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80-689: Pease was born and raised in Plymouth, New Hampshire , and graduated from Tilton School , a college-preparatory school . He then attended the University of New Hampshire , where he became a brother of Theta Chi fraternity. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in business administration and enlisted in the Army Air Corps . He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in June 1940 and awarded pilot rating upon completion of flight training at Kelly Field, Texas . Pease

160-561: A census-designated place , has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.7 km ), of which 3.7 square miles (9.5 km ) are land and 0.077 square miles (0.2 km ) (2.31%) are water. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Plymouth has a warm-summer humid continental climate , abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Plymouth was 102 °F (38.9 °C) on July 5, 1897, while

240-477: A "maximum effort" mission against Rabaul , New Britain , on August 7 but Pease and his crew, with their aircraft out of commission, were not scheduled. Pease understood the importance of the mission and was determined to rejoin the group. Only one B-17 at Mareeba was able to fly, a "war-weary" bomber relegated to training. Its engines needed an overhaul, some armament had been dismounted, and the electric fuel-transfer pump had been used for replacement parts. Pease had

320-843: A "warrior spirit", which stated that an individual must calmly face death. Those who disobeyed orders would be sentenced to death via decapitation , usually carried out by the katana of Japanese officers. The sword was seen as a symbol of wisdom and perseverance to the Japanese, and they perceived that it was an honor to die by it. Allied prisoners-of-war in Japanese camps were forced to engage in physical labour such as building bridges, erecting forts, and digging defence trenches. These prisoners received limited food, and once their military uniforms wore out, no replacements were given. Some brutal prison guards would answer requests for water with their beatings or rifle butts. Prisoners who were seen as no use, physically weak, or rebellious, would often be killed. At

400-454: A disability. Many survivors went home or to other areas of the world to have a successful life as a businessman, or they would devote themselves to helping poor people or people in the camps who were in need of support. A former PoW, Lieutenant Colonel Philip Toosey , stated that the Japanese committed brutal atrocities. Some of these included filling a prisoner's nose with water while the guards tied them with barbed wire, then they would stand on

480-470: A fuel tank installed in the bomb bay , with a handpump rigged to transfer fuel, and in less than three hours, was en route to Port Moresby with his crew, all of whom had also volunteered for the mission. They landed at 1:00 a.m. after working or flying almost continuously since 6:00 a.m. the previous day. With only three hours' crew rest, Pease took off with the group to attack Rabaul's Vunakanau airdrome . While 40 to 50 miles (64 to 80 km) from

560-772: A large focus onto Japanese-Canadians even though innocent. Japan seemed to be able to attack along the Pacific and Canada could potentially be next. Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King implemented the War Measures Act and the Defence of Canada Regulations ; therefore, they could not get involved with Canadian services along with the Italians and Germans. The Nikkei (Canadians and Immigrants of Japanese origin) were stripped of possessions, which were later auctioned off without consent. The intense cold winters made it hard to live as

640-695: A large plot of undivided land in the Pemigewasset Valley, the town was first named "New Plymouth", after the original Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts . Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth granted Plymouth to settlers from Hollis , all of whom had been soldiers in the French and Indian War . Some had originally come from Plymouth, Massachusetts . The town was incorporated in 1763. Parts of Hebron and Campton were annexed in 1845 and 1860. In 1806, then-lawyer Daniel Webster lost his first criminal case at

720-504: A neutral country. A few countries were not on the same terms as Germany and Austria. For example, Hungary believed that harsh conditions would reduce the number of traitors. The countries in the east continued their fight to help the Red Cross provide support to POWs. At the end of the war, a Franco-German agreement was made that both countries would exchange their prisoners, but the French kept

800-504: A neutral power. Not all combatants applied the provisions of the convention. In particular the Empire of Japan , which had signed but never ratified the convention, was notorious for its treatment of prisoners of war; this poor treatment occurred in part because the Japanese viewed surrender as dishonourable. Prisoners from all nations were subject to forced labour, beatings, torture, murder, and even medical experimentation. Rations fell short of

880-407: A portion continues to operate as Pease Air National Guard Base . (Air Mission) Rank and organization: captain, U.S. Army Air Corps, 93rd Bombardment Squadron. Place and date near Rabaul, New Britain, 6 – August 7, 1942. Entered service at: Plymouth, N.H. Birth: Plymouth, N.H. G.O. No.: 59, November 4, 1942. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with

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960-598: A series of treaties signed between May and October 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War , contained a provision that all prisoners should be released without ransom. This is generally considered to mark the point where captured enemy fighters would be reasonably treated before being released at the end of the conflict or under a parole not to take up arms. The practice of paroling enemy fighters had begun thousands of years earlier, at least as early as

1040-758: A small number while the Germans released all French prisoners. Krasnoyarsk in Siberia , Russia, was used after the Russian defeat to the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese war , as a base for military camps to train for future wars. Conditions there were dire and the detainees could be conscripted for war while they lived in concentration camps and prisons. Over 50,000 camp tenants were used for transportation, agriculture, mining and machinery production. Throughout World War I, captured prisoners of war were sent to various camps including

1120-614: Is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war . There are significant differences among POW camps, internment camps , and military prisons . Purpose-built prisoner-of-war camps appeared at Norman Cross in England in 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars and HM Prison Dartmoor , constructed during the Napoleonic Wars , and they have been in use in all

1200-522: Is believed to be the largest escape of POWs in recorded history and possibly the largest prison breakout ever. At least 545 Japanese POWs attempted to escape from a camp near Cowra, New South Wales , Australia . Most sources say that 234 POWs were killed or committed suicide. The remainder were recaptured. The Great Papago Escape , on December 23, 1944, was the largest POW escape to occur from an American facility. Over 25 German POWs tunneled out of Camp Papago Park , near Phoenix, Arizona , and fled into

1280-597: The Continental Congress desired to move them south. For this purpose, one of the congressmen offered his land outside of Charlottesville, Virginia . The remaining soldiers (some 2,000 British, upwards of 1,900 German, and roughly 300 women and children) marched south in late 1778—arriving at the site (near Ivy Creek) in January 1779. Since the barracks were barely sufficient in construction, the officers were paroled to live as far away as Richmond and Staunton . The camp

1360-586: The Medal of Honor , awarded posthumously to Pease, was presented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to his parents. The recommendation for the award had been issued by Major General George Kenney , with an endorsement General MacArthur had personally written when Kenney notified him of Pease's death. In June 1957, Portsmouth Air Force Base in New Hampshire was renamed Pease Air Force Base in his honor. It closed in March 1991;

1440-569: The Red Cross was entrusted with more rights and responsibilities. In the course of World War II , it provided millions of Red Cross parcels to Allied POWs in Axis prison camps; most of these contained food and personal hygiene items, while others held medical kits. A special "release kit" parcel was also provided to some newly released POWs at the war's end. During the United States' call for war on Japan,

1520-520: The Russian Empire , and about 720,000 held by Britain and France. Permanent camps did not exist at the beginning of the war. The unexpectedly large number of prisoners captured in the first days of the war by the German army created an immediate problem. By September 1914, the German army had captured over 200,000 enemy combatants. These first prisoners were held in temporary camps until 1915, by which time

1600-582: The Third Geneva Convention , such camps have been required to be open to inspection by representatives of a neutral power , but this hasn't always been consistently applied. Before the Peace of Westphalia , enemy fighters captured by belligerent forces were usually executed, enslaved, or held for ransom. This, coupled with the relatively small size of armies, meant there was little need for any form of camp to hold prisoners of war. The Peace of Westphalia ,

1680-525: The Tuchola internment camp , in Pomerania . These prisoners lived in dugouts, and many died of hunger, cold, and infectious diseases. According to historians Zbigniew Karpus and Waldemar Rezmer , up to 2000 prisoners died in the camp during its operation. In a joint work by Polish and Russian historians, Karpus and Rezmer estimate the total death toll in all Polish POW camps during the war at 16,000–17,000, while

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1760-575: The 19th BG supported naval carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Coral Sea , and bombed targets on the north coast of New Guinea , 16–18 hour missions that necessitated staging through Port Moresby . During the first six months of the war, the 19th BG was awarded four Distinguished Unit Citations . On August 6, 1942, one engine of Pease's B-17 failed during a mission, forcing a return to its base at Mareeba Airfield for repairs. The 19th BG had already scheduled

1840-462: The 28,000 Boer men captured during the fighting). After an initial settling-in period, these prisoner-of-war camps were generally well administered. The number of concentration camps, all located in South Africa, was much higher and a total of 109 of these camps had been constructed by the end of the war - 45 camps for Boer civilians and 64 camps for black Africans. The vast majority of Boers held in

1920-878: The 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died. At Camp Douglas in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and the 25% death rate at Elmira Prison in New York State very nearly equaled that of Andersonville's. During the Second Boer War , the British government established prisoner-of-war camps (to hold captured Boer belligerents or fighters) and concentration camps (to hold Boer civilians). In total, six prisoner-of-war camps were erected in South Africa and around 31 in overseas British colonies to hold Boer prisoners of war. The majority of Boer prisoners of war were sent overseas (25,630 out of

2000-569: The B-17 crashed, however, Pease and another crew member were able to bail out; both were captured and taken to a POW camp in Rabaul. Pease languished there until October 8, 1942. On that date, Pease, three other Americans, and two Australians were forced to dig their own grave, then were beheaded. Postwar, the remains of three of Pease's crew were found and identified; however, the remains of Pease and those killed with him were not recovered. On December 2, 1942,

2080-530: The Nikkei were placed in camps; these campers were made of Japanese immigrants and Japanese-Canadians. They lived in barns and stables which were used for animals, therefore unsanitary. It took 5 years after the war for the Nikkei to gain their rights. Compensation was given but was not enough to cover the loss of properties. Over 22,000 Nikkei were put into these camps. In many POW camps, cigarettes were widely used as currency known as ' commodity money '. They performed

2160-724: The Plymouth courthouse, which now houses the Historical Society. The author Nathaniel Hawthorne , while on vacation in 1864 with former U.S. President Franklin Pierce , died in Plymouth at the second Pemigewasset House , which was later destroyed by fire in 1909. In the early 20th century, the Draper and Maynard Sporting Goods Company (D&M) sold products directly to the Boston Red Sox , and players such as Babe Ruth would regularly visit to pick out their equipment. The Plymouth Normal School

2240-811: The Red Cross held a conference in Geneva, Switzerland in September 1917. The conference addressed the war, and the Red Cross addressed the conditions that the civilians were living under, which resembled those of soldiers in prisoner of war camps, as well as "barbed wire disease" (symptoms of mental illness) suffered by prisoners in France and Germany. It was agreed at the conference that the Red Cross would provide prisoners of war with mail, food parcels, clothes, and medical supplies and that prisoners in France and Germany suffering from "barbed wire disease" should be interned in Switzerland,

2320-533: The Red Cross stepped up to provide services for the soldiers overseas. A large number of provisions were needed for the soldiers in World War II over the 4 years that the Americans were involved. The American Red Cross and thirteen million volunteers had donated in the country with an average weekly donation of 111,000 pints of blood. Nurses, doctors, and volunteer workers worked on the front lines overseas to provide for

2400-502: The Russian historian Matvejev estimates it at 18,000–20,000. On the other side of the frontline about 20,000 out of about 51,000 Polish POWs died in Soviet and Lithuanian camps While the conditions for Soviet prisoners were clearly exposed by the free press in Poland, no corresponding fact-finding about Soviet camps for Polish POWs could be expected from the tightly controlled Soviet press of

2480-588: The U.S. courts. In the Hamdan v. Rumsfeld court case, on June 29, 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the captives at Guantanamo Bay detention camp were entitled to the minimal protections listed under Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions . Other captives, including Saddam Hussein , have been accorded POW status. The International Red Cross has been permitted to visit at least some sites. Many prisoners were held in secret locations ( black sites ) around

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2560-691: The UK government had recently declassified information that some British POWs in some Japanese POW camps were subjected to being fattened, then cannibalised. Apparently, Winston Churchill had been aware of this atrocity, but kept the information secret; families would have been too distressed to learn that their sons had been the victims of cannibalism rather than killed in action . More deaths occurred in Japanese POW camps than in any others. The Red Cross were not able to drop parcels into these camps because they were too well defended to fly over. The Second World War

2640-452: The age of 18 and 9.8% were 65 or older. Plymouth is governed in the traditional New England style, with a five-member board of selectmen as its executive branch, and the traditional town meeting as its legislative branch. Municipal elections and town meetings are customarily held in March. Plymouth, like all other towns in New Hampshire, elects official representatives at the county , state and federal levels. These officials represent

2720-455: The attack. Throughout the long flight to Rabaul, New Britain, he managed by skillful flying of his unserviceable airplane to maintain his position in the group. When the formation was intercepted by about 30 enemy fighter airplanes before reaching the target, Capt. Pease, on the wing which bore the brunt of the hostile attack, by gallant action and the accurate shooting by his crew, succeeded in destroying several Zeros before dropping his bombs on

2800-535: The coldest temperature recorded was −38 °F (−38.9 °C) on February 3, 1898. As of the census of 2010, there were 6,990 people, 1,953 households, and 947 families residing in the town. The population density was 248.8 inhabitants per square mile (96.1/km ). There were 2,231 housing units at an average density of 30.6 units/km (79.4 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 95.6% White, 1.0% African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 0.5% some other race, and 1.6% from two or more races. Of

2880-491: The concentration camps were women and children. The concentration camps were generally poorly administered, the food rations were insufficient to maintain health, standards of hygiene were low, and overcrowding was chronic. Due to these conditions, thousands perished in the 109 concentration camps. Of the Boer women and children held in captivity, over 26,000 died during the war. The first international convention on prisoners of war

2960-578: The confluence of the Baker and Pemigewasset rivers. Plymouth State University, in the center of town, has a total undergraduate population of 3,336 students and a total graduate population of 503 students as of the 2023/2024 academic year. Plymouth was originally the site of an Abenaki village that was burned to the ground by Captain Thomas Baker in 1712. This was just one of the many British raids on American Indian settlements during Queen Anne's War . Part of

3040-473: The death, was somewhat common in the camps. Punishments for major infractions could include death by hanging. German POWs wore shirts with a large red dot painted on the back, an easily identifiable mark outside the camps. Therefore, escapees could be easily found and recaptured. In the wake of the Japanese attacking Hong Kong, the Philippines and Pearl Harbor in which 2000 Canadians were involved, Canadians put

3120-414: The end of the war, when the camp inmates were released, many had lost body parts, and many were starved and faced extreme emaciation . Some prisoners feared execution by the Japanese in response to American bombing. The brutality of the guards caused traumatized prisoners to suffer mental illnesses that persisted for decades afterward. In many cases, survivors of camps were traumatized or ended up living with

3200-482: The enemy on 6–7 August 1942. When 1 engine of the bombardment airplane of which he was pilot failed during a bombing mission over New Guinea, Capt. Pease was forced to return to a base in Australia. Knowing that all available airplanes of his group were to participate the next day in an attack on an enemy-held airdrome near Rabaul, New Britain, although he was not scheduled to take part in this mission, Capt. Pease selected

3280-481: The foot of the White Mountains . The town's population was 6,682 at the 2020 census . It is home to Plymouth State University , Speare Memorial Hospital, and Plymouth Regional High School . The town's main center, where 4,730 people resided at the 2020 census (three-quarters of whom are college student age), is defined as the Plymouth census-designated place (CDP), and is located along U.S. Route 3 , south of

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3360-657: The functions of money as a medium of exchange because they were generally accepted among the prisoners for settling payments or debts, and the function of money as a unit of account, because prices of other goods were expressed in terms of cigarettes. Compared with other goods, the supply of cigarettes was more stable, as they were rationed in the POW camps, and cigarettes were more divisible, portable, and homogeneous. The International Red Cross visited United Nations-run POW camps, often unannounced, noting prisoner hygiene, quality of medical care, variety of diet, and weight gain. They talked to

3440-557: The group in defense of Java until the end of February 1942. As the Japanese advanced in the Philippines , Pease was ordered to lead three B-17s of the 19th BG to Del Monte Field on Mindanao to evacuate General Douglas MacArthur , along with the general's family and staff, to Australia. One of the battered planes was forced to abort early, while another developed engine trouble and crashed south of Del Monte. Pease landed his Fortress safely, despite its inoperative wheel brakes. MacArthur

3520-614: The hardest part was surviving the Canadian winters. Most camps were isolated and located in the far north. Death and sickness caused by the elements was common. Many camps were only lightly watched, and as such, many Germans attempted escape. Tunnelling was the most common method. Peter Krug, an escapee from a prison located in Bowmanville, Ontario , managed to escape along the railroads, using forests as cover. He made his way to Toronto , where he then travelled to Texas . Fighting, sometimes to

3600-413: The hostile base as planned, this in spite of continuous enemy attacks. The fight with the enemy pursuit lasted 25 minutes until the group dived into cloud cover. After leaving the target, Capt. Pease's aircraft fell behind the balance of the group due to unknown difficulties as a result of the combat, and was unable to reach this cover before the enemy pursuit succeeded in igniting 1 of his bomb bay tanks. He

3680-494: The international community to benefit the communist negotiation team. In May 1952, Chinese and North Korean prisoners rioted and took Brigadier General Francis T. Dodd captive. In 1952 the camp's administration were afraid that the prisoners would riot and demonstrate on May Day (a day honoring Communism) and so United States Navy ships (such as the USS Gunston Hall ) removed 15,000 North Korean and Chinese prisoners from

3760-543: The island and moved them to prison facilities at Ulsan and Cheju-do. These ships also participated in Operation Big Switch in September 1953 when prisoners were exchanged at the end of the war. The Chinese operated three types of POW camps during the Korean war. Peace camps housed POWs who were sympathetic to communism, reform camps were intended for skilled POWs who were to be indoctrinated in communist ideologies and

3840-630: The lead up to the Second World War, Japan had engaged in several conflicts aimed at expanding its empire, most notably the Second Sino-Japanese War . Although maintaining its neutrality at the outbreak of war in Europe, in 1941 the Japanese military launched surprise attacks on Hong Kong , Singapore , Thailand , the Philippines , and Pearl Harbor , which had brought the United States into

3920-429: The main conflicts of the last 200 years. The main camps are used for marines , sailors , soldiers , and more recently, airmen of an enemy power who have been captured by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. Civilians , such as merchant mariners and war correspondents , have also been imprisoned in some conflicts. Per the 1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War , later superseded by

4000-537: The minimum required to sustain life, and many were forced into labour. After March 20, 1943, the Imperial Navy was under orders to execute all prisoners taken at sea. Japanese POW camps are found throughout south-east Asia and the Japanese conquered territories. The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III, on the night of March 24, 1944, involved the escape of 76 Allied servicemen, although only three were able to avoid recapture. The Cowra breakout , on August 5, 1944,

4080-430: The most serviceable airplane at this base and prepared it for combat, knowing that it had been found and declared unserviceable for combat missions. With the members of his combat crew, who volunteered to accompany him, he rejoined his squadron at Port Moresby, New Guinea, at 1 a.m. on 7 August, after having flown almost continuously since early the preceding morning. With only 3 hours' rest, he took off with his squadron for

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4160-597: The officers and men of his unit. Plymouth, New Hampshire Plymouth is a New England town in Grafton County , New Hampshire , United States, in the White Mountains Region . It has a unique role as the economic, medical, commercial, and cultural center for the predominantly rural Plymouth, NH Labor Market Area. Plymouth is located at the confluence of the Pemigewasset and Baker rivers and sits at

4240-459: The one in Krasnoyarsk. There was a point where a large mix of nationalities was together in Krasnoyarsk which included Bulgarians, Czechs, Germans, and Poles. Many prisoners were nationalists, which led to violence within the camp. Militants would be forced to put down the instigators and keep the camp running. From autumn 1920, thousands of captured Red Army soldiers and guards had been placed in

4320-410: The period 2009–2013, the estimated median annual income for a household in the town was $ 41,709, and the median income for a family was $ 79,453. Male full-time workers had a median income of $ 52,297 versus $ 28,851 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 19,804. 22.5% of the population and 3.3% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 4.3% were under

4400-406: The population 1.9% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,953 households, out of which 24.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were headed by married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder whose husband did not live with her, and 50.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% were someone living alone who

4480-683: The prison population steadily rose, and by early 1966, there was no space to accommodate additional prisoners in the existing jails and prisons. In 1965, plans were made to construct five POW camps, each with an initial capacity of 1,000 prisoners and to be staffed by the South Vietnamese military police, with U.S. military policemen as a prisoner of war advisers assigned to each stockade. The United States of America refused to grant prisoner-of-war status to many prisoners captured during its War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and 2003 invasion of Iraq . This

4560-457: The prisoner population had increased to 652,000 living in unsatisfactory conditions. In response, the government began constructing permanent camps both in Germany and the occupied territories. The number of prisoners increased significantly during the war, exceeding one million by August 1915 and 1,625,000 by August 1916, and reaching 2,415,000 by the end of the war. The International Committee of

4640-677: The prisoners and asked for their comments on conditions, as well as providing them with copies of the Geneva Convention. The IRC delegates dispersed boots, soap, and other requested goods. A prison camp was established on the island of Koje-do , where over 170,000 communist and non-communist prisoners were held from December 1950 until June 1952. Throughout 1951 and early 1952, upper-level communist agents infiltrated and conquered much of Koje section-by-section by uniting fellow communists; bending dissenters to their will through staged trials and public executions; and exporting allegations of abuse to

4720-524: The prisoners, stepping on the wires. Or the guards would tie a prisoner on a tree by their thumbs, with their toes barely touching the ground, and leave them there for two days without food or water. After the two days of torture, the prisoner would be jailed prior to execution, after which their corpses would later be burnt. Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as Jack Bridger Chalker , Philip Meninsky , John Mennie , Ashley George Old , and Ronald Searle . Human hair

4800-587: The surrounding desert. Over the next few weeks all were recaptured. The escape of Felice Benuzzi, Giovanni ('Giuàn') Balletto, and Vincenzo ('Enzo') Barsotti from Camp 354 in Nanyuki, Kenya, on a lark to climb Mount Kenya is of particular note. The account is recorded by Benuzzi in No Picnic on Mount Kenya . After their attempt to climb Mount Kenya, the trio "escaped" back into Camp 354. After World War I , when around 40 million civilians and prisoners could not be saved,

4880-496: The target, the group was attacked by more than 30 Japanese fighters. Pease and his crew claimed several of the fighters, fought their way to the target, and bombed successfully, but sustained heavy damage in the attacks. After leaving the target area, Pease's crippled B-17 fell behind the rest of the formation. Once again attacked by fighters, he was seen to jettison the burning bomb bay fuel tank before falling back out of sight. Pease and his crew were presumed killed in action. Before

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4960-466: The third type was the normal POW camps . Chinese policy did not allow for the exchange of prisoners in the first two camp types. While these POW camps were designated numerically by the communists, the POWs often gave the camps a colloquial name. By the end of 1965, Viet Cong suspects, prisoners of war, and even juvenile delinquents were mixed together in South Vietnamese jails and prisons. After June 1965,

5040-423: The time of Carthage but became normal practice in Europe from 1648 onwards. The consequent increase in the number of prisoners was to lead eventually to the development of the prisoner of war camps. Following General John Burgoyne 's surrender at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, several thousand British and German ( Hessian and Brunswick) troops were marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts . For various reasons,

5120-479: The time. Available data shows many cases of mistreatment of Polish prisoners. There have been also cases of Polish POWs' being executed by the Soviet army, when no POW facilities were available. The 1929 Geneva Convention on the Prisoners of War established certain provisions relative to the treatment of prisoners of war. One requirement was that POW camps were to be open to inspection by authorised representatives of

5200-592: The town. Plymouth is drained by the Pemigewasset River and its tributary, the Baker River , and lies within the Merrimack River watershed . Plymouth Mountain, at 2,193 feet (668 m) the highest point in Plymouth, is in the south, and the slopes of Tenney Mountain are in the west. (The 2,310-foot (700 m) summit of Tenney Mountain lies to the west in the town of Groton .) The main village of Plymouth,

5280-543: The traditional European system of parole and exchange of prisoners . While awaiting exchange, prisoners were confined to permanent camps. Neither Union or Confederate prison camps were always well run, and it was common for prisoners to die of starvation or disease. It is estimated that about 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war; almost 10% of all Civil War fatalities. During a period of 14 months in Camp Sumter , located near Andersonville, Georgia , 13,000 (28%) of

5360-459: The various jurisdictions in which the town of Plymouth lies, and none of them represent the town exclusively. Each official is elected in his or her own district. Currently, Plymouth is situated in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district , the State House of Representatives Grafton County District 8, State Senate District 2, and Executive Council District 1. Prisoner-of-war camp A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp )

5440-401: The war on the side of the Allies. In 1942, after they had captured Hong Kong from the British, the Japanese established several prisoner-of-war camps in Kowloon to house Allied prisoners of war. Believing it was shameful to be captured alive in combat, the Japanese ran their prisoner-of-war camps brutally, with many Allied prisoners of war dying in them. The Japanese field army code included

5520-406: The wounded and the needy. This program saved thousands of lives as plasma donations were delivered to the camps and bases. However, the Red Cross only accepted donations from white Americans and excluded those of Japanese, Italian, German and African Americans . To combat this, activists tried to fight such segregation back home with arguments that blood of Whites and blood of Blacks is the same. In

5600-439: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 2.89. In the town, the population was spread out, with 12.0% under the age of 18, 50.4% from 18 to 24, 13.3% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.6 males. For

5680-482: Was assigned to the 19th Bombardment Group (19th BG) as a B-17 pilot at Albuquerque Army Air Base , and in October 1941 flew with the group to Clark Field in the Philippines . As part of the Far East Air Force , Pease was present at Clark Field when it was bombed by Japanese aircraft on December 8, 1941, flew missions in defense of the Philippines, and evacuated with the group to Darwin, Northern Territory , on December 20, 1941. Pease continued to fly missions with

5760-565: Was established by the Kingdom of Great Britain at Norman Cross , in 1797 to house the increasing number of prisoners from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . The prison operated until 1814 and held between 3,300 and 6,272 men. Lacking a means for dealing with large numbers of captured troops early in the American Civil War , the Union and Confederate governments relied on

5840-565: Was founded in 1871 out of the already existing Holmes Plymouth Academy, becoming the state's first teachers' college. It would later evolve into Plymouth Teachers' College in 1939, Plymouth State College in 1963, and finally Plymouth State University in 2003. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 28.6 square miles (74.2 km ), of which 28.1 square miles (72.8 km ) are land and 0.54 square miles (1.4 km ) are water, comprising 1.94% of

5920-445: Was mainly because it classed them as insurgents or terrorists , which did not meet the requirements laid down by the Third Geneva Convention of 1949 such as being part of a chain of command , wearing a "fixed distinctive marking, visible from a distance", bearing arms openly, and conducting military operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war . The legality of this refusal has been questioned and cases are pending in

6000-451: Was mainly fought in Europe and western Russia, East Asia, and the Pacific; there were no invasions of Canada. The few prisoners of war sent to Canada included Japanese and German soldiers, captured U-boat crews, and prisoners from raids such as Dieppe and Normandy. The camps meant for German POWs were smaller than those meant for Japanese prisoners of war and were far less brutal. German prisoners generally benefitted from good food. However,

6080-540: Was never adequately provisioned, but the prisoners built a theater on the site. Hundreds escaped Albemarle Barracks because of the shortage of guards. As the British Army moved northward from the Carolinas in late 1780, the remaining prisoners were moved to Frederick, Maryland ; Winchester, Virginia ; and perhaps elsewhere. No remains of the encampment site are left. The earliest known purpose-built prisoner-of-war camp

6160-713: Was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the Australian War Memorial , State Library of Victoria , and the Imperial War Museum in London. The State Library of Victoria exhibited many of these works under the title The Major Arthur Moon Collection , in 1995. In 2016, war historian Antony Beevor (who had recently completed his book The Second World War ), said that

6240-407: Was seen to drop the flaming tank. It is believed that Capt. Pease's airplane and crew were subsequently shot down in flames, as they did not return to their base. In voluntarily performing this mission Capt. Pease contributed materially to the success of the group, and displayed high devotion to duty, valor, and complete contempt for personal danger. His undaunted bravery has been a great inspiration to

6320-410: Was shocked at the sight of Pease's aircraft, upon which the ground crews of the undersupplied 19th BG had used cut-up ration cans to patch bullet holes, as well as Pease himself, whom MacArthur described as a "child". MacArthur flatly refused to place his wife and son aboard Pease's B-17 and instead waited for another plane to arrive two days later. In May, from a base near Townsville, Queensland ,

6400-757: Was signed at the Hague Peace Conference of 1899. It was widened by the Hague Convention of 1907 . The main combatant nations engaged in World War I abided by the convention and treatment of prisoners was generally good. The situation on the eastern front was significantly worse than the western front , with prisoners in Russia at risk from starvation and disease. In total during the war about eight million men were held in prisoner of war camps, with 2.5 million prisoners in German custody, 2.9 million held by

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