Misplaced Pages

#344655

61-675: Hassan is one of the 31 districts of Karnataka , India . The district headquarter is Hassan . It was part of Manjarabad Faujdari a.k.a. Patnada Rayada between 1832-81 ( Commissioner's Rule of Mysore ). In 1882, it was reduced into a sub-division under erstwhile Kadur district . But in 1886, the Hassan district was restored to its current form. Hassan District contains 8 taluks with their respective headquarters in Hassan , Arsikere , Channarayapatna , Belur , Holenarasipura , Sakleshpur , Alur and Arkalgud . Current Member of Parliament from Hassan

122-534: A perfume , it acts as a fixative , enhancing the longevity of other, more volatile, materials in the composite. Sandalwood is also a key ingredient in the "floriental" (floral- ambery ) fragrance family – when combined with white florals such as jasmine , ylang ylang , gardenia , plumeria , orange blossom , tuberose , lily of the valley , etc. Its also acts as a versatile base that blends well with other woody scents like patchouli and cedar . Sandalwood oil in India

183-502: A few months or years. Isobornyl cyclohexanol is a synthetic fragrance chemical produced as an alternative to the natural product. Sandalwood's main components are the two isomers of santalol (about 75%). It is used in aromatherapy , in scented candles and to prepare soaps . Sandalwood lends itself well to carving and has thus, traditionally, been a wood of choice for statues and sculptures of Hindu gods. Due to its low fluorescence and optimal refractive index , sandalwood oil

244-403: A minimum of 15 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality. India continues to produce a superior quality of Santalum Album, with FP Aromatics being the largest exporter. Australia is the largest producer of S. album , with

305-583: A total of 9 bus depots (6 by Hassan division, rest 3 by Chikmagalur division) in the district, with two being in Hassan city. Major National Highways that pass through the district are NH-75 (Bangalore - Mangalore) , NH-73 (Mangalore - Tumkur) , (and its subsidiary NH-373 Bilikere - Belur ) and NH-69 (Honnavara - Chittor) . Hassan comes under the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways . Hassan Junction railway station connects it to

366-543: Is Shreyas M. Patel and is grandson of former Member of Parliament G. Puttaswamy Gowda . The Current Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly is Swaroop Prakash. Hassan district was the seat of the Hoysala Empire which at its peak ruled large parts of south India from Belur as its early capital and Halebidu as its later capital during the period 1000–1334 CE. The district is named Hassan after

427-480: Is also used as a flavour component in different food items, including candy, ice cream, baked food, puddings, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, and gelatin. The flavouring is used at levels below 10 ppm, the highest possible level for use in food products being 90 ppm. Oil is extracted from Sandalwood through distillation. Many different methods are used, including steam distillation , water distillation, CO 2 extraction, and solvent extractions. Steam distillation

488-462: Is believed to calm the mind during meditation and prayer. It is also distributed to devotees, who apply it to their foreheads or necks and chests. Sandalwood paste is used for most pujas both in temples and private households. Sandalwood use is an integral part of the daily practices of Jainism. Sandalwood paste mixed with saffron is used to worship the Tirthankaras of Jainism . Sandalwood powder

549-402: Is expensive compared to other types of woods. To maximize profit , sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree instead of felling at the trunk near ground level. This way wood from the stump and root, which possesses high levels of sandalwood oil, can also be processed and sold. Australian sandalwood is mostly harvested and sold in log form, graded for heartwood content. The species

610-509: Is mentioned in various suttas of the Pāli Canon . In some Buddhist traditions, sandalwood is considered to be of the padma ( lotus ) group and attributed to Amitabha Buddha . Sandalwood scent is believed by some to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in meditation . It is also one of the most popular scents used when offering incense to the Buddha and the guru. In

671-518: Is no operational airport in the city. The nearest airport is Mysore airport and the nearest international airport is Kempegowda International Airport . Hassan Airport is an airport under construction 10 kilometres east of the city, near the Boovanahalli village. The project was first rejected by the State government in 2012. It was again revived in 2021 with a budget of Rs 175 crore and will be taken up by

SECTION 10

#1732901227345

732-526: Is not used as much anymore because of the high costs and time associated with heating large quantities of water. Sandalwood is considered sacred in the Hindu Ayurveda and is known in Sanskrit as chandana. The wood is used for worshipping the deities, and it is said that Lakshmi (Sri), the goddess of well-being, lives in the sandalwood tree; therefore, it is also known as Srigandha . Sandalwood paste

793-503: Is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy . Aboriginal Australians eat the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of local sandalwoods, such as the quandong ( S. acuminatum ). Early Europeans in Australia used quandong in cooking damper by infusing it with its leaves, and in making jams, pies, and chutneys from the fruit. In Scandinavia , pulverised bark from red sandalwood ( Pterocarpus soyauxii )

854-657: Is prepared by grinding a piece of dry sandalwood into powder, against a stone slab. With the gradual addition of water, a thick paste forms, (called kalabham "കളഭം" in Malayalam language and gandha ಗಂಧ in Kannada ) and it is mixed with saffron or other such pigments to make chandanam . Chandanam , further mixed with herbs, perfumes, pigments, and some other compounds, results in javadhu . Kalabham, chandanam, and javadhu are dried and used as kalabham powder, chandanam powder, and javadhu powder, respectively. Chandanam powder

915-484: Is priced at about US$ 2,500 per kg. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world, along with African blackwood , pink ivory , agarwood and ebony . Sandalwood has historically been an important tree in the development of the political economy of the Pacific. Prior to colonization in the region, the sandalwood tree was a marker of status, rank and beauty. It then became an important part of

976-526: Is showered as blessings by Jain monks and nuns ( sadhus and sadhvis ) onto their disciples and followers. Sandalwood garlands are used to dress the body during Jain cremation ceremonies. During the festival of Mahamastakabhisheka that is held once in every 12 years, the Gommateshwara statue is bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and saffron paste, and sprinkled with powders of sandalwood, turmeric , and vermilion . Sandalwood

1037-415: Is the most common method used by sandalwood companies. It occurs in a four-step process, incorporating boiling, steaming, condensation, and separation. Water is heated to high temperatures (60–100 °C or 140–212 °F) and is then passed through the wood. The oil is very tightly bound within the cellular structure of the wood, but can be released by the high heat of the steam. The mixture of steam and oil

1098-641: Is the most commonly used incense material by the Chinese , Korean and Japanese in worship and various ceremonies. Some Taoist sects, following the Ming Dynasty Taoist Manual, avoid the use of sandalwood (as well as benzoin resin and frankincense ) as incense in worship. In Korean Shamanism , sandalwood is considered the Tree of Life . It was transmitted to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan during

1159-417: Is then cooled and separated so that the essential oil can be collected. This process is much longer than any other essential oil 's distillation, taking 14 to 36 hours to complete, but generally produces much higher quality oil. Water, or hydro, distillation is the more traditional method of sandalwood extraction which involves soaking the wood in water and then boiling it until the oil is released. This method

1220-474: Is unique in that the white sapwood does not require removal before distilling the oil. The logs are either processed to distill the essential oil , or made into powders for making incense . Indian sandalwood, used mainly for oil extraction, does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation. As of 2020 , Australian Sandalwood oil sells for around US$ 1,500 per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), while Indian Sandalwood oil, due to its higher alpha santalol content,

1281-508: Is used - with other tropical spices - when marinating anchovies and some types of pickled herring such as matjes , sprat , and certain types of traditional spegesild , inducing a reddish colour and slightly perfumed flavour. Present-day chefs have begun experimenting in using the nut as a substitute for macadamia nuts or a bush food substitute for almonds, hazelnuts, and others in Southeast Asian-styled cuisine. The oil

SECTION 20

#1732901227345

1342-519: Is very popular in India and is also used in Nepal. In Tirupati, after religious tonsure, sandalwood paste is applied to protect the skin. In Hinduism and Ayurveda, sandalwood is thought to bring one closer to the divine. Thus, it is one of the most used holy elements in Hindu and Vedic societies. This paste is integral to rituals and ceremonies, for making religious utensils, for decorating sacred images, and it

1403-552: Is widely used in the cosmetic industry . The main source of true sandalwood, S. album , is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met. Many species of plants are traded as "sandalwood". The genus Santalum has more than 19 species. Traders often accept oil from closely related species, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian sandalwood ( Amyris balsamifera ) in the family Rutaceae or bastard sandalwood ( Myoporum sandwicense , Myoporaceae ). However, most woods from these alternative sources lose their aroma within

1464-687: The Karnataka Police Service (KSPS). A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service selected through the UPSC examination is responsible for managing the forests, the environment and wildlife of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service selected through the KPSC examination. Sect-oral development is looked after by

1525-460: The UDAN scheme. Government of India has granted the approval for setting up of 15 Greenfield airports in the country on 12 May 2015. Among 15 airports Hassan was also approved for Greenfield Airport. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates buses connecting Hassan district with other parts of Karnataka as well as neighbouring states. Two divisions of KSRTC, Hassan and Chikmagalur, maintain

1586-773: The Vijayanagara Empire . In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. It was also ruled by Adilshahis of Bijapur and Mughal Empire after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom . In 1648 the Mysore rulers built Channarayapatna fort by treaty with

1647-509: The fire temple , including the Atash Dadgahs . Sandalwood is not offered to the divo , a smaller lamp that is kept in the homes of Zoroastrians. Often, money is offered to the mobad (priest) as payment, along with sandalwood. Sandalwood is called sukhad in the Zoroastrian community. The sandalwood in the fire temple is often more expensive to buy than at a Zoroastrian store. It is often

1708-514: The plains , comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau . Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the former states of Mysore and Coorg were unified into a linguistically homogenous Kannada -speaking state along with agglomeration of districts of the former states of Bombay , Hyderabad , and Madras as part of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 . The unified Mysore State

1769-406: The 1871 census. A famine from 1876 to 1878 reduced the population to 428,344 by 1881. The population was 511,975 in 1891, and 568,919 in 1901. The 1901 census recorded 541,531 Hindus, 16,668 Muslims, 5035 Animists, 3795 Christians, 1874 Jains, and 16 others. The district had 14 towns, and 2546 villages. Reserve forests were established in the 19th century, and covered an area of 185 square miles in

1830-738: The Arabian Sea. Portions of Arsikere taluk in the northeast are drained by the Hagari River, a tributary of the Tungabhadra River . The basins of the Kaveri and Tungabhadra are separated by a range of low granitic hills extending through Belur, Hassan, and Arsikere taluks. The Bisle Ghat, or Bisale Ghat, is a portion of the Western Ghats range in the western part of the district. Main peaks include Jenukallu betta, Sakleshpura (4,558 feet (1,389 m)),

1891-515: The Collector and District Magistrate of the district. The deputy commissioner/collector is assisted by assistant commissioners and tahsildars, who are incharge of subdivisions and taluks respectively. A Superintendent of Police (SP) , usually an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service (IPS), is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of

Hassan district - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-526: The Hindu Goddess " Haasanamba ", the goddess and presiding deity of the town. The history of Hassan district is essentially the history of two of the well known dynasties that have ruled Karnataka, the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talkad (350–999 CE) and the Hoysala Empire (1000–1334 CE). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. It

2013-520: The Indian variants of Sufism , sandalwood paste is applied on a revered Sufi's grave by the disciples as a mark of devotion. The tradition is practiced particularly by devotees in the Indian Subcontinent . In Tamil culture, irrespective of one's religious identity, sandalwood paste or powder is applied to the graves of Sufi saints as a mark of devotion and respect. In East Asia , sandalwood (檀木),

2074-500: The Latin candere , to shine or glow. It arrived in English via Late Greek , Medieval Latin and Old French in the 14th or 15th century. Sandalwoods are medium-sized hemiparasitic trees, and part of the same botanical family as European mistletoe . Sandalwood is indigenous to the tropical belt of the peninsular India, Malay Archipelago and northern Australia. The main distribution is in

2135-604: The Pacific trade during the colonial period, as it was one of the few resources the West was able to successfully trade with Chinese merchants. This western trade began to put pressure on the production of sandalwood in the region. Tonga , a Polynesian kingdom in the Oceania region, saw a severe depletion of its sandalwood tree (locally known as “‘ahi”) due a disruption of the social hierarchy, known as “fahu”, which led to heightened local competition and eventually an over harvest. Nearly all of

2196-516: The US state of Nebraska . This gives it a ranking of 270th in India (out of a total of 640 ). The district has a population density of 261 inhabitants per square kilometre (680/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 3.17%. Hassan has a sex ratio of 1005 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 75.89%. 21.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 19.42% and 1.82% of

2257-402: The commercialization of Australian sandalwood ( Santalum spicatum ) in sandalwood plantations in Australia and China, although sandalwood album ( Santalum album ) is still considered to have the best and original quality in terms of religion and alternative medicine. Santalum spicatum is marketed as the notable members of this group today by merchants because of its stable sources; others in

2318-598: The confluence with the Yagachi, creating a reservoir of 8000 hectares. The Hemavathi passes through Holenarsipur taluk in a southerly direction and joins with the Kaveri near Hampapura in Mysore district, close to the border of Hassan district. The Kaveri flows through the southernmost part of the District. Western portions of the district are drained by the headwaters of the Netravati River , which flows northwestward to empty into

2379-526: The district head of each development department such as Public Works, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the various state services. BAG 5,234 km (2,021 sq mi) Sandalwood The nomenclature and the taxonomy of the genus are derived from this species' historical and widespread use. Etymologically it is ultimately derived from Sanskrit चन्दन Chandana ( čandana ), meaning "wood for burning incense" and related to candrah , "shining, glowing" and

2440-472: The district received an average annual rainfall of 1,701 millimetres (67.0 in), of which, Hethur hobli in Sakleshpura taluk received the maximum downpour of 4,305 millimetres (169.5 in) and Arsikere hobli received 986 millimetres (38.8 in), the lowest in the district. According to the 2011 census Hassan district has a population of 1,776,421, roughly equal to the nation of The Gambia or

2501-406: The district. The district is surrounded by Chikmagalur District to the north, Tumkur District to the east, Mandya District to the south east, Mysore to the south, Kodagu District to the south west and Dakshina Kannada district to the west. Hassan and Belur stand around 950 metres (3,120 ft) and 970 metres (3,180 ft) above sea level, respectively. Most of the district lies in

Hassan district - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-592: The district. He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials. Big cities like Bengaluru , Belagavi , Hubballi-Dharwad , Kalaburagi , Mangaluru and Mysuru are headed by a Commissioner of Police holding the rank of Additional Director General of Police(ADGP) for Bengaluru, Inspector General of Police (IGP) for Mysuru and Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) for Belagavi, Hubballi-Dharwad, Kalaburagi and Mangaluru. They are assisted by officers belonging to

2623-575: The district. The forests, with their area in square miles, were: Kempuhole Ghat (16), Kaganeri Ghati (2), Kabbinale Ghat (23), Bisale Ghat (23), Vijayapur (5), Hirikalgudda (92), Doddabetta (3), Burdalbore (3), Hagare (3), Byaba (2), Sige-gudda (8), Baisur (1), Mallappan-betta (1), and Vantigudda (1). The state established five sandalwood forests, totalling three square miles: Kemmanbore (232 acres), Gubbi (428 acres), Gadagere (554 acres), Gubbi (1000 acres), and Nakalgud (185 acres). After India's independence in 1947, Mysore Kingdom became Mysore State, which

2684-645: The drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian islands of Timor and Sumba. It spread to other regions through the incense trade route by the vast Indian and Arab mercantile networks and the Chinese maritime trade routes until the sixteenth century CE. The sandalwood of peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago supported most consumption in East Asia and West Asia during the time of the incense trade route before

2745-522: The eastward expansion of Buddhism. Zoroastrians offer sandalwood twigs to the afarganyu, the urn in which the fire is kept at the fire temple (called agiyari in Gujarati and dar-e mehr in Persian ), to keep the fire burning during religious ceremonies. After the firekeeping priests complete the ceremony, attendees are allowed to come up to the afarganyu and place their own pieces of sandalwood into

2806-524: The fire. Fire has been a sacred symbol in the Zoroastrian religion since ancient times and it is considered very important to keep the fires in the temples constantly burning . Because of its high sensitivity to fire, sandalwood works very well for this. Also, the wood has been accepted by the Yasna and Yashts (sacred texts) as an appropriate fuel for the fire. It is offered to all of the three grades of fire in

2867-462: The genus also have fragrant wood. These are found in India , Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands , Various unrelated plants with scented wood and also referred to as sandalwood, but not in the true sandalwood genus: Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood ( S. album ) trees to be

2928-790: The highest peak in the district, Murkangudda (4,265 feet (1,300 m)), and Devarbetta (4,206 feet (1,282 m)). Pushpagiri (1,712 meters), lies immediately southwest in Kodagu and district. Bisle , Kagneri, Kanchankumari reserve forests cover portions the Bisle Ghat, and adjoin Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in Kodagu. Hassan district is located on the leeward side of Western Ghats , thus receives less rainfall than coastal Karnataka . The district comes under three river basins: Netravathi , Kaveri and Vedavathi ( Krishna River ). In 2022,

2989-430: The majority grown around Kununurra , in the far north of the state by Quintis (formerly Tropical Forestry Services), which in 2017 controlled around 80% of the world's supply of Indian sandalwood, and Santanol . India used to be the world's biggest producer, but it has been overtaken by Australia in the 21st century. Over-exploitation is partly to blame for the decline. However, ethical plantations in India are on

3050-573: The market, lower-ranking family members began to harvest the trees without permission, encouraging many farmers to harvest their trees defensively and thus leading to over harvest. In 2007, Mike Evans published a scholarly report on Tongan sandalwood overharvest and the socio-environmental implications of resource commodification and privatized land tenure. Evan’s concluded that “whatever the short-term ecological benefits of enforcing privatized land tenure, because private property not only fragments social ties by allowing an individual to deny others, it has

3111-470: The population respectively. Languages of Hassan district (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 87.04% of the population spoke Kannada , 6.16% Urdu , 1.96% Telugu , 1.22% Tulu and 0.91% Tamil as their first language. Hassan District is administratively divided into eight talukas (Panchayat blocks): Alur , Arkalgud , Arsikere , Belur , Channarayapatna , Hassan , Holenarasipura (H.N. Pura) and Sakleshpur , and 258 panchayat villages . There

SECTION 50

#1732901227345

3172-471: The potential to fragment the regional ecology as well.” Sandalwood oil has a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent. Its quality and scent profile is greatly influenced by the age of the tree, location and the skill of the distiller. It imparts a long-lasting, woody base to perfumes from the oriental, woody, fougère , and chypre families, as well as a fixative to floral and citrus fragrances. When used in smaller proportions in

3233-455: The rest of the country through the Indian Railways . Districts of Karnataka The southern Indian state of Karnataka consists of 31 districts grouped into 4 administrative divisions, viz ., Belagavi , Bengaluru , Gulbarga , and Mysore . Geographically, the state has three principal variants: the western coastal stretch , the hilly belt comprising the Western Ghats , and

3294-416: The rise, and India is expected to increase its supply manyfold by 2030, owing to favourable weather conditions and competitive pricing. Australian sandalwood ( S. spicatum ) is grown in commercial plantations throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia, where it has been an important part of the economy since colonial times. As of 2020 WA has the largest plantation resource in the world. Sandalwood

3355-438: The sandalwood resources were depleted over the span of two years. Tongan people have a unique social dynamic referred to as “fahu.” On the one hand, the kinship system of fahu is able to ensure biodiversity and sustainability in contemporary Tonga. But on the other hand, a principal factor in the over harvest of the ‘ahi tree was the result of the defensive actions of farmers defying fahu customs. As sandalwood became valuable in

3416-543: The sultans of Bijapur. A peace treaty was concluded between the Mysore and Keladi rulers in 1694. The district remained part of the Mysore Kingdom at the conclusion of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799. Hassan District and its current boundaries date to the 1860s, when the Mysore Kingdom was organised into 8 districts, and the districts further divided into taluks . The district had a population of 518,987 in

3477-744: The watershed of the Hemavathi River , a tributary of the Kaveri River . The general level of Hassan district slopes with the course of the Hemavati, from the peaks of the Western Ghats downwards to the southeast. The chief tributary of the Hemavathi is the Yagachi River , which flows southward from Belur taluk to join the Hemavathi near Gorur. In 1981 the Hemavathi Dam was completed near Gorur, downstream from

3538-544: The year 1973. Currently there are demands to carve out the following district, A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner (DC), an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service . The deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to the Karnataka Administrative Service . The Deputy Commissioner is also

3599-510: Was also ruled by Adilshahis of Bijapur and Mughal Empire after decline of the Vijayanagar. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom . It finally merged as an independent Mysore kingdom . During the 14th century, invasions by the Sultanate of Delhi weakened the Hoysala state, and the district became part of

3660-595: Was made up of ten districts, viz ., Bangalore , Kolar , Tumkur , Mandya , Mysore , Hassan , Chikkamagalur , Shimoga , Chitradurga , and Ballari which had been transferred from Madras Presidency to Mysore State earlier in 1953, when the new state of Andhra Pradesh was created out of Madras' northern districts. Coorg State became Kodagu district , South Canara was transferred from Madras State, North Canara , Dharwad , Belgaum , and Bijapur from Bombay State. Bidar , Gulbarga , and Raichur from Hyderabad State. The state received its new name of Karnataka in

3721-426: Was renamed Karnataka state in 1973. Lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76°38´ East longitude, Hassan district has a total area of 6826.15 km. The geography is mixed with the malnad or mountainous region to the west and south west called Bisle Ghat and the maidan or plains regions in the north, south and east. There are some areas of degraded forest ranges in central portion of

SECTION 60

#1732901227345
#344655