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23-616: The Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation was established by Harry Guggenheim to support research on violence, aggression, and dominance. The foundation writes: "He was convinced that solid, thoughtful, scholarly and scientific research, experimentation, and analysis would in the end accomplish more than the usual solutions impelled by urgency rather than understanding. We do not yet hold the solution to violence, but better analyses, more acute predictions, constructive criticisms, and new, effective ideas will come in time from investigations such as those supported by our grants." The foundation places

46-468: A priority on the study of neuroscience , genetics , animal behavior, the social sciences, history, criminology, and the humanities which illuminate modern human problems. Grants are made to study aspects of "violence related to youth, family relationships, media effects, crime, biological factors, intergroup conflict related to religion, ethnicity, and nationalism, and political violence deployed in war and sub-state terrorism, as well as processes of peace and

69-710: A younger sister, Gladys Guggenheim Straus . His father who assumed control of the Guggenheim family enterprises after his grandfather's death in 1905, and his mother was a co-founder, and president, of the Guggenheim Foundation as well as the treasurer of the Women's National Republican Club from its inception in 1921 to 1938. He graduated in 1907 from the Columbia Grammar School in Manhattan, and then he attended

92-541: Is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war , as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the Latin arma , meaning "arms" (as in weapons) and -stitium , meaning "a stopping". The United Nations Security Council often imposes, or tries to impose, ceasefire resolutions on parties in modern conflicts. Armistices are always negotiated between

115-608: Is achieved." Armistice Day (which coincides with Remembrance Day and Veterans Day , public holidays) is commemorated every year on 11 November to mark the Armistice of 11 November 1918 signed between the Allies of World War I and the German Empire at Compiègne , France , for the cessation of hostilities on the Western Front of World War I , which took effect at eleven o'clock in

138-556: Is also different from a truce or ceasefire , which refer to a temporary cessation of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice. Under international law , an armistice is a legal agreement (often in a document) that ends fighting between the "belligerent parties" of a war or conflict. At the Hague Convention of 1899 , three treaties were agreed and three declarations made. The Convention with respect to

161-589: The Guaranty Trust Co. who had done business with Guggenheim in 1920), was also the niece of Joy Morton , founder of Morton Salt , and a granddaughter of Julius Sterling Morton , who had served as Secretary of Agriculture under President Grover Cleveland . Before their divorce in 1923, they were the parents of one daughter: On July 1, 1939, Guggenheim married for the third time to Alicia (née Patterson) Brooks (1906–1963) in Jacksonville, Florida . Alicia,

184-546: The Pulitzer Prize in 1954. In 1967, he turned over the publisher position to Bill Moyers and continued as president and editor-in-chief. But Guggenheim was disappointed by the liberal drift of the newspaper under Moyers, criticizing the "left-wing" coverage of Vietnam War protests. The two split over the 1968 presidential election, with Guggenheim signing an editorial supporting Richard Nixon , when Moyers supported Hubert Humphrey . Guggenheim sold his majority share to

207-661: The Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University . He later left Yale and served a three-year apprenticeship at the American Smelting and Refining Company in Mexico. The company was owned by the Guggenheim family. He resumed his education in 1910 at England's Pembroke College at Cambridge University from which he was awarded a B.A. and an M.A. , both in 1913. In 1917 he bought a Curtiss flying boat and moved to Manhasset, New York . In September 1917 he joined

230-691: The South Pacific as a tail gunner on a torpedo bomber . Guggenheim rose to the rank of captain by the end of the war. Guggenheim was the United States ambassador to Cuba from 1929 until his resignation in 1933. According to his obituary, "much of his time during that period was devoted to prevailing on the Cuban dictator‐president, Gen. Gerardo Machado y Morales , "not to murder too many of his political enemies", as Mr. Guggenheim later put it. In 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Guggenheim to serve on

253-633: The United States Navy Reserve and served overseas in France, England and Italy as a member of the First Yale Unit during World War I. In 1924, his parents established the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation and he was made a director and later president. He sponsored Robert H. Goddard 's private research into liquid fuel rocketry and space flight. He provided funds for the establishment of

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276-453: The Laws and Customs of War on Land stated, "If [the armistice's] duration is not fixed," the parties may resume fighting (Article 36) as they choose but with proper notifications. That is in comparison to a "fixed duration" armistice in which the parties may renew fighting only at the end of the particular fixed duration. When the belligerent parties say in effect that "this armistice completely ends

299-692: The National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics, a position that he held until 1938. In 1948, as president of the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation , he continued to support United States aviation progress when he helped organize the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center at the California Institute of Technology and the Guggenheim Laboratories for Aerospace Propulsion Sciences at Princeton University . Guggenheim

322-562: The control of aggression." In 2014, the foundation gave out the inaugural Guggenheim-Lehrman Prize in Military History to Allen C. Guelzo , for Gettysburg: The Last Invasion . Harry Guggenheim He was born August 23, 1890, in West End, New Jersey . He was the second son of Florence ( née Shloss) Guggenheim (1863–1944) and Daniel Guggenheim . He had an older brother, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal Meyer Robert Guggenheim , and

345-543: The fighting" without any end date for the armistice, the duration of the armistice is fixed in the sense that no resumption of the fighting is allowed at any time. For example, the Korean Armistice Agreement calls for a "ceasefire and armistice" and has the "objective of establishing an armistice which will ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement

368-563: The first Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at New York University in 1925. Guggenheim became president of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics a year later. This fund, totaling $ 3 million, included an equipment loan for operating the first regularly scheduled commercial airline in the United States. It also provided for the establishment of the first weather reporting exclusively for passenger airplanes. Guggenheim

391-622: The former wife of U.S. Representative James Simpson Jr. and football coach Joseph W. Brooks , was a daughter of Joseph Medill Patterson (founder of the New York Daily News ) and sister of James Joseph Patterson . Guggenheim died of cancer on January 22, 1971, at "Falaise", his home at Sands Point on Long Island , New York . He was buried in Salem Fields Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York . Armistice An armistice

414-408: The parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more binding than non-mandatory UN cease-fire resolutions in modern international law . An armistice is a modus vivendi and is not the same as a peace treaty , which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War Armistice Agreement is a major example of an armistice which has not been followed by a peace treaty. An armistice

437-527: The then-conservative Times Mirror Company over the attempt of newspaper employees to block the sale, even though Moyers offered $ 10 million more than the Times-Mirror purchase price; Moyers resigned a few days later. Guggenheim, who died a year later, disinherited Moyers from his will. On November 10, 1910, Guggenheim was married to Helen Rosenberg at the Rosenberg residence on 166 West 78th Street . Helen

460-524: Was a daughter of Herman Rosenberg. Before their divorce in 1923, they were the parents of two daughters: His second marriage was on February 3, 1923, to Caroline (née Morton) Potter (1882–1952), a daughter of Paul Morton , the former vice president of the Santa Fe Railroad who served as Secretary of the Navy under President Theodore Roosevelt . Caroline, the former wife of William C. Potter (president of

483-527: Was a participant in the founding of the New York Racing Association . From 1929 he was a major thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder. His Cain Hoy Stable raced in the United States and was the owner of numerous successful horses including the 1953 Kentucky Derby winner Dark Star , the only horse ever to defeat the legendary Native Dancer , and Eclipse Award winner Bald Eagle . Also he

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506-515: Was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1971 for his service to aviation. In World War I, he was commissioned Lt. J. G., USNRF, and was sent to France. He also served in England and Italy until the Armistice , when he left the Navy with the rank of Lt. Commander. Guggenheim was a lieutenant commander. In World War II, he was recalled to active duty in the Navy and served in

529-571: Was the breeder and owner (until his death) of Ack Ack , who is in the Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame and was American Horse of the Year in 1971. Guggenheim, with his third wife, Alicia Patterson , founded the newspaper Newsday in 1940. Guggenheim was president of the company, while his wife was editor and publisher until her death in 1963, then he assumed those duties until 1967. The circulation of Newsday reached 450,000 and received

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