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49-411: Harvard-Yenching may refer to: Harvard–Yenching Library Harvard–Yenching Institute Harvard–Yenching Classification Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Harvard–Yenching . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

98-517: A symposium and the publication of a volume of scholarly articles on the history of the Library and its collections. In 2009, the library announced a six-year, multimillion-dollar project to digitize major sections of its rare books collection in cooperation with the National Library of China . In 2020, James Cheng retired. During his time as head librarian, he oversaw large-scale digitization of

147-621: A Microsoft Word document or a social media post. In contrast, digitization only applies exclusively to analog materials. Born-digital materials present a unique challenge to digital preservation not only due to technological obsolescence but also because of the inherently unstable nature of digital storage and maintenance. Most websites last between 2.5 and 5 years, depending on the purpose for which they were designed. The Library of Congress provides numerous resources and tips for individuals looking to practice digitization and digital preservation for their personal collections. Digital reformatting

196-493: A numerical format"; the decimal or any other number system can be used instead. Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing, storage, and transmission, because it "allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled." Though analog data is typically more stable, digital data has the potential to be more easily shared and accessed and, in theory, can be propagated indefinitely without generation loss, provided it

245-435: A point where a book is completely unusable. In theory, if these widely circulated titles are not treated with de-acidification processes, the materials upon those acid pages will be lost. As digital technology evolves, it is increasingly preferred as a method of preserving these materials, mainly because it can provide easier access points and significantly reduce the need for physical storage space. Cambridge University Library

294-612: A research library that encompasses East Asian materials in all academic disciplines. A. Kaiming Chiu served as head librarian of the library until his retirement in 1964, after which he was succeeded by Eugene W. Wu . In 1951, a Korean collection was added. In 1965, the Chinese-Japanese Library of the Harvard-Yenching Institute was renamed the Harvard-Yenching Library to reflect the expanded nature of

343-443: A series of numbers that describe a discrete set of points or samples . The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a digital image , for the object, and digital form , for the signal. In modern practice, the digitized data is in the form of binary numbers , which facilitates processing by digital computers and other operations, but digitizing simply means "the conversion of analog source material into

392-631: A video tape player to be connected to a computer while the item plays in real time. Slides can be digitized quicker with a slide scanner such as the Nikon Coolscan 5000ED. Another example of digitization is the VisualAudio process developed by the Swiss Fonoteca Nazionale in Lugano , by scanning a high resolution photograph of a record, they are able to extract and reconstruct the sound from

441-611: Is migrated to new, stable formats as needed . This potential has led to institutional digitization projects designed to improve access and the rapid growth of the digital preservation field. Sometimes digitization and digital preservation are mistaken for the same thing. They are different, but digitization is often a vital first step in digital preservation. Libraries, archives, museums, and other memory institutions digitize items to preserve fragile materials and create more access points for patrons. Doing this creates challenges for information professionals and solutions can be as varied as

490-427: Is central to making digital representations of geographical features, using raster or vector images, in a geographic information system , i.e., the creation of electronic maps , either from various geographical and satellite imaging (raster) or by digitizing traditional paper maps or graphs (vector). "Digitization" is also used to describe the process of populating databases with files or data. While this usage

539-635: Is done once with the technology currently available, while digital preservation is more complicated because technology changes so quickly that a once popular storage format may become obsolete before it breaks. An example is a 5 1/4" floppy drive, computers are no longer made with them and obtaining the hardware to convert a file stored on 5 1/4" floppy disc can be expensive. To combat this risk, equipment must be upgraded as newer technology becomes affordable (about 2 to 5 years), but before older technology becomes unobtainable (about 5 to 10 years). Digital preservation can also apply to born-digital material, such as

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588-503: Is fed into an embroidery machine and applied to the fabric. The most supported format is DST file. Apparel companies also digitize clothing patterns. Analog signals are continuous electrical signals; digital signals are non-continuous. Analog signals can be converted to digital signals by using an analog-to-digital converter . The process of converting analog to digital consists of two parts: sampling and quantizing. Sampling measures wave amplitudes at regular intervals, splits them along

637-413: Is often described as converting it from analog to digital, however both copies remain. An example would be scanning a photograph and having the original piece in a photo album and a digital copy saved to a computer. This is essentially the first step in digital preservation which is to maintain the digital copy over a long period of time and making sure it remains authentic and accessible. Digitization

686-651: Is still used by institutions such as the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) to provide preservation and access to these resources. While digital versions of analog texts can potentially be accessed from anywhere in the world, they are not as stable as most print materials or manuscripts and are unlikely to be accessible decades from now without further preservation efforts, while many books manuscripts and scrolls have already been around for centuries. However, for some materials that have been damaged by water, insects, or catastrophes, digitization might be

735-442: Is technically inaccurate, it originates with the previously proper use of the term to describe that part of the process involving digitization of analog sources, such as printed pictures and brochures, before uploading to target databases. Digitizing may also be used in the field of apparel, where an image may be recreated with the help of embroidery digitizing software tools and saved as embroidery machine code. This machine code

784-406: Is the primary way of storing images in a form suitable for transmission and computer processing, whether scanned from two-dimensional analog originals or captured using an image sensor -equipped device such as a digital camera , tomographical instrument such as a CAT scanner , or acquiring precise dimensions from a real-world object, such as a car , using a 3D scanning device. Digitizing

833-517: Is the process of converting analog materials into a digital format as a surrogate of the original. The digital surrogates perform a preservation function by reducing or eliminating the use of the original. Digital reformatting is guided by established best practices to ensure that materials are being converted at the highest quality. The Library of Congress has been actively reformatting materials for its American Memory project and developed best standards and practices pertaining to book handling during

882-514: Is to ensure that the digital files themselves are preserved and remain accessible; the term " digital preservation ," in its most basic sense, refers to an array of activities undertaken to maintain access to digital materials over time. The prevalent Brittle Books issue facing libraries across the world is being addressed with a digital solution for long term book preservation. Since the mid-1800s, books were printed on wood-pulp paper , which turns acidic as it decays. Deterioration may advance to

931-477: Is unique and workflows for one will be different from every other project that goes through the process, so time must be spent thoroughly studying and planning each one to create the best plan for the materials and the intended audience. Cost of equipment, staff time, metadata creation, and digital storage media make large scale digitization of collections expensive for all types of cultural institutions . Ideally, all institutions want their digital copies to have

980-453: Is used to describe, for example, the scanning of analog sources (such as printed photos or taped videos ) into computers for editing, 3D scanning that creates 3D modeling of an object's surface, and audio (where sampling rate is often measured in kilohertz ) and texture map transformations. In this last case, as in normal photos, the sampling rate refers to the resolution of the image, often measured in pixels per inch. Digitizing

1029-653: Is working on the Cambridge Digital Library , which will initially contain digitised versions of many of its most important works relating to science and religion. These include examples such as Isaac Newton's personally annotated first edition of his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica as well as college notebooks and other papers, and some Islamic manuscripts such as a Quran from Tipu Sahib's library. Google, Inc. has taken steps towards attempting to digitize every title with " Google Book Search ". While some academic libraries have been contracted by

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1078-503: The Cambridge campus of Harvard University since around 1957. The building was originally built in 1929 for Harvard's Institute of Geographical Exploration, and currently houses part of the Harvard-Yenching Institute and the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, in addition to the Harvard-Yenching Library. In 1879, Ko K'un-hua ( Chinese : 戈鯤化 ), a scholar from China ,

1127-641: The Harvard College Library, thus launching Harvard's Japanese collection. In 1927, Archibald Cary Coolidge , head of Harvard's libraries, asked Alfred Kaiming Chiu, then a graduate student at Harvard, to organize and catalog these collections. The library was formally founded in 1928, as the Chinese-Japanese Library of the Harvard-Yenching Institute . Following World War II , the library began collecting more social science publications. The once predominantly humanistic collection evolved into

1176-492: The best image quality so a high-quality copy can be maintained over time. In the mid-long term, digital storage would be regarded as the more expensive part to maintain the digital archives due to the increasing number of scanning requests. However, smaller institutions may not be able to afford such equipment or manpower, which limits how much material can be digitized, so archivists and librarians must know what their patrons need and prioritize digitization of those items. To help

1225-458: The digitization process, scanning resolutions, and preferred file formats. Some of these standards are: A list of archival standards for digital preservation can be found on the ARL website. The Library of Congress has constituted a Preservation Digital Reformatting Program. The Three main components of the program include: Audio media offers a rich source of historic ethnographic information, with

1274-844: The earliest forms of recorded sound dating back to 1890. According to the International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives (IASA), these sources of audio data, as well as the aging technologies used to play them back, are in imminent danger of permanent loss due to degradation and obsolescence. These primary sources are called “carriers” and exist in a variety of formats, including wax cylinders, magnetic tape, and flat discs of grooved media, among others. Some formats are susceptible to more severe, or quicker, degradation than others. For instance, lacquer discs suffer from delamination . Analog tape may deteriorate due to sticky shed syndrome . Archival workflow and file standardization have been developed to minimize loss of information from

1323-491: The expectation that everything should already be online. The time spent planning, doing the work, and processing the digital files along with the expense and fragility of some materials are some of the most common. Digitization is a time-consuming process, even more so when the condition or format of the analog resources requires special handling. Deciding what part of a collection to digitize can sometimes take longer than digitizing it in its entirety. Each digitization project

1372-402: The field can attend conferences and join organizations and working groups to keep their knowledge current and add to the conversation. The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as an object, text, sound, image, or voice, are converted into a single binary code . The core of the process is the compromise between the capturing device and the player device so that

1421-483: The information institutions to better decide the archives worth of digitization, Casablancas and other researchers used a proposed model to investigate the impact of different digitization strategies on the decrease in access requests in the archival and library reading rooms. Often the cost of time and expertise involved with describing materials and adding metadata is more than the digitization process. Some materials, such as brittle books, are so fragile that undergoing

1470-579: The institutions that implement them. Some analog materials, such as audio and video tapes, are nearing the end of their life cycle, and it is important to digitize them before equipment obsolescence and media deterioration makes the data irretrievable. There are challenges and implications surrounding digitization including time, cost, cultural history concerns, and creating an equitable platform for historically marginalized voices. Many digitizing institutions develop their own solutions to these challenges. Mass digitization projects have had mixed results over

1519-412: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harvard–Yenching&oldid=922148749 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching Library The library has been located at 2 Divinity Avenue on

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1568-401: The items for digital collections. It can be time consuming to make sure all potential copyright holders have given permission, but if copyright cannot be determined or cleared, it may be necessary to restrict even digital materials to in library use. Institutions can make digitization more cost-effective by planning before a project begins, including outlining what they hope to accomplish and

1617-441: The library's collections. The Library eventually added Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchu publications, and Western language monographs and journals. In 1973, a Vietnamese collection was added. In 1976, management of the library shifted from the independent Harvard-Yenching Institute to the Harvard College Library. In 1998, Eugene Wu retired and was succeeded by James Cheng. In 2003, the library celebrated its 75th anniversary with

1666-551: The library's rare and special collections. James Cheng was succeeded by Jidong Yang in August 2022. 42°22′38.85″N 71°06′51.32″W  /  42.3774583°N 71.1142556°W  / 42.3774583; -71.1142556 Digitize Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) format. The result is the representation of an object, image , sound , document , or signal (usually an analog signal ) obtained by generating

1715-715: The minimum amount of equipment, time, and effort that can meet those goals. If a budget needs more money to cover the cost of equipment or staff, an institution might investigate if grants are available. Collaborations between institutions have the potential to save money on equipment, staff, and training as individual members share their equipment, manpower, and skills rather than pay outside organizations to provide these services. Collaborations with donors can build long-term support of current and future digitization projects. Outsourcing can be an option if an institution does not want to invest in equipment but since most vendors require an inventory and basic metadata for materials, this

1764-432: The number of possible values of the signal at a given time , as well as in the number of points in the signal in a given period of time. However, digital signals are discrete in both of those respects – generally a finite sequence of integers – therefore a digitization can, in practical terms, only ever be an approximation of the signal it represents. Digitization occurs in two parts: In general, these can occur at

1813-402: The only option for continued use. In the context of libraries, archives, and museums, digitization is a means of creating digital surrogates of analog materials, such as books, newspapers, microfilm and videotapes, offers a variety of benefits, including increasing access, especially for patrons at a distance; contributing to collection development, through collaborative initiatives; enhancing

1862-452: The original carrier to the resulting digital file as digitization is underway. For most at-risk formats (magnetic tape, grooved cylinders, etc.), a similar workflow can be observed. Examination of the source carrier will help determine what, if any, steps need to be taken to repair material prior to transfer. A similar inspection must be undertaken for the playback machines. If satisfactory conditions are met for both carrier and playback machine,

1911-434: The potential for research and education; and supporting preservation activities. Digitization can provide a means of preserving the content of the materials by creating an accessible facsimile of the object in order to put less strain on already fragile originals. For sounds, digitization of legacy analog recordings is essential insurance against technological obsolescence. A fundamental aspect of planning digitization projects

1960-509: The process of digitization could damage them irreparably. Despite potential damage, one reason for digitizing fragile materials is because they are so heavily used that creating a digital surrogate will help preserve the original copy long past its expected lifetime and increase access to the item. Copyright is not only a problem faced by projects like Google Books , but by institutions that may need to contact private citizens or institutions mentioned in archival documents for permission to scan

2009-653: The processed image. Digitization of analog tapes before they degrade, or after damage has already occurred, can rescue the only copies of local and traditional cultural music for future generations to study and enjoy. Academic and public libraries, foundations, and private companies like Google are scanning older print books and applying optical character recognition (OCR) technologies so they can be keyword searched, but as of 2006, only about 1 in 20 texts had been digitized. Librarians and archivists are working to increase this statistic and in 2019 began digitizing 480,000 books published between 1923 and 1964 that had entered

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2058-416: The public domain. Unpublished manuscripts and other rare papers and documents housed in special collections are being digitized by libraries and archives , but backlogs often slow this process and keep materials with enduring historical and research value hidden from most users (see digital libraries ). Digitization has not completely replaced other archival imaging options, such as microfilming which

2107-511: The rendered result represents the original source with the most possible fidelity, and the advantage of digitization is the speed and accuracy in which this form of information can be transmitted with no degradation compared with analog information. Digital information exists as one of two digits, either 0 or 1. These are known as bits (a contraction of binary digits ) and the sequences of 0s and 1s that constitute information are called bytes . Analog signals are continuously variable, both in

2156-420: The same time, though they are conceptually distinct. A series of digital integers can be transformed into an analog output that approximates the original analog signal. Such a transformation is called a digital-to-analog conversion . The sampling rate and the number of bits used to represent the integers combine to determine how close such an approximation to the analog signal a digitization will be. The term

2205-462: The service, issues of copyright law violations threaten to derail the project. However, it does provide – at the very least – an online consortium for libraries to exchange information and for researchers to search for titles as well as review the materials. Digitizing something is not the same as digitally preserving it. To digitize something is to create a digital surrogate (copy or format) of an existing analog item (book, photograph, or record) and

2254-547: The transfer can take place, moderated by an analog-to-digital converter . The digital signal is then represented visually for the transfer engineer by a digital audio workstation , like Audacity, WaveLab, or Pro Tools. Reference access copies can be made at smaller sample rates. For archival purposes, it is standard to transfer at a sample rate of 96 kHz and a bit depth of 24 bits per channel. Many libraries, archives, museums, and other memory institutions, struggle with catching up and staying current regarding digitization and

2303-621: The vertical axis, and assigns them a numerical value, while quantizing looks for measurements that are between binary values and rounds them up or down. Nearly all recorded music has been digitized, and about 12 percent of the 500,000+ movies listed on the Internet Movie Database are digitized and were released on DVD . Digitization of home movies , slides , and photographs is a popular method of preserving and sharing personal multimedia. Slides and photographs may be scanned quickly using an image scanner , but analog video requires

2352-571: The years, but some institutions have had success even if not in the traditional Google Books model. Although e-books have undermined the sales of their printed counterparts, a study from 2017 indicated that the two cater to different audiences and use-cases. In a study of over 1400 university students it was found that physical literature is more apt for intense studies while e-books provide a superior experience for leisurely reading. Technological changes can happen often and quickly, so digitization standards are difficult to keep updated. Professionals in

2401-520: Was engaged to teach the first course in the Chinese language offered at Harvard University. The small collection of books that was purchased for this course became Harvard College Library's first acquisitions in any East Asian language . In 1914, two Japanese professors ( Masaharu Anesaki and Unokichi Hattori from om Tokyo Imperial University to lecture at Harvard. They donated several important sets of Japanese publications on Sinology and Buddhism to

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