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35-665: It owes its nickname of the Rose of Mount Lebanon to its predominantly red-tiled roof houses. The population is Maronite Catholic. Hasroun gave the Maronite Church two Patriarchs , Patriarch Jacob Aouad (1705-1733) and Patriarch Simon Aouad (1743-1756). From Hasroun came also the noted family of orientalists , the Assemani, among them the famous Giuseppe Simone Assemani , author of Bibliotheca Orientalis and Ephraemi Syri opera omnia quae extant . This Lebanon location article

70-608: A compromise between supporters of Chalcedon, such as the Maronites, and opponents, such as the Jacobites . To win back the Monophysites, Monoenergism was first advocated by Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople . Pope Honorius I (625–638) of Rome naively called for an end to dispute and interpreted Sergius' view as true since Christ exhibited only one will insofar as His sinless human will never disagreed with His divine will. Instead,

105-547: Is February 9. Maron, born in what is now modern Syria , in the middle of the 4th century, was a priest who later became a hermit, retiring to the Taurus Mountains in the region of Cyrrhus , near Antioch . His holiness and miracles attracted many followers, and drew attention throughout the empire. John Chrysostom wrote to him around AD 405 expressing his great love and respect, and asking Maron to pray for him. Maron and Chrysostom are believed to have studied together in

140-515: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Maronite Christianity in Lebanon Lebanese diaspora : Europe Overseas Middle East Lebanese Maronite Christians ( Arabic : المسيحية المارونية في لبنان ; Classical Syriac : ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ) refers to Lebanese people who are members of the Maronite Church in Lebanon , the largest Christian denomination in

175-523: Is buried in Brad village to the north of Aleppo . The Maronite movement reached Mount Lebanon when Saint Maron’s first disciple, Abraham of Cyrrhus , who was called the Apostle of Lebanon, realized that there were many non-Christians in the ancient region of Mount Lebanon, and he set out to convert them to Christianity by introducing them to the teachings of Saint Maron. William of Tyre , chronicling his arrival in

210-526: Is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another." The Maronite population in Lebanon has a rich history. Its foundation can be traced back to early followers of Maron , who migrated from the region of Antioch to Mount Lebanon. Historically, Lebanese Maronites resided in remote mountain villages and were led by influential noble families. The followers of Jesus Christ first became known as "Christians" in

245-561: The 1975–1990 civil war , which ended their supremacy. While the Taif Accords weakened Maronite influence, it endures alongside other dominant Lebanese communities, such as the Shiites and Sunnis . Lebanon's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation's religious groups. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between

280-582: The Holy See and the Catholic Church . The religious community which grew from this movement are the modern Maronites . Maron, revered as a highly spiritual ascetic monk with a connection to God through his communion with the natural environment, garnered widespread respect within Christian circles. In addition to his emphasis on ascetic spirituality, he played an important role in advancing Christian missions in

315-622: The Vatican and imparted his Apostolic Blessing . The 15 feet tall statue was commissioned by the Maronite Church to the Spanish sculptor Marco Augusto Dueñas . The saint appears in the sculpture holding a miniature, Maronite style church; the sculpture also features an inscription in Syriac reading: The righteous will flourish like a palm tree, they will grow like a cedar of Lebanon . The statue occupied

350-764: The Church is that it had never accepted either the Monophysitic views held by their Syriac neighbours, which were condemned in the Council of Chalcedon , or the failed compromise doctrine of Monothelitism (the latter claim being found in contemporary sources). The Maronite Patriarch is traditionally seated in Bkerke , north of Beirut. Lebanese Maronite Christians are concentrated in the north Beirut, northern part of Mount Lebanon Governorate , southern part of North Governorate , parts of Beqaa Governorate and South Governorate . Note that

385-640: The Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early Eighteenth Century, through a governing and social system known as the " Maronite-Druze dualism " in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate . The Maronites belong to the Maronite Syriac Church of Antioch in Hatay Province , Turkey) is an Eastern Catholic Syriac Church that had affirmed its communion with Rome since 1180, although the official view of

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420-472: The Maronites to elect their first Patriarch, John Maroun , that year. This, however, was seen as a usurpation by the then undivided Orthodox Catholic church. Thus, at a time when Islam was rising on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and a united front was necessary to keep out Islamic infiltration, the Maronites were focused on a struggle to retain their independence against imperial power. This situation

455-464: The Maronites without a leader, a situation which continued because of the final and most devastating Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628 . In the aftermath of the war, the Emperor Heraclius propagated a new Christological doctrine in an attempt to unify the various Christian churches of the east, who were divided over accepting the Council of Chalcedon . This doctrine, monothelitism , was meant as

490-550: The Patriarch of Constantinople's doctrine and subsequent Monothelitism caused greater controversy and was declared a heresy at the Sixth Ecumenical Council in 680-681. Contemporary Greek, Latin and Arab sources indicate that the Maronites accepted monothelitism, rejected the sixth council, and continued to maintain a belief in the largely discredited monothelite doctrine for centuries, only moving away from monothelitism in

525-717: The ancient Greek city of Antioch (Acts 11:26), and the city became a center for Christianity – especially after the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70. According to Catholic tradition, the first Bishop was Saint Peter before his travels to Rome. The third Bishop was the Apostolic Father Ignatius of Antioch . Antioch became one of the five original Patriarchates (the Pentarchy ) after Constantine recognized Christianity. The Maronite Christianity derived its name and religious identity from Saint Maron whose followers migrated to

560-494: The area of Mount Lebanon (present day Republic of Lebanon ) from their previous location of residence around the area of Antioch (an ancient Greek city within present day Hatay Province , Turkey), establishing the nucleus of the Maronite Church . More specifically, Maron, a fourth-century monk and the contemporary and friend of St. John Chrysostom , left Antioch for the Orontes River to lead an ascetic life, following

595-501: The country. The Lebanese Maronite population is concentrated mainly in Mount Lebanon and East Beirut . They are believed to constitute about 30% of the total population of Lebanon. The Maronites and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century through the ruling and social system known as the " Maronite–Druze dualism ". The 1860 Druze–Maronite conflict led to

630-715: The establishment of Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate , an autonomous entity within the Ottoman Empire dominated by Maronites and protected by European powers. In the aftermath of the First World War , the Maronites successfully campaigned for Greater Lebanon carved out from Mount Lebanon and neighboring areas. Under the French Mandate , and until the end of the Second World War , the Maronites gained substantial influence. Post-independence, they dominated Lebanese politics until

665-670: The following percentages are estimates only. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates. The last Census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Maronites at 60%. A study done by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1985 put the numbers of Maronites at 46% of the population. In 2012, Maronites constituted 31% of Lebanon 's population, according to estimates. The Maronite Church's website claims 1,062,000 members were in Lebanon in 1994 which would have made them around 31% of Lebanon's population. Maronite Catholics are

700-527: The great Christian learning center at Antioch , which at the time was the third largest city in the Roman Empire. Maron embraced a life of quiet solitude in the mountains north-west of Aleppo. He was known for his simplicity and his extraordinary desire to discover God's presence in all things. Maron is considered the Father of the spiritual and monastic movement now called the Maronite Church . Maron's way

735-436: The largest Christian group, followed by Greek Orthodox. Maron Maron , also called Maroun or Maro ( Syriac : ܡܪܘܢ , Mārūn ; Arabic : مَارُون ; Latin : Maron ; Ancient Greek : Μάρων ), was a 4th-century Syriac Christian hermit monk in the Taurus Mountains whose followers, after his death, founded a religious Christian movement that became known as the Maronite Church , in full communion with

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770-635: The last available niche in the outer perimeter of Saint Peter's Basilica. In June 2012, an impressionist painting of Saint Maron, as well as several icons based on images from the 5th-century Syriac Rabboula manuscript including the Crucifixion , the Marian icon of the "Mother of Light" and the Evangelists, was donated, installed and was solemnly attended by Cardinal Donald Wuerl at the National Shrine of

805-431: The mountains of Lebanon. Correspondence concerning the event brought the Maronites papal and orthodox recognition, which was solidified by Pope Hormisdas (514–523) on February 10, 518. A monastery was built around the shrine of St. Maro (Marun) after the Council of Chalcedon . The martyrdom of the Patriarch of Antioch in the first decade of the seventh century, either at the hands of Persian soldiers or local Jews, left

840-515: The open air next to a temple he had transformed to a church. He spent his time in prayer and meditation exposed to the forces of nature such as sun, rain, hail and snow. Theodoret of Cyrrhus wrote that this was a new type of asceticism that soon enjoyed wide acceptance in Syria and Lebanon . His Religious History , written around AD 440, mentions fifteen men and three women who followed this practice, many of them trained or guided by Maron. Saint Maron

875-465: The region of Lebanon during the crusades, writes of the Maronites that they took their name from a certain Maro, whose heresies (described as monothelitism ) they followed for “almost five hundred years,” but which they recanted at the time of William’s report. Though William of Tyre’s indictment of “Maro and his followers” as monothelite heretics has resulted in controversy among scholars, in all probability, he

910-462: The region. One of his disciples, Abraham of Cyrrhus , emerged as a missionary, successfully disseminating the Maronite variant of Christianity in Lebanon, which took root in the region and persisted ever since. Saint Maron is often portrayed in a black monastic habit with a hanging stole , accompanied by a long crosier staffed by a globe surmounted with a cross. His feast day in the Maronite Church

945-533: The time of the crusades in order to avoid being branded heretics by the crusaders. The modern Maronite Church, however, rejects the assertion that the Maronites were ever monothelites separated from the rest of the universal Church. The question remains a cause of significant offence to this day. In 687, the Emperor Justinian II agreed to evacuate many thousand Maronites from Lebanon and settle them elsewhere. The chaos and utter depression which followed led

980-565: The traditions of Anthony the Great of the Desert and Pachomius . Many of his followers also lived a monastic lifestyle. Following the death of Maron in 410, his disciples built a monastery in his memory and formed the nucleus of the Maronite Church. The Maronites held fast to the beliefs of the Council of Chalcedon in 451. When the Monophysites of Antioch slew 350 monks, the Maronites sought refuge in

1015-827: The various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the president of the country must be a Maronite. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator of the National Geographic Society 's Genographic Project , Pierre Zalloua , pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There

1050-513: The year 410 in Kalota , his spirit and teachings continued to thrive through his disciples. The exact location of his burial is a topic of debate. Some Lebanese sources, such as Giuseppe Simone Assemani and Maronite bishop Yusef al-Dibs, believed he was buried in Arethusa or modern-day al-Rastan along the Orontes River in the region, while others, like Jesuit priest Henri Lammens , have claimed he

1085-456: The “lost souls” of both non-Christians and Christians of his time. This missionary work came to fruition when, in the mountains of the region, Saint Maron was able to convert a temple into a Christian church in Kafr Nabu . This marked the beginning of the conversion to Christianity in the region, which would eventually influence and spread to the ancient region of Mount Lebanon. After his death in

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1120-443: Was a mystic who initiated a new ascetic-spiritual approach that attracted many people in the region encompassing what is now Syria and Lebanon to become his disciples. Accompanying his deeply spiritual and ascetic life, he was a zealous missionary with a passion for spreading the message of Christ by preaching it to all he encountered. He sought not only to heal physical ailments but also had a profound commitment to nurturing and healing

1155-463: Was deeply monastic with emphasis on the spiritual and ascetic aspects of living. For Maron, all was connected to God and God was connected to all. He did not separate the physical and spiritual world and actually used the physical world to deepen his faith and spiritual experience with God. He was able to free himself from the physical world by his passion and fervour for prayer and enter into a mystical relationship of love with God. He lived his life in

1190-586: Was mirrored in other Christian communities in the Byzantine Empire and helped facilitate the Muslim conquest of most of Eastern Christendom by the end of the century. The relationship between the Druze and Christians has been characterized by harmony and peaceful coexistence , with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war . The Maronite Catholics and

1225-407: Was mistakenly referring to a Maro from Edessa instead of the fourth-century St. Maro. Maronite historians argue that they have always remained in full communion with Rome. Saint Maron’s feast day is celebrated on February 9. Saint Maron was known for his gift for healing. On 23 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI unveiled a statue of Saint Maron on the outer wall of Saint Peter's Basilica in

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