farmhouse of five bays in orange-red brick with stone dressings, dating from 1703. There are two storeys, plus
1794-632: The Earl of Lindsey , was to die fighting for the King at the Battle of Edgehill . In early January 1642, a few days after failing to capture five members of the House of Commons, Charles feared for the safety of his family and retinue and left the London area for the north country. Further frequent negotiations by letter between the King and the Long Parliament, through to early summer, proved fruitless. On 1 June 1642
1872-677: The English Lords and Commons approved a list of proposals known as the Nineteen Propositions . In these demands, the Parliament sought a larger share of power in the governance of the kingdom. Before the end of the month the King rejected the Propositions. As the summer progressed, cities and towns declared their sympathies for one faction or the other: for example, the garrison of Portsmouth commanded by Sir George Goring declared for
1950-777: The Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651. Part of the wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms , the struggle consisted of the First English Civil War and the Second English Civil War . The Anglo-Scottish War of 1650 to 1652 is sometimes referred to as the Third English Civil War. While the conflicts in the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland had similarities, each had their own specific issues and objectives. The First English Civil War
2028-568: The Magnum Concilium (the House of Lords , but without the Commons , so not a Parliament), Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned another English Parliament in November 1640. The new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor. It immediately began to discuss grievances against him and his government, with Pym and Hampden (of ship money fame) in the lead. They took
2106-611: The Norman Conquest , it had been held by Ulfkil, when it had been valued at £2. Five households were recorded, interpreted as a manor house, lodge and two farms, as well as five ploughlands and a small wood. The old Hatherton Hall was replaced by a farmhouse. During the Civil War , Sir Thomas Smythe of Hatherton was a Parliamentarian who was among the Cheshire gentry who signed the "Cheshire Remonstrance" of 1642. The parish had two Methodist chapels. The earliest dates from 1864, and
2184-466: The Tonnage and Poundage Act 1640 . On 3 May, Parliament decreed The Protestation , attacking the 'wicked counsels' of Charles's government, whereby those who signed the petition undertook to defend 'the true reformed religion', Parliament, and the king's person, honour and estate. Throughout May, the House of Commons launched several bills attacking bishops and Episcopalianism in general, each time defeated in
2262-513: The Wybunbury area, including Joseph Heler's in Hatherton. The parish remained largely rural in 1990, with only minimal development noted since the 1960s. Hatherton is administered jointly with the adjacent parish of Walgherton by Hatherton and Walgherton Parish Council. From 1974 the civil parish was served by Crewe and Nantwich Borough Council, which was succeeded on 1 April 2009 by the unitary authority of Cheshire East . Hatherton falls in
2340-578: The "Eleven Years' Tyranny". During this period, Charles's policies were determined by his lack of money. First and foremost, to avoid Parliament, the King needed to avoid war. Charles made peace with France and Spain, effectively ending England's involvement in the Thirty Years' War . However, that in itself was far from enough to balance the Crown's finances. Unable to raise revenue without Parliament and unwilling to convene it, Charles resorted to other means. One
2418-510: The A529 and the B5071, and Hunsterson Road runs eastwards from this junction on the B5071 to the hamlet of Hunsterson in the adjacent parish. Lodge Lane runs south-east from the B5071 to Hunsterson Road. Bridgemere Lane runs eastwards from the A529 to Hunsterson, and Birchall Moss Lane cuts from the A529 to Bridgemere Lane. The hamlet of Hatherton is centred at the crossroads of Park Lane/Hunsterson Road with
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2496-436: The B5071, extending along both unclassified roads. The South Cheshire Way long-distance footpath runs through the south of the parish, partly following Bridgemere Lane and the A529. The River Weaver runs north–south forming the western boundary of the parish, Artle Brook runs on or near the northern boundary, and Birchall Brook forms part of the south-western boundary. The terrain is undulating, sloping more steeply down to
2574-486: The Church more ceremonial, replacing the wooden communion tables with stone altars. Puritans accused Laud of reintroducing Catholicism, and when they complained he had them arrested. In 1637, John Bastwick , Henry Burton , and William Prynne had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud's views – a rare penalty for gentlemen , and one that aroused anger. Moreover, the Church authorities revived statutes from
2652-705: The Church. In the spring of 1639, King Charles I accompanied his forces to the Scottish border to end the rebellion known as the Bishops' War , but after an inconclusive campaign, he accepted the offered Scottish truce: the Pacification of Berwick . This truce proved temporary, and a second war followed in mid-1640. A Scots army defeated Charles's forces in the north, then captured Newcastle . Charles eventually agreed not to interfere in Scotland's religion. Charles needed to suppress
2730-656: The Continent potentially alleviated concerns about the King's marriage to a Catholic. However, Charles's insistence on giving command of the English force to his unpopular royal favourite George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham , undermined that support. Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham, the relief expedition proved a fiasco (1627), and Parliament, already hostile to Buckingham for his monopoly on royal patronage , opened impeachment proceedings against him. Charles responded by dissolving Parliament. This saved Buckingham but confirmed
2808-583: The Elder , a member of the King's Privy Council, who refused to confirm it in Parliament out of loyalty to Charles. On 10 April 1641, Pym's case collapsed, but Pym made a direct appeal to the Younger Vane to produce a copy of the notes from the King's Privy Council, discovered by the Younger Vane and secretly turned over to Pym, to the great anguish of the Elder Vane. These notes contained evidence that Strafford had told
2886-729: The English Book of Common Prayer to Scotland in the middle of 1637. This was violently resisted. A riot broke out in Edinburgh, which may have been started in St Giles' Cathedral , according to legend, by Jenny Geddes . In February 1638, the Scots formulated their objections to royal policy in the National Covenant . This document took the form of a "loyal protest", rejecting all innovations not first tested by free Parliaments and General Assemblies of
2964-462: The Irish Catholic gentry to pay new taxes in return for promised religious concessions. In 1639, Charles had recalled Wentworth to England and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford, attempting to have him achieve similar results in Scotland. This time he proved less successful and the English forces fled the field at their second encounter with the Scots in 1640. Almost the whole of Northern England
3042-628: The King in 1638. The fines imposed on people who refused to pay ship money and standing out against its illegality aroused widespread indignation. During his "Personal Rule", Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures. He believed in High Anglicanism , a sacramental version of the Church of England , theologically based upon Arminianism , a creed shared with his main political adviser, Archbishop William Laud . In 1633, Charles appointed Laud Archbishop of Canterbury and started making
3120-548: The King's ministers. Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up. These laws equated to a tremendous increase in Parliamentary power. Ever since, this Parliament has been known as the Long Parliament . However, Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign The Protestation , an oath of allegiance to Charles. Early in
3198-433: The King, but when Charles tried to acquire arms from Kingston upon Hull , the weaponry depository used in the previous Scottish campaigns, Sir John Hotham , the military governor appointed by Parliament in January, refused to let Charles enter the town, and when Charles returned with more men later, Hotham drove them off . Charles issued a warrant for Hotham's arrest as a traitor but was powerless to enforce it. Throughout
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3276-453: The King, "Sir, you have done your duty, and your subjects have failed in theirs; and therefore you are absolved from the rules of government, and may supply yourself by extraordinary ways; you have an army in Ireland, with which you may reduce the kingdom." Pym immediately launched a Bill of Attainder stating Strafford's guilt and demanding that he be put to death. Unlike a guilty verdict in
3354-466: The Long Parliament, the house overwhelmingly accused Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford , of high treason and other crimes and misdemeanors. Henry Vane the Younger supplied evidence of Strafford's claimed improper use of the army in Ireland, alleging that he had encouraged the King to use his Ireland-raised forces to threaten England into compliance. This evidence was obtained from Vane's father, Henry Vane
3432-526: The Lords. Charles and his Parliament hoped that the execution of Strafford and the Protestation would end the drift towards war, but in fact, they encouraged it. Charles and his supporters continued to resent Parliament's demands, and Parliamentarians continued to suspect Charles of wanting to impose episcopalianism and unfettered royal rule by military force. Within months, the Irish Catholics, fearing
3510-560: The Parliament after only a few weeks; hence its name, "the Short Parliament ". Without Parliament's support, Charles attacked Scotland again, breaking the truce at Berwick, and suffered comprehensive defeat. The Scots went on to invade England, occupying Northumberland and Durham . Meanwhile, another of Charles's chief advisers, Thomas Wentworth, 1st Viscount Wentworth , had risen to the role of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632, and brought in much-needed revenue for Charles by persuading
3588-571: The Restoration to the 19th century, the common phrase for the civil wars was "the rebellion" or "the great rebellion". The wars spanning all four countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . In the early 19th century, Sir Walter Scott referred to it as "The Great Civil War". The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica called the series of conflicts the "Great Rebellion". Some historians, notably Marxists such as Christopher Hill (1912–2003), favoured
3666-527: The Scottish government in 1583, so that upon assuming power south of the border, the new King of England was affronted by the constraints the English Parliament attempted to place on him in exchange for money. Consequently, James's personal extravagance, which resulted in him being perennially short of money, meant that he had to resort to extra-parliamentary sources of income. Moreover, increasing inflation during this period meant that even though Parliament
3744-414: The Weaver in the west, with a lowest elevation of around 38 metres (125 ft) along the Weaver. The highest area is in the south of the parish, around Birchall Moss and south of Bridgemere Lane, at around 72 metres (236 ft). The entire civil parish is classified by Cheshire Wildlife Trust as "Lower Farms and Woods", and the area in the south of the parish around Birchall Moss has been identified as
3822-412: The ability and authority to collect and remit the most meaningful forms of taxation then available at the local level. So, if the king wanted to ensure smooth revenue collection, he needed the gentry's cooperation. For all of the Crown's legal authority, its resources were limited by any modern standard to the extent that if the gentry refused to collect the king's taxes on a national scale, the Crown lacked
3900-482: The catchment areas of Brine Leas School in Nantwich , and Stapeley Broad Lane Church of England Primary School. [REDACTED] Media related to Hatherton, Cheshire at Wikimedia Commons English Civil War Parliamentarian victory 1643 1644 1645 1646 England The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in
3978-418: The centuries de facto powers of enough significance that monarchs could not simply ignore them indefinitely. For a monarch, Parliament's most indispensable power was its ability to raise tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crown's disposal. By the 17th century, Parliament's tax-raising powers had come to be derived from the fact that the gentry was the only stratum of society with
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#17328909723814056-459: The impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers. Having dissolved Parliament and unable to raise money without it, the king assembled a new one in 1628. (The elected members included Oliver Cromwell , John Hampden , and Edward Coke .) The new Parliament drew up a Petition of Right , which Charles accepted as a concession to obtain his subsidy. The Petition made reference to Magna Carta , but did not grant him
4134-489: The infantry were cavalry, with a right wing led by the lieutenant-general and left by the commissary general . Its main aim was to rout the opponents' cavalry, then turn and overpower their infantry. The Royalist cavaliers' skill and speed on horseback led to many early victories. Prince Rupert , commanding the king's cavalry, used a tactic learned while fighting in the Dutch army, where cavalry would charge at full speed into
4212-448: The issue. On 21 April, the Commons passed the Bill (204 in favour, 59 opposed, and 250 abstained), and the Lords acquiesced. Charles, still incensed over the Commons' handling of Buckingham, refused his assent. Strafford himself, hoping to head off the war he saw looming, wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider. Charles, fearing for the safety of his family, signed on 10 May. Strafford
4290-602: The king failed to issue a proper summons, the members could assemble on their own. This act also forbade ship money without Parliament's consent, fines in distraint of knighthood, and forced loans. Monopolies were cut back sharply, the courts of the Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 , and the Triennial Act respectively. All remaining forms of taxation were legalised and regulated by
4368-476: The livelihood of thousands after the King awarded a number of drainage contracts. Many saw the King as indifferent to public welfare, and this played a role in bringing much of eastern England into the Parliamentarian camp. This sentiment brought with it such people as the Earl of Manchester and Oliver Cromwell , each a notable wartime adversary of the King. Conversely, one of the leading drainage contractors,
4446-487: The locally scarce species bog pimpernel , marsh valerian and spiny restharrow are also found at the site. According to the 2001 census , Hatherton civil parish had a population of 344, increasing to 360 in 143 households at the 2011 census. This represents a small decline from the mid-19th-century peak, but an increase compared with the mid-20th-century population; historical population figures are 191 (1801), 394 (1851), 367 (1871), 290 (1901) and 321 (1951). There
4524-423: The opponent's infantry, firing their pistols just before impact. However, with Oliver Cromwell and the introduction of the more disciplined New Model Army , a group of disciplined pike men would stand its ground, which could have a devastating effect. The Royalist cavalry had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge, leaving their forces scattered and tired, whereas Cromwell's cavalry
4602-425: The opportunity presented by the King's troubles to force various reforming measures – including many with strong "anti- Papist " themes – upon him. The members passed a law stating that a new Parliament would convene at least once every three years – without the King's summons if need be. Other laws passed making it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent and later gave Parliament control over
4680-473: The parliamentary constituency of Crewe and Nantwich , which has been represented by Kieran Mullan since 2019, after being represented by Laura Smith (2017–19), Edward Timpson (2008–17) and Gwyneth Dunwoody (1983–2008). The civil parish has an area of 673 hectares (1,660 acres). The A529 runs north–south through the parish and the B5071 (Crewe Road) runs to the north-east from the A529 junction at Oakes Corner towards Walgherton . Park Lane connects
4758-489: The policy of coastal counties and inland ports such as London paying ship money in times of need, but it had not been applied to inland counties before. Authorities had ignored it for centuries, and many saw it as yet another extra-Parliamentary, illegal tax, which prompted some prominent men to refuse to pay it. Charles issued a writ against John Hampden for his failure to pay, and although five judges including Sir George Croke supported Hampden, seven judges found in favour of
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#17328909723814836-471: The property-owning class to meet, primarily, at least from the point of view of the monarch, to sanction whatever taxes the monarch wished to collect. In the process, the representatives could debate and enact statutes , or acts . However, Parliament lacked the power to force its will upon the monarch; its only leverage was the threat of withholding the financial means required to implement his plans. Many concerns were raised over Charles's marriage in 1625 to
4914-438: The rebellion in Scotland but had insufficient funds to do so. He needed to seek money from a newly elected English Parliament in 1640. Its majority faction, led by John Pym , used this appeal for money as a chance to discuss grievances against the Crown and oppose the idea of an English invasion of Scotland. Charles took exception to this lèse-majesté (offense against the ruler) and, after negotiations went nowhere, dissolved
4992-629: The remaining cathedral cities (except York, Chester, Worcester). Lacey Baldwin Smith says, "the words populous, rich, and rebellious seemed to go hand in hand". Many officers and veteran soldiers had fought in European wars, notably the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish and the Dutch, which began in 1568, as well as earlier phases of the Thirty Years' War which began in 1618 and concluded in 1648. The war
5070-450: The right of tonnage and poundage , which Charles had been collecting without Parliamentary authorisation since 1625. Several more active members of the opposition were imprisoned, which caused outrage; one, John Eliot , subsequently died in prison and came to be seen as a martyr for the rights of Parliament. Charles avoided calling a Parliament for the next decade, a period known as the " personal rule of Charles I ", or by its critics as
5148-470: The same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatherton&oldid=1012090203 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hatherton, Cheshire Hatherton
5226-409: The singular, but historians often divide the conflict into two or three separate wars. These were not restricted to England alone, as Wales (having been annexed into the Kingdom of England ) was affected by the same political instabilities. The conflicts also involved wars with Scotland and Ireland and civil wars within them. Some historians have favoured the term The British Civil Wars . From
5304-428: The term " English Revolution ". Each side had a geographical stronghold, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The Royalist areas included the countryside, the shires, the cathedral city of Oxford, and the less economically developed areas of northern and western England. Parliament's strengths spanned the industrial centres, ports, and economically advanced regions of southern and eastern England, including
5382-417: The time of Elizabeth I about church attendance and fined Puritans for not attending Anglican services. The end of Charles's independent governance came when he attempted to apply the same religious policies in Scotland. The Church of Scotland , reluctantly episcopal in structure, had independent traditions. Charles wanted one uniform Church throughout Britain and introduced a new, High Anglican version of
5460-419: The time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, it functioned as a temporary advisory committee and was summoned only if and when the monarch saw fit. Once summoned, a Parliament's continued existence was at the King's pleasure since it was subject to dissolution by him at any time. Yet in spite of this limited role, Parliament had acquired over
5538-617: Was beheaded two days later. In the meantime, both Parliament and the King agreed to an independent investigation into the king's involvement in Strafford's plot. The Long Parliament then passed the Triennial Act 1640 , also known as the Dissolution Act, in May 1641, to which royal assent was readily granted. The Triennial Act required Parliament to be summoned at least once in three years. When
5616-531: Was crowned King of Scotland, in return for agreeing to create a Presbyterian church in both England and Scotland. The subsequent Anglo-Scottish War ended with Parliamentarian victory at Worcester on 3 September 1651. Both Ireland and Scotland were incorporated into the Commonwealth, and Britain became a unitary state until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. The term English Civil War appears most often in
5694-484: Was fought primarily over the correct balance of power between Parliament and Charles I . It ended in June 1646 with Royalist defeat and the king in custody. However, victory exposed Parliamentarian divisions over the nature of the political settlement. The vast majority went to war in 1642 to assert Parliament's right to participate in government, not abolish the monarchy, which meant Charles' refusal to make concessions led to
5772-425: Was granting the King the same nominal value of subsidy, the income was actually worth less. This extravagance was tempered by James's peaceful disposition, so that by the succession of his son Charles I in 1625 the two kingdoms had both experienced relative peace, internally and in their relations with each other. Charles followed his father's dream in hoping to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into
5850-617: Was occupied and Charles forced to pay £850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing. Had he not done so they would have pillaged and burnt the cities and towns of Northern England. All this put Charles in a desperate financial state. As King of Scots, he had to find money to pay the Scottish army in England; as King of England, he had to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England. His means of raising English revenue without an English Parliament fell critically short of achieving this. Against this backdrop, and according to advice from
5928-537: Was of unprecedented scale for the English. During the campaign seasons, 120,000 to 150,000 soldiers would be in the field, a higher proportion of the population than were fighting in Germany in the Thirty Years' War . The main battle tactic came to be known as pike and shot infantry. The two sides would line up opposite one another, with infantry brigades of musketeers in the centre. These carried matchlock muskets, an inaccurate weapon which nevertheless could be lethal at
6006-526: Was slower but better disciplined. Trained to operate as a single unit, it went on to win many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out in 1642, less than 40 years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I . Elizabeth had been succeeded by her first cousin twice-removed , King James VI of Scotland , as James I of England, creating the first personal union of the Scottish and English kingdoms . As King of Scots, James had become accustomed to Scotland's weak parliamentary tradition since assuming control of
6084-537: Was to revive conventions, often outdated. For example, a failure to attend and receive knighthood at Charles's coronation became a finable offence with the fine paid to the Crown. The King also tried to raise revenue through ship money , demanding in 1634–1636 that the inland English counties pay a tax for the Royal Navy to counter the threat of privateers and pirates in the English Channel. Established law supported
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