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96-600: Hart Side ( the hill side frequented by harts ) is a subsidiary top on one of the east ridges of Stybarrow Dodd , which is a mountain (or fell ) in the English Lake District , west of Ullswater on the main Helvellyn ridge in the Eastern Fells . With a height of 2,480 feet (760 m) Hart Side rises above the col separating it from Green Side by 75 feet (23 m). Some guide-book writers have treated Hart Side as

192-503: A beach and/or shoreline. Fishing remains essentially private—apart from on the biggest five lakes and the coast of the Baltic Sea , the Sound , Kattegat and Skagerrak . It is permitted to drive a car on a private road unless explicitly signposted otherwise. Small camp fires are generally permitted, but in some periods banned by local authorities due to wild fire risk. It is allowed to put up

288-437: A broad, rounded, unnamed grassy swelling with a height of about 2,428 feet (740 m). A north-east shoulder of this swelling ends with steeper gradients on all sides and a scattering of broken crags ahead. This shoulder was named Birkett Fell in 1963, but it has just 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 feet (2.0 m) prominence above the ridge it terminates. This ridge of Stybarrow Dodd continues to the east as Watermillock Common after

384-431: A distinct fell, and have devoted a separate chapter to it. The same writers have treated the lower Watermillock Common as part of (or associated with) the fell. Other writers have simply focussed on routes to and between the many individual tops here and throughout Lakeland. Hart Side and Green Side are the two ends of a ridge which is composed of andesite rock, a sequence of lava flows from ancient volcanoes. A lead vein in

480-401: A dwelling house and land under cultivation. Restrictions apply for nature reserves and other protected areas. It also gives the right to pick wild flowers, mushrooms and berries (provided they are not legally protected), but not to hunt in any way. Swimming in any lake and putting an unpowered boat on any water is permitted unless explicitly forbidden. Visiting beaches and walking by a shoreline

576-513: A fire is often prohibited (though in Sweden and Norway fires are allowed with proper safety precautions). Making noise is discouraged. In some countries, putting up a tent in the forest for one night is allowed, but not the use of a caravan . Access does not extend to built up or developed land (such as houses , gardens ) and does not necessarily include commercial exploitation of the land. For example, workers picking berries may be legal only with

672-526: A further drop of over 656 feet (200 m). To the north and west of the Hart Side and Green Side ridge, and to the east of Birkett Fell, grassy slopes drop into Deepdale, with an outcrop of rock just beneath the Hart Side summit, called Hart Crag, and the broken crags beneath Birkett Fell. This Deepdale should not be confused with the valley of the same name near Patterdale. These sides of the ridge are drained by Aira Beck into Ullswater. Much steeper crags line

768-449: A horse or cycle freely in the countryside where this does not harm the natural environment or the landowner, except in gardens or in the immediate vicinity of people's homes (yards). Fields and plantations, which may easily be harmed, may usually not be crossed except in the winter. It is also possible to establish outdoor recreation routes on private land, based on an agreement on the rights of use or by official proceedings in accordance with

864-422: A land owner has been permitted to build closer to the shore, he may not restrict people from walking along the shore. Fences and other barriers to prevent public access are not permitted (but yet sometimes erected, resulting in heavy fines). Canoeing , kayaking , rowing and sailing in rivers, lakes, and ocean are allowed. Motorised boats are only permitted in salt water. All waters are open for swimming – with

960-548: A mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas. In recent years increased mobility and affluence has made previously remote areas more accessible and though significant harm or damage is unusual, endangered species are being disturbed, and litter left, by some recreational users. Helena Jonsson, the President of the Federation of Swedish Farmers, argued in 2011 that

1056-400: A motorhome or camper, one can park and spend the night anywhere parking is allowed, including along public roads. Checking parking area signs is essential to ensure compliance with overnight stay regulations. Private and forest roads can serve as suitable parking spots, as long as there are no signage restrictions. Off-road driving requires landowner permission, but parking off-road near the road

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1152-589: A mountain or fell in the English Lake District . It stands immediately north of Sticks Pass on the main ridge of the Helvellyn range in the Eastern Fells , which is situated between the lakes of Thirlmere and the Ullswater . The summit of Stybarrow Dodd is a smooth, rounded, grassy dome, like those of its two northern neighbours, Watson's Dodd and Great Dodd . Together, these three rather similar fells are sometimes called ‘The Three Dodds’. All three are covered by

1248-507: A network of rights of way , or some nature reserves with footpaths . Public rights of way frequently exist on the foreshore of beaches. In legal discussions the foreshore is often referred to as the wet-sand area . For privately owned beaches in the United States , some states such as Massachusetts use the low water mark as the dividing line between the property of the State and that of

1344-931: A non-off-road road. Exercise of the rights is overseen by the County Administrative Boards —which can, for example, force the removal of a fence if it obstructs access to areas that are important to the allemansrätt . Like other Nordic countries Icelandic law contains a version of the freedom to roam, the right to access uncultivated land and pick berries. "It is permissible to cross uncultivated private property without seeking any special permission, but landowners may limit routes with signs or other marks. State-owned land such as conservation areas and forestry areas are open to everyone with few exceptions. These exceptions include – but are not limited to – access during breeding seasons or during sensitive growth periods". Hikers should, however, "avoid taking shortcuts over fenced areas, pastures and private plots", and follow

1440-437: A regular connection between the communities on either side of the Helvellyn range. The becks flowing to either side of the pass are both named Sticks Gill on Ordnance Survey maps. Alfred Wainwright first added the terms East and West to distinguish them The route to the pass starts from Stanah in the west and rises over the west ridge of Stybarrow Dodd. It remains to the north of both Sticks Gills, so that most of its length

1536-417: A steep gorge between Watermillock Common and Gowbarrow Fell , which continues the line of high ground further east. Summits and views: The highest point on Watermillock Common is Swineside Knott 1,814 feet (553 m), a rounded grassy mound but with some rocks protruding, especially on its steep eastern side. Swineside Knott has what has been claimed to be "the most sumptuous view" of Ullswater; certainly it

1632-409: A tent on any uncultivated land for a night or two. There has been some controversy on commercial use of the berry picking rights, when companies legally contract people to pick berries in the forests. Building a fire is generally permitted except on bare rock faces where it can lead to cracking. Municipalities can issue fire bans during dry periods. With a motorhome or camper, you can park and spend

1728-454: A water leat and diverted into Thirlmere Reservoir. The eastern side of Stybarrow Dodd is more complex and sprawling. Its eastern ridge divides into three parts, with the result that the foot of the mountain stretches along Ullswater from Glenridding to Aira Beck, with two intervening valleys. This side is drained by Aira Beck in Deepdale on the north, by Sticks Gill (East) and Glenridding Beck on

1824-559: Is Open Access land. Paths across the common begin from the village of Dockray and from the two car parks on the A5091 road. One writer has claimed the ridge top near Common Fell "can be more of a wade than a walk", but this was not found to be so early in 2014 after an unusually wet winter. Geology: The oldest rocks found on the Watermillock Common ridge occur on the lower south eastern slopes (above Ullswater) where faulting has brought to

1920-529: Is access to the fell from Stanah on the bridleway to Sticks Pass. From the east, ascents can be made from Glenridding, via Greenside Road and the Sticks Pass bridleway, or via the Sheffield Pike and Green Side ridge. From the north-east ascents can begin from Dockray or High Row, either along the Hart Side ridge or through the rather wet valley of Deepdale. The summit of Stybarrow Dodd may also be reached from

2016-621: Is allowed for convenience. Overnight stays are generally prohibited in shopping center parking lots, but service stations often provide suitable facilities. When visiting national parks, designated areas or parking lots may allow overnight stays, potentially requiring a permit. Nature reserves have specific rules regarding overnight stays. One may not disturb others or damage property, disturb breeding birds (or their nests or young), or disturb reindeer or game animals. One may not cut down or damage living trees, or collect wood, moss or lichen on other people's property, nor may one light open fires without

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2112-471: Is an old consuetudinary law called the allemannsrett (lit. the everyman's right), that was codified in 1957 with the implementation of the Outdoor Recreation Act . It is based on respect for the countryside, and all visitors are expected to show consideration for farmers and landowners, other users and the environment. In Norway the terms utmark and innmark divide areas where the right to roam

2208-441: Is an ore of lead. The ore from Greenside also yielded 10 oz of silver per ton of lead. Higher levels of the vein also contained quantities of baryte (barium sulphate), although at the time this had no commercial value. Very small amounts of blende (zinc sulphide) and chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulphide) were found in the deeper levels, but never in recoverable quantities. The Greenside Mine worked this vein from some time in

2304-420: Is carried by Stybarrow Dodd. In 1928 the route was still marked by a number of sticks, from which it was supposed that the pass had been named. By the 1950s these sticks had vanished. There is a short grassy summit ridge with a separate top and a small cairn at each end. The path lead to the south-western top but the highest point is 300 metres (1,000 ft) to the north-east, a quiet place, out of sight of

2400-553: Is free access to sports fishing using boats or from the shoreline. All fishing is subject to legislation to, among other things, protect biological diversity, and this legislation stipulates rules regarding the use of gear, seasons, bag or size limits and more. In Sweden allemansrätten (lit. "the everyman's right") is a freedom granted by the Constitution of Sweden . Since 1994 the Instrument of Government says that notwithstanding

2496-404: Is no camp-site in vicinity. Motorized travellers with motorhomes (RV), camping cars (campers) and trailers must always stay on an official campsite. In national parks, it is forbidden to stay overnight outside an official camp-site, both for motorized and non-motorized travellers. Fishing requires a license but collecting "berries, mushrooms, seaweed and other plants for immediate consumption"

2592-414: Is permitted on "public lands and highland pastures". In Estonia, it is permitted to access natural and cultural landscapes on foot, by bicycle, ski, boat, or on horseback. Private property may be accessed at any time. If the private property is fenced or posted against trespassing, the permission of the owner is required to proceed. The owner of the private property is also required to post signs stating

2688-415: Is permitted, providing it is not a part of a garden or within the immediate vicinity of a residence (legally defined as the hemfridszon ). The hemfridszon's size depends on conditions but can be as large as 70 metres from an ordinary dwelling house. To better protect access to water and the right to walk along beaches, it is since 1975 generally not permitted to build a new house near (generally 100 m) from

2784-508: Is the end part of one of the long eastern ridges of Stybarrow Dodd , and lies 656 feet (200 m) lower than the Hart Side part of the ridge. Topography: This part of the ridge runs roughly north-east for about 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 miles (2.8 km) from the Brown Hills at the foot of Hart Side. The ridge is drained on its northern and eastern sides by Aira Beck, while its south-eastern slopes drain directly into Ullswater. Aira Beck has cut

2880-417: Is the most extensive view, from the head of the lake (and the fells on either side of Patterdale beyond that) to the foot of the lake at Pooley Bridge. Common Fell at 1,811 feet (552 m) is only 3 feet (0.91 m) lower than Swineside Knott, but is more centrally placed on the ridge and so feels more like its natural summit. It consists of a number of rounded grassy mounds. A small cairn has been built on

2976-414: Is today The view from the summit is restricted both by the higher ridge to the west, and by intervening land to the east which conceals most of Ullswater. There are distant glimpses of Catstye Cam and Helvellyn, a closer view of Great Dodd and Stybarrow Dodd across Deepdale, and even a glimpse of Scafell Pike through the gap between Green Side and Stybarrow Dodd. A much better viewpoint for Ullswater and

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3072-565: Is valid ( utmark , literally something like "land outside [the boundaries]"/"[Out Field]") and where it is invalid or restricted ( innmark , "land inside [the boundaries]"/"[In Field]"). The law specifies innmark thoroughly, and all areas not covered by this definition are defined as utmark , generally speaking uninhabited and uncultivated areas. Cultivated land may only be crossed when frozen or covered in snow. There are some basic rules that must be followed when camping in Norway: In later years

3168-640: The Borrowdale Volcanic Group , formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity, roughly 450 million years ago in the Ordovician Period. Virtually all the rocks on the fell belong to the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. This was formed predominantly by eruptions of mobile andesitic lava from shallow-sided volcanoes. These rocks are part of a thick succession of lava sheets found around

3264-575: The Czech Republic , the freedom to roam takes the form of general public rights which are sometimes codified in law. The access is ancient in parts of Northern Europe and has been regarded as sufficiently fundamental that it was not formalised in law until modern times. However, the right usually does not include any substantial economic exploitation, such as hunting or logging, or disruptive activities, such as making fires and driving offroad vehicles. In countries without such general rights, there may be

3360-573: The House of Lords in which, with the eloquence for which he was famed, he opposed a provision in the Manchester Corporation Bill which would have allowed Ullswater to be made into a reservoir for that city. As a result, that provision was voted out of the bill, to the great delight of many who loved the Lake District. Stybarrow Dodd Stybarrow Dodd ( the hill of the steep path ) is

3456-578: The Old English berg , ‘a hill’ or Old Norse berg ‘a mountain.’ Dod or dodd is a dialect word of unknown origin, but common in hill names in the Lake District and the Scottish Borders for bare rounded summits, either free standing or subsidiary shoulders to higher neighbours. Freedom to roam#England and Wales In Austria , Belarus , Estonia , Finland , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Norway , Scotland , Sweden , Switzerland and

3552-608: The Ordovician Period. Within that group , the bulk of the rocks forming the fell and its ridges belong to the Birker Fell Andesite Formation . These rocks are among the earliest of the volcanic rocks of the BVG, and are part of a thick succession of andesite sheets which now outcrop in a wide band around the western and northern sides of the Lake District. These sheets were formed by successive eruptions of mobile andesitic lava from shallow-sided volcanoes. The composition of

3648-470: The Thirlmere Tuff Member , which covers the top of the fell with a thick sheet of welded rhyo-dacitic lapilli-tuff in which the individual pieces of semi-molten lava were flattened under the weight of deposits above them. This rock weathers to a white or pink colour, but it is covered by the smooth grassy turf characteristic of Great Dodd, Watson's Dodd and Stybarrow Dodd, all of which are covered by

3744-601: The 1700s until reserves were exhausted in 1962. The main entrance was in Glenridding at Lucy's Tongue, but an exploratory level was driven into the cliffs at the top of Glencoyne, from just below the Miners' Balcony Path. In 1955 this was incorporated into an emergency back exit from the mine. Alfred Wainwright found the hole, but thought it was just a cave. Underlying the andesite lavas of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group are

3840-477: The Glenridding Beck. The summit of Hart Side is mainly grassy but with a scattering of rocky boulders showing through the grass. Some small cairns have been built on it, and there is another cairn some 164 feet (50 m) north of the summit, but the most unusual features are a long east–west trench which has been dug a few yards to the south, and a shallow hollow measuring 23 by 13 feet (7 by 4 m) just to

3936-454: The Green Side end of the ridge was exploited by the most successful lead mine in the Lake District until it closed in 1962. The east ridge of Stybarrow Dodd falls about 262 feet (80 m) to a broad col from which the ground rises again. From this point the combined Hart Side and Green Side ridge has a smooth, rounded, grassy top and winds for some 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (2.4 km) to

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4032-407: The Hart Side and Green Side ridge, of Watermillock Common, and much of Glencoyne is now Open Access land. Several routes lead to the top of Hart Side from the north-east. From the car park at High Row an ascent can be made via Dowthwaitehead and Birkett Fell. From Dockray, or the two car parks on the A5091 road (which serve Aira Force ), ascents can be made via Watermillock Common (or the slopes to

4128-576: The Lake District. The richest known lead vein of all was found crossing the south-east shoulder of Green Side. This, the Greenside Lead Vein runs in a north–south direction and dips steeply to the east at 70°. It was up to 59 feet (18 m) wide in the highest workings of the Greenside Mine , but averaged about 8 feet (2.4 m) wide in deeper workings. The vein contained galena in a mixture of quartz and smashed rock. Galena (lead sulphide)

4224-476: The Outdoor Recreation Act, for example. One may stay or set up camp temporarily in the countryside, a reasonable distance from homes, pick mineral samples, wild berries, mushrooms and flowers (as long as they are not protected species). One may fish with a rod and line (only still waters), row, sail or use a motorboat on waterways (with certain restrictions), and swim or bathe in both inland waters and

4320-457: The Swedish right to roam comes with an equal emphasis being placed upon the responsibility to look after the countryside; the maxim is "do not disturb, do not destroy". Many Swedish people consider this to be a form of legacy or human right. Allemansrätten gives a person the right to access, walk, cycle, ride, ski, and camp on any land—with the exception of private gardens, the immediate vicinity of

4416-591: The beach owner. Other states such as California use the high-water mark. In the UK , the foreshore is generally deemed to be owned by the Crown although there are notable exceptions, especially what are termed several fisheries which can be historic deeds to title, dating back to King John 's time or earlier, and the Udal Law , which applies generally in Orkney and Shetland . While in

4512-537: The close of this volcanic activity, the caldera was filled with sedimentary deposits, represented today by the Seathwaite Fell Sandstone Formation , a sequence of bedded volcaniclastic sandstone and siltstone strata. However, deposition was not confined to the old caldera, and to the east of Thirlmere this formation rests directly on the Birker Fell andesites. On the west ridge of Stybarrow Dodd,

4608-525: The east is found at Birkett Fell, where there is a cairn built from stones carried up from the shores of Ullswater by members of the Outward Bound School in Watermillock. The cairn carries a stone plaque with the name of the fell, which was named in honour of Lord Birkett of Ulverston and in recognition of the part played by him in preventing Ullswater from being made into a reservoir. The whole of

4704-411: The erupting magma varied from time to time, with basaltic andesite occurring in a number of places. Individual lava flows may be separated by beds of volcaniclastic sandstone, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks. The geological map shows basaltic andesite near Fisher Place, low on the west ridge of Stybarrow Dodd, as well as small amounts of volcaniclastic deposits on

4800-422: The exception of lakes that are drinking water reservoirs (see for instance Maridalsvannet ). Wild berry foraging is part of the right. Picking cloudberries may, however, be restricted on privately owned land in northern parts of Norway. Hunting rights belong to the landowner, and thus hunting is not included in the right of free access. In freshwater areas such as rivers and lakes, the fishing rights belong to

4896-505: The fallen wall, though this is ‘hardly more than a short stony slope’. The south-western summit is only three metres (10 ft) lower, but lies on the ridge path, and is marked by a small cairn. In the 1950s it was this point that sported the upright piece of slate, and whose height was recorded on the Ordnance Survey map, as 2,756 feet (840 m). Although the north-east top gives an extensive all-round panorama of Lakeland fells,

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4992-455: The gentle rounded top of the fell occupies all the foreground. The lower south-west top offers almost as wide a view but without the flat foreground. The whole of the fell, above the intake walls (walls surrounding the land ‘taken in’ to agricultural enclosures ) to both east and west, is Open Access land. Much of the eastern side is owned by the National Trust . From the west there

5088-569: The geological map shows a thin deposit of the Seathwaite Fell Sandstone around the 700 m contour. Another caldera volcano then formed in a new area. In the area to the north of Sticks Pass, the Birker Fell andesites (and the small area of Seathwaite Fell Sandstone) are overlain by the Lincomb Tarns Tuff Formation . This formation is one of the most widespread of the volcanic rocks of the Lake District; it seems that

5184-457: The government because it would otherwise be legally unowned is claimed as the territory of Indigenous people , in countries that were colonised. Much of Canada is Crown land owned by the provinces . Some is leased for commercial activity, such as forestry or mining, but on much of it there is free access for recreational activities like hiking, cycling, canoeing, cross-country skiing, horse back riding, and licensed hunting and fishing, etc. At

5280-477: The highest one, but a remarkable glacial erratic boulder is perched on one of the other mounds. Common Fell gives good views to the north and east. Two lower tops at the east end of the ridge are Round How (1,270 feet; 390 m) and Bracken How (1,214 feet; 370 m), both rounded grassy mounds punctuated with some rock and with small cairns on top. Ascents: Apart from the lower slopes beside Aira Beck, around Dockray and alongside Ullswater, Watermillock Common

5376-533: The hill side frequented by harts . A hart is a fully mature male red deer, at least five years old. The name of the fell is first recorded by the Ordnance Survey in 1867. Panoramas in earlier 19th century guidebooks label the fell as Glen Coin Fell, which may have been an alternative or an earlier name. Green Side also takes its name from the fell side, the two English words being self-explanatory. Watermillock Common

5472-461: The landowner is required to access such bodies of water. Neither do bodies of water protected as sources of drinking water or which are in use by aquaculture or are in other special use have a shore path. All of the rights and responsibilities regarding humans’ interaction with nature are collectively termed everyman's right. Everyman's right does not pertain to the organizing of sporting events or other public events in open country. To organize these,

5568-403: The landowner's permission (except in an emergency). It is acceptable, however, to use an alcohol burner, wood stove or similar device that has no hot parts touching the ground. One may not disturb the privacy of people's homes by camping too near to them or making too much noise, nor litter, drive motor vehicles off-road without the landowner's permission, or fish (excluding angling) or hunt without

5664-544: The landowner's permission. There are some significant differences in the rules of different countries. In Denmark , there is a more restricted freedom to roam on privately held land. All dunes and beaches and all publicly owned forests are open to roaming. Uncultivated, unfenced areas are open to daytime roaming irrespective of ownership status. Privately owned forest have access by roads and tracks only. In Finland, " jokaisenoikeus " in Finnish (everyone's right) has replaced

5760-478: The landowner. Freshwater fishing may only be conducted with the permission of the landowner and by those in possession of a fishing licence. Different rules apply for children under the age of 16. Children under the age of 16 have the right to fish without a licence, a right codified in 1992. This right was tried and upheld in a ruling from the Norwegian Supreme Court in 2004. In salt water areas there

5856-540: The managing agency, and run the gamut from the free-for-all, undeveloped wide open spaces of the Bureau of Land Management lands to the highly developed and controlled US national parks and state parks . Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve habitat , are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have

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5952-426: The map shows beds of volcaniclastic sandstone or breccia, sedimentary deposits formed from the erosion of the volcanic rocks. Around the summit of Common Fell it shows areas of hyaloclastite , a rock made up of shattered angular fragments and formed by the quenching of lava in water. However, smooth grassy turf covers these rocks from view. Hart Side takes its name from the fell side, the two English words signifying

6048-432: The maximum climbing of the waves on the coast (maximum wave run-up on the coast) in their maximum capacity (maximum referring to the “usually maximum winter waves” and of course not to exceptional cases, such as tsunamis etc.). The foreshore zone, apart from the exceptions in the law, is public, and permanent constructions are not allowed on it. As with the dry sand part of a beach, legal and political disputes can arise over

6144-537: The mudstones of the Skiddaw Group of rocks. These were encountered in the lowest workings of the Greenside Mine, some 3,000 feet (910 m) beneath the surface of the fell. The lead vein the miners were following became barren on encountering these rocks. Watermillock Common ( The unenclosed common grazing land of Watermillock parish ) is a ridge of high land which rises 1,312 feet (400 m) above Ullswater . It

6240-417: The night anywhere parking is allowed, including along public roads. Driving off-road with caravans and mobile homes is not permitted. At rest areas, the usual maximum stay for overnight stays is around 24 hours on weekdays, with slightly longer durations on weekends. Additional rules will be posted on rest area signs. There are no specific regulations regarding how long you can park your motor vehicle adjacent to

6336-422: The north-east a longer spur called Middle Tongue runs 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) down into Deepdale, between Browndale Beck and Aira Beck. (height and prominence) (authors’ listings) Sticks Pass, to the south of Stybarrow Dodd, crosses the Helvellyn ridge at a height of about 745 metres (2,444 ft), the highest pass in the Lake District crossed by a bridleway . Now used only by fellwalkers , it once provided

6432-417: The north-east. After rising 98 feet (30 m) to White Stones, the summit of Green Side (2,608 feet; 795 m), it loses 203 feet (62 m) of height before rising again from a broad, gentle col, but regains only 75 feet (23 m) to the summit of Hart Side (2,480 feet; 756 m). At this point the ridge turns abruptly to the south of east and after losing roughly 66 feet (20 m) again it rises to

6528-448: The north. The trench was probably dug by prospectors looking for an extension to the vein being mined beneath Green Side, and the hollow may have been the site of some shelter. A vigorous programme of exploration, both underground and on the surface, was begun in 1947 when it was clear that the Greenside Mine could not last much longer, but nothing was found. In Alfred Wainwright's 1955 drawing the trench looks much cleaner and fresher than it

6624-529: The older term " jokamiehenoikeus " (every man's right) to refer to the freedom to roam and related rights. The term in Swedish is " allemansrätten " (lit. "everyone's right"), similar to other Nordic countries. The right is not codified in any specific law. Instead, it arises from the principle of nulla poena sine lege - what is not illegal cannot be punished. Things that are not explicitly disallowed, are allowed by default. Everyone may walk, ski, ride

6720-601: The ownership and public use of the foreshore . One recent example is the New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy involving the land claims of the Māori people . However, the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 guarantees free public access. The public has the right to access some but not all government-owned land. Wilderness areas are typically open for recreational use outside of military facilities. Some land owned by

6816-420: The ownership of the land, and contact numbers, to avoid legal issues. Land owners may not block access to land, roads or bodies of water that are public or are designated for public use, including ice and shore paths. All bodies of water that are public or designated for public use have public shore paths that are up to 4 m wide. The shore path along a navigable body of water may extend to a distance of 10 m from

6912-421: The path along the Helvellyn ridge. A popular walk known as ‘The Dodds’ combines the three summits of Stybarrow Dodd, Watson's Dodd and Great Dodd, often involving a circuit of Deepdale from High Row or Dockray. The rocks of Stybarrow Dodd are all part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG), formed on the margin of an ancient continent during a period of intense volcanic activity, roughly 450 million years ago in

7008-549: The present surface an inlier of mudstone from the Tarn Moor Formation, the latest part of the Skiddaw Group. These mudstones were deposited in deep seas about 470 million years ago during the Ordovician period. The remainder of the ridge consists of andesite rocks of the Birker Fell Andesite Formation. These rocks are a succession of sheets of andesite lava flows which came from shallow-sided volcanoes. Here and there

7104-473: The relevant permits. If horse riding causes more than a minor inconvenience or disturbance, an agreement for the long term use of the route must be made with the landowner. A horse may also be taken to swim in a water body without the consent of the owner of the water area (excluding public beaches). Everyone in Norway enjoys the right of access to, and passage through, uncultivated land in the countryside. The right

7200-512: The rest of Britain ownership of land extends only to the High water mark , and The Crown is deemed to own what lies below it, in Orkney and Shetland it extends to the lowest Spring ebb. Where the foreshore is owned by the Crown the public has access below the line marking high tide . In Greece, according to the L. 2971/01, the foreshore zone is defined as the area of the coast which might be reached by

7296-580: The ridge is the watershed between the Eden river system to the east and the Derwent river system to the west. The fell rises to 843 metres (2,766 ft), standing nearly 100 metres (330 ft) above Sticks Pass and 68 metres (223 ft) above the col to the north. From its smooth, rounded, grassy summit, four shoulders or ridges extend in different directions. To the west a generally grassy shoulder runs for about 2 kilometres ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 miles) down into

7392-411: The ridge path which passes it lower down. It is marked by a small cairn which incorporates an upright piece of slate. Further to the north-east are an occasional pool and the fallen remains of a wall Wainwright saw a ‘very loose estate-boundary iron post’, which is no longer present. It may well have been another like the ones found on Sheffield Pike . The only exposed rock is Deepdale Crag, just east of

7488-811: The right has been won through practice over hundreds of years and it is not known when it changed from mere 'common practice' to become a commonly recognised right. Today these rights underpin opportunities for outdoor recreation in several of the Nordic countries, providing the opportunity to hike across or camp on another's land (e.g. in Sweden for one or two nights), boating on someone else's waters, and picking wildflowers , mushrooms and berries. However, with these rights come responsibilities; that is, an obligation neither to harm, disturb, litter, nor to damage wildlife or crops. Access rights are most often for travel on foot. Rights to fish, hunt or take any other product are usually constrained by other customs or laws. Building

7584-532: The right has come under pressure particularly around the Oslo Fjord and in popular areas of Southern Norway. These areas are popular sites for holiday homes and many owners of coastal land want to restrict public access to their property. As a general rule, building and partitioning of property is prohibited in a 100-metre zone closest to the sea, but local authorities in many areas have made liberal use of their ability to grant exemptions from this rule. However, even if

7680-401: The right to own property "everyone shall have access to nature in accordance with allemansrätten ". What this means is not further explicated on in the constitution, and only sparsely in other legislation. In practice, allemansrätten is defined as actions that are not crimes, will not make a person liable to pay damages , nor can be prohibited by any authority. As in other Nordic countries,

7776-535: The rules in conservation areas. Footpaths should also be followed, if they exist, to help protect the landscape. Furthermore, "landowners may not hinder passage of walkers alongside rivers, lakes and ocean, or on tracks and paths'. Cycling may be restricted on some paths. Equestrians must keep to bridleways where they exist and in other places show "consideration for the land". In many areas, like South and East Iceland, only in uninhabited areas that are not protected maximum 3 Tents maybe pitched up for one night, if there

7872-597: The same ridge. After the eruptions of the Birker Fell Formation the composition of the erupting magma changed from andesitic to dacitic , and as a result the nature of the volcanism became more explosive. A large caldera volcano was built in the area where Scafell and the Langdale Pikes stand today. The caldera was at least 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) across, and as the caldera collapsed, much more than 400 cubic kilometres (96 cubic miles) of magma were erupted. At

7968-443: The same sheet of volcanic rock. The summit of Stybarrow Dodd stands on the main ridge of the Helvellyn range, immediately north of Sticks Pass. This ridge runs north–south for about 11 kilometres (7 miles) without dropping below 600 metres (2,000 ft). Stybarrow Dodd occupies just over 1 kilometre ( 2 ⁄ 3 mile) of this length, from Sticks Pass to the col which connects it to Watson's Dodd and Great Dodd . At this point

8064-448: The same sheet. Stybarrow Dodd . Dodd seems to have been a later addition to the fell's name, which was recorded as Stibarro (1589), Stybrow (1794) and Stybarrow (as late as 1800), although Stiveray Dod is also found from about 1692. Probably 'hill of the steep-path,’ named after the path over Sticks Pass on its flanks, from the dialect word sty(e) ‘a steep path’ and berg (which often becomes barrow in place-names) from either

8160-835: The same time access can be restricted or limited for various reasons (e.g., to protect public safety or resources, including the protection of wild plants and animals). In the Canadian Territories Crown land is administered by the Canadian Federal Government . Canadian National Parks have been created from Crown land and are also administered by the Federal Government. There are also provincial parks and nature reserves that have been similarly created. The aboriginal peoples in Canada may have specific rights on Crown land established under treaties signed when Canada

8256-402: The sea. One can walk, ski and ice fish on frozen lakes, rivers and the sea. Income from selling picked berries or mushrooms is tax-free. Picking cloudberry may be temporarily restricted to local residents in parts of Lapland . In the autonomous province of Åland the right to camp's inclusion in the right to roam was disputed, but since 2013 this is no longer the case. When traveling with

8352-419: The south of Hart Side and the east of Green Side. This is Glencoyne Head, where a corrie glacier formed during the final phase of the last ice age and created these steep cliffs. These slopes drain into Glencoyne and then to Ullswater. To complete the picture, the south side of Green Side also falls steeply and over rocky crags in places into the valley of Stick's Gill (East), which also drains into Ullswater via

8448-454: The south of it) and Birkett Fell. From the south an ascent is possible via the south-east shoulder of Green Side, above the old Greenside lead mine, or a steep, pathless ascent can be made from the old Miners’ Balcony Path around the head of Glencoyne beside Deepdale Slack and between the crags. Hart Side may also be visited as part of a circuit of Deepdale which takes in the three Dodds . The rocks of Hart Side and Green Side are all part of

8544-492: The south, and by Glencoyne Beck and Mossdale Beck in the two valleys between the ridges. All of these becks flow directly into Ullswater. There is more detail about each of these ridges and their subsidiary tops on the Hart Side and Sheffield Pike pages. There are also two short spurs to the north of the main summit. To the north-west one spur leads down to the col which connects the fell to Watson's Dodd and Great Dodd . To

8640-539: The valley of the How Beck and to the A591 road. This shoulder is sharply defined by the valleys of Stanah Gill to its north and Sticks Gill (West) and Fisherplace Gill to its south. It slopes gently at first to around the 450 m contour and then more steeply into the valley over a number of rocky crags. The bridleway to Sticks Pass rises over this shoulder. This ridge is drained by two gills just mentioned, which are now captured by

8736-407: The water line. The owner may not close this path even if the private property is posted or marked with no-trespassing signs. Grazing areas and other enclosed areas along the shore paths must have stiles. Ponds with no outlet located entirely on the land of one land owner and lakes smaller than five hectares located on land belonging to more than one land owner shall not be in public use. Permission from

8832-534: The way land was used had changed and that the law was out of date and needed to be revised, so as "to bar commercial interests from using the law as an excuse to make a profit while they are on other people's private property". Ancient traces provide evidence of the freedom to roam in many European countries, suggesting such a freedom was once a common norm. Today, the right to roam has survived in perhaps its purest form in Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Here

8928-420: The western and northern sides of the Lake District. Some microgranite dykes were later intruded into the andesite which now forms the crags of Glencoyne Head. These are of early Devonian age and were probably associated with the later stages of the emplacement of the granite batholith which underlies the Lake District. Also associated with the granite batholith was the creation of mineral veins in parts of

9024-420: The whole district was buried beneath at least 150 metres (490 ft) of densely welded ignimbrite , a rock formed from a pyroclastic flow of very hot gas and rock. This formation must represent a series of eruptions of truly exceptional magnitude, accompanying the formation of a volcanic caldera , probably in the area around what is now Helvellyn. On Stybarrow Dodd this formation is represented by rocks of

9120-676: Was a British colony, and have claimed ownership of some Crown land. Much of Australia's land area, including most land below the mean high water mark is Crown land , which is administered by the Australian states . Much consists of pastoral leases , land owned and run by Aboriginal people (e.g. APY lands ), and "unallocated" Crown land. Access to the latter is normally permitted for recreational purposes, though motorized vehicles are required to follow roads and to be registered and insured. Most state and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on

9216-464: Was the unenclosed grazing land of the parish of Watermillock , which was incorporated into Matterdale parish in 1934. It lay outside the enclosed Gowbarrow deer park, the wall of which may be seen crossing the hill on its south side. Birkett Fell, previously marked on Ordnance Survey maps of 1867 and 1920 as Nameless Fell was named in 1963 to commemorate Lord Birkett of Ulverston . In 1962, two days before his death, Lord Birkett made his last speech in

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