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64-441: A Hanukkah menorah , or hanukkiah , is a nine-branched candelabrum lit during the eight-day Jewish holiday of Hanukkah . Eight of the nine branches hold lights (candles or oil lamps) that symbolize the eight nights of the holiday; on each night, one more light is lit than the previous night, until on the final night all eight branches are ignited. The ninth branch holds a candle, called the shamash ("helper" or "servant"), which

128-481: A fireplace mantel , table, guéridon , and torchère , or if large, on the floor. In England in the early 18th century, candelabra may be used interchangeably with a number of terms, such as branches, chandeliers , lustres, girandoles , and wall-lights. Girandoles were a form of candelabra with crystals in the 17th century, but were sold as candelabra in England by the end of the 18th century. Candelabra became popular in

192-703: A minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina , Israel, and France. In 2017, it was formally recognised by the Royal Spanish Academy . The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish , and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula : Old Aragonese , Asturleonese , Old Catalan , Galician-Portuguese , and Andalusi Romance . The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew , Aramaic , and Arabic —especially in

256-963: A "k" sound or at the end of certain words (such as seis , pronounced [seʃ] , for 'six') is shared with Portuguese (as spoken in Portugal, most of Lusophone Asia and Africa, and in a plurality of Brazilian varieties and registers with either partial or total forms of coda |S| palatalization) but not with Spanish. Like other Jewish vernaculars , Judaeo-Spanish incorporates many Hebrew and Aramaic words, mostly for religious concepts and institutions. Examples are haham/ḥaḥam ('rabbi', from Hebrew ḥakham ) and kal, kahal/cal, cahal ('synagogue', from Hebrew qahal ). Some Judeao-Spanish words of Hebrew or Aramaic origins have more poetic connotations than their Spanish origin equivalents. Compare gaava ('pride, arrogance') from Hebrew ga'avá with arrogansya ('arrogance') from Spanish arrogancia . The majority of Judaeo-Spanish speaking people resided in

320-430: A candle, and candelabra can be defined as a branched holder that supports multiple candles. "Candelabra" has been used to describe all branched candle holders, including chandeliers. The distinction between a candelabrum and a chandelier, the candelabrum being a candle holder placed on a surface, while the chandelier is hung from the ceiling. These candle holders were first used in the ancient world. A notable example

384-664: A hanukkiah candle lighting ceremony. In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons holds a yearly hanukkiah lighting at the official residence of the Speaker of the House of Commons in the Palace of Westminster . Although John Bercow became the first Jewish Speaker of the House in 2009, the hanukkiah currently used every year had actually been commissioned in 2003 by his predecessor Michael Martin , who

448-419: A non-syllabic /u/ ( [w] ). Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords and morphemes (except those that were borrowed indirectly through other languages) are spelled according to Hebrew orthography . The rest of the language's lexicon is spelled as illustrated in the following table: Notes: This orthography uses an interpunct ⟨·⟩ to distinguish the sequence /s+x/ (written ⟨s·h⟩ ) from

512-852: A profession) was borrowed into Judaeo-Spanish as the suffix -djí . It can be found in words like halvadjí ('candyman'), derived from halva + -djí . Due to the influence of the Alliance Israélite Universelle in the westernization and modernization of Judeao-Spanish speaking communities, many words of French origin were adopted. Most of these words refer to Western European innovations and introductions. Examples include: abazur ('lampshade'), from French abat-jour , fardate ('apply makeup'), from French se farder , and fusil ('gun') from French fusil . Some French political and cultural elements are present in Judeao-Spanish. For example, ir al Bismark ('to go to

576-585: A subject–verb–object word order , has a nominative-accusative alignment , and is considered a fusional or inflected language. Two Israeli organizations, the Akademia Nasionala del Ladino and the Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino , jointly regulate Judæo-Spanish orthography. The organizations allow speakers to choose between the Hebrew script , which was historically the most prevalent writing system for

640-455: A tendency to render Hebrew word order literally ( ha-laylah ha-zeh , meaning 'this night', was rendered la noche la esta instead of the normal Spanish esta noche ). As mentioned above, authorities confine the term Ladino to that style. Following the Expulsion , the process of dialect mixing continued, but Castilian Spanish remained by far the largest contributor. The daily language

704-801: Is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish . Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans , Turkey , West Asia , and North Africa ) as well as France , Italy , the Netherlands , Morocco , and England , it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel . Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as

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768-444: Is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music . The scholar Joseph Nehama, author of the comprehensive Judeo-Spanish–French dictionary, referred to the language as Judeo-Espagnol . The 1903 Hebrew–Judeo-Spanish Haggadah entitled " Seder Haggadah shel pesaḥ ʿim pitron be-lashon sefaradi " ( סדר הגדה של פסח עם פתרון בלשון ספרדי ), from

832-558: Is by splitting first Haketia , or "Western Judeao-Spanish", from other varieties, collectively referred to as "Eastern Judeao-Spanish". Within Eastern Judeao-Spanish, further division is made based on city of origin. Aldina Quintana split Eastern Ladino into three groups: 1. Grupo noroccidental (Northwest group), centered around Sarajevo (Bosnia). It also includes the dialects of Bitola (Macedonia) and Kastoria (Greece). The most distinct characteristics of this group are:

896-469: Is commonly used to describe small light bulbs used in chandeliers and other lighting fixtures made for decoration as well as lighting. The first known use of candelabra in English was in 1776, and candelabrum in 1811. The word is originally Latin , where candēlābrum ( candela , candle, -b(a) rum , holder) means a " candlestick ”, ultimately deriving from candēla , meaning "candle". Candalabrum

960-463: Is distinguished from other Spanish dialects by the presence of the following features: Regular conjugation for the present tense: Regular conjugation in the preterite: Regular conjugation in the imperfect: Judaeo-Spanish follows Spanish for most of its syntax . (That is not true of the written calque language involving word-for-word translations from Hebrew, which scholars refer to as "Ladino", as described above.) Like Spanish, it generally follows

1024-546: Is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish has been known also by other names, such as: Español ( Espanyol, Spaniol, Spaniolish, Espanioliko ), Judió ( Judyo, Djudyo ) or Jidió ( Jidyo, Djidyo ), Judesmo ( Judezmo, Djudezmo ), Sefaradhí ( Sefaradi ) or Ḥaketía (in North Africa). In Turkey, and formerly in

1088-508: Is the seven-armed candelabrum or menorah , mentioned in the Hebrew Bible with instruction on its creation to Moses . The menorah is depicted in the Arch of Titus following the capture of Jerusalem . It has since become a symbol of Judaism and an Emblem of Israel , as well as a model of seven-armed candelabra used in medieval Christian churches. A bronze candelabrum was made by Callimachus for

1152-409: Is the singular form and candēlābra is the plural. While candelabra is the correct plural form of candelabrum, due to changes in English usage over time, candelabra is now popularly used as the singular form, with candelabras the supposed plural form. "Candelabrums" is also sometimes seen for the same reasons. Candelabra is a form of candlestick; candlestick is defined as an object that holds

1216-564: Is used to light the other eight. The Hanukkah menorah commemorates, but is distinct from, the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem . Along with the seven-branched menorah and the Star of David , it is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art . To be kosher , the shamash must be offset on a higher or lower plane than the main eight candles or oil lamps, but there are differing opinions as to whether all

1280-602: Is used, a loanword from Arabic via Turkish, while the Monastir dialect uses karrose , possibly from Italian. The number of phonemes in Judaeo-Spanish varies by dialect. Its phonemic inventory consists of 24-26 consonants and 5 vowels . Notes: Notes: As exemplified in the Sources section above, much of the phonology of Judaeo-Spanish is similar to that of standard modern Spanish. Here are some exceptions: Judaeo-Spanish

1344-459: The thermae . These consists of a base, often triangular, a shaft either richly moulded or carved with the acanthus plant and crowned with a large cup or basin with similar design to the small sacrificial altars . Examples of the latter excavated from Hadrian's Villa are now found in the Vatican Museums . Simpler tall slender candelabra with three feet were used in a domestic setting in

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1408-545: The Erechtheion in Athens , to carry the lamp sacred to Athena . In this case it is possible the lamp was suspended. While "candelabrum" is now often used to mean a branched candle holder, the term has been used to describe a variety of lighting devices. A candelabrum may describe a tall stand that supports a lamp. The Roman candelabra may consist of a stalk or reed, the upper part moulded with projecting feature to carry lights at

1472-598: The Etruscan and Roman periods. These may be made of wood, but many made of bronze were excavated in Herculaneum and Pompeii . Other types of candelabra also existed in the Roman period; these may consist of a figure supporting one or two branches with plates for lamps, or a type that may be placed on a table, with a pillar that has branches from which lights are suspended. The Roman examples seem to have served as models for many of

1536-701: The Lindo lamp ). There is a collection in the small Jewish Museum in Rio de Janeiro . More offbeat Hanukkah products on the American market include a "Menorah Tree" inspired by the Christmas tree tradition, and even a "Menorah Bong ". The " Thanksgivukkah " coincidence of Thanksgiving and the second night of Hanukkah in 2013 inspired a turkey-shaped "menurkey". On December 10, 1997, the Internet's first widely celebrated Interactive Menorah

1600-569: The National Menorah since 1979. This celebration of Hanukkah began with the attendance of President Jimmy Carter in the ceremony in Lafayette Park. Additionally, beginning with President Bill Clinton in 1993, a hanukkiah is lit at the White House, and in 2001, President George W. Bush began the annual tradition of a White House Hanukkah Party in the White House residence, which includes

1664-579: The Ottoman Empire , although a large minority on the northern Coast of Morocco and Algeria existed. As such, words of Turkish origin were incorporated into the local dialect of the language. Examples include emrenear ('rejoice') from Turkish imrenmek . Some of these words themselves were inherited into Turkish from Arabic or Persian. Examples include bilbiliko ('nightingale'), from Persian (via Turkish) bülbül and gam ('sorrow, anxiety, grief') from Arabic (via Persian then Turkish) ḡamm . The Turkish agentive suffix -ci (denoting

1728-853: The Reconquista , where Judaeo-Spanish speakers had no motivation to do so. Some Arabic words were borrowed via Turkish or Persian. Haketia , the variety of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the Maghreb , has substantial influence from Moroccan and Algerian Arabic , as well as local Amazigh languages . The varieties of Judaeo-Spanish spoken in the Levant and Egypt have some influence from Levantine Arabic and Egyptian Arabic respectively. Judeao-Spanish speaking communities often incorporated words or phrases from surrounding languages. Greek , South Slavic , Italian , and Romanian borrowings can be found in those respective communities. A common way of dividing Judaeo-Spanish

1792-771: The 18th century. Two-branched candelabra were then the most common, and some designs allowed the branches to be detached leaving a single-armed candlestick. By the 19th century, silver candelabra with multiple branches were often used together with elaborate centerpieces on dinner tables. In the United States and Canada, the word candelabra is used to refer to radio masts and towers with multiple transmission antennas . Sutro Tower in San Francisco and John Hancock Center in Chicago are examples of such structures. Baltimore's TV stations, WMAR-TV , WBAL-TV , and WJZ-TV in 1959 built

1856-623: The Bible, the Biblia de Ferrara (1553), provided inspiration for the translation of numerous Spanish Christian Bibles. The derivation of the name Ladino is complicated. Before the expulsion of Jews from Spain , the word meant "literary Spanish" as opposed to other dialects, or "Romance" in general as distinct from Arabic. One derivation has Ladino as derived from the verb enladinar , meaning "to translate", from when Jews, Christians and Arabs translated works from Hebrew, Greek, and Arabic into Spanish (during

1920-744: The Bismark') was a phrase used in some Judeao-Spanish communities in the late 20th century to mean 'to go to the restroom', referring to the German Chancellor , Otto von Bismarck (an unpopular figure in France), as a euphemism for toilet. Because of the large number of Arabic words in Spanish generally, it is not always clear whether some of these words were introduced before the Expulsion or adopted later; modern Spanish replaced some of these loans with Latinisms after

1984-769: The Eastern Mediterranean in the 18th century. It was introduced into Modern Hebrew by Hemda Ben-Yehuda , whose husband Eliezer Ben Yehuda was the leading force behind the revival of the Hebrew language in the late 19th century. Many museums have notable collections of hanukkiahs, including the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and the Jewish Museum in London (which owns

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2048-833: The Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish , meaning the 'Jewish language.' In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Ladino , Espanyolit or Spanyolit . Judaeo-Spanish, once the Jewish lingua franca of the Adriatic Sea , the Balkans, and the Middle East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika , today is under serious threat of extinction . Most native speakers are elderly, and

2112-669: The Sephardic community of Livorno , Italy, refers to the language used for explanation as the Sefaradi language. The rare Judeo-Spanish-language textbook entitled Nuevo Silibaryo Espanyol , published in Salonica in 1929, referred to the language as Espanyol and lingua Djudeo-Espanyola . The language is also called Judeo-Espanyol , Judeoespañol , Sefardí , Judío , and Espanyol or Español sefardita ; Haketia (from Arabic : حكى , romanized :  ḥakà 'tell') refers to

2176-542: The United States and Spain, the language has come to be referred to as Ladino ( Ladino : לאדינו ), literally meaning 'Latin'. This name for the language was promoted by the Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino , although speakers of the language in Israel referred to their mother tongue as Espanyolit or Spanyolit . Native speakers of the language consider the name Ladino to be incorrect, having for centuries reserved

2240-554: The book A Kosher Christmas: 'Tis the Season to Be Jewish , author Rabbi Joshua Plaut, Ph.D., details the history of public displays of the hanukkiah across the United States, summarizes the court cases associated with this issue, and explains how Presidents of the United States came to embrace lighting the hanukkiah during Hanukkah. In the US, the White House has been represented at the lighting of

2304-596: The candelabra in the churches in Italy. Liturgical services were performed with the use of candlelight, and candelabra with prickets may be used to hold the candles in churches. In the 4th century, Pope Sylvester I presented to churches with brass candelabra inlaid with silver. Seven-armed candelabra, mentioned in the Bible, may also be found in various churches, including the Eastern Orthodox Church . Candelabra may be used in some religious ceremonies . Candelabra in

2368-554: The dialect of North Africa, especially Morocco . Judeo-Spanish has also been referred to as Judesmo (also Judezmo, Djudesmo or Djudezmo ). The dialect of the Oran area of Algeria was called Tetuani after the Moroccan city of Tétouan since many Orani Jews came from there. In Israel, the language is known as Spanyolit or Espanyolit . The names Djidio , Kasteyano Muestro , and Spanyol de mozotros have also been proposed to refer to

2432-504: The domains of religion , law , and spirituality —and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian . Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek , Bulgarian , and Serbo-Croatian . Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it

2496-478: The expulsion from Spain, Ladino is not spoken, rather, it is the product of a word-for-word translation of Hebrew or Aramaic biblical or liturgical texts made by rabbis in the Jewish schools of Spain. In these translations, a specific Hebrew or Aramaic word always corresponded to the same Spanish word, as long as no exegetical considerations prevented this. In short, Ladino is only Hebrew clothed in Spanish, or Spanish with Hebrew syntax. The famous Ladino translation of

2560-537: The form of branched candle holders were also used in homes of the wealthy. Good wax candles were expensive in the early period, while tallow candles made of animal fat were smelly, smokey and burned quickly, candle holders were therefore rare in ordinary households. By the 17th century in France, candelabra was defined by César-Pierre Richelet as "a large room candlestick which has several branches", although candelabra existed in other forms. The candelabra may be placed on

2624-422: The historical usage. In the Judaeo-Spanish press of the 19th and 20th centuries the native authors referred to the language almost exclusively as Espanyol , which was also the name that its native speakers spontaneously gave to it for as long as it was their primary spoken language. More rarely, the bookish Judeo-Espanyol has also been used since the late 19th century. In recent decades in Israel, followed by

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2688-554: The language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift . In 2018, four native speakers in Bosnia were identified however, two of them have since died, David Kamhi in 2021 and Moris Albahari in late 2022. In some expatriate communities in Spain , Latin America , and elsewhere, there

2752-934: The language, and the Latin script , which gained prominence after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Printed works in Judæo-Spanish use the Rashi script , whereas the handwritten language uses a cursive form of the Hebrew alphabet called Solitreo . In the Hebrew script, a silent ⟨ א ‎⟩ must precede word-initial vowels. Moreover, it is necessary to separate adjacent vowels with ⟨ א ‎⟩ or ⟨ י ‎⟩ . Whereas ⟨ א ‎⟩ can separate any pair of vowels, ⟨ י ‎⟩ can only separate front vowels ( /i/ and /e/ , both represented by ⟨ י ‎⟩ ) from adjacent vowels. Furthermore, ⟨ י ‎⟩ cannot separate diphthongs that include

2816-475: The language; regional names to refer to the language include kastiyano viejo , sepharadit , ekseris romeka , yahudije , and musevije . An entry in Ethnologue claims, "The name 'Judesmo' is used by Jewish linguists and Turkish Jews and American Jews; 'Judeo-Spanish' by Romance philologists; 'Ladino' by laymen, initially in Israel; 'Haketia' by Moroccan Jews; 'Spanyol' by some others." That does not reflect

2880-480: The lighting by using a crane to lift each person to the top. In the United States, the public display of hanukkiahs and Christmas trees on public grounds has been the source of legal battles. Specifically, in the 1989 County of Allegheny v. ACLU case, the majority of the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the public display of hanukkiahs and Christmas trees did not violate the Establishment Clause because

2944-484: The lights must be arranged in a straight line, or if the hanukkiah can be arranged in a curve. The hanukkiah is often displayed in public around Hanukkah time in December. Elected officials often participate in publicly lighting the hanukkiah. The Chabad-Lubavitch movement is well associated with public lighting ceremonies, which it has done since a directive from their last Rebbe , Menachem Mendel Schneerson , in 1987. In

3008-416: The main Sephardic cultural hubs of Salonika (Greece) and Istanbul (Turkiye), as well as the remainder of Anatolia, and Eastern Greece. The varieties of this group maintain the gradient in difference between /e : i/ and /o : u/ in the final position, as well as maintaining a difference between /r/ : /ɾ/ . The metathesis of ⟨rd⟩ into ⟨dr⟩ is also present. While unsorted,

3072-401: The phonology, and about 60% of the vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is essentially Spanish but, in some respects, it resembles the dialects in southern Spain and South America, rather than the dialects of Central Spain. For example, it has yeísmo ("she" is eya / ella [ˈeja] (Judaeo-Spanish), instead of ella ) as well as seseo . In many respects, it reproduces the Spanish of

3136-519: The reduction of /r/ and /ɾ/ into /ɾ/ and the conservation of ⟨rd⟩ as in ⟨gordo⟩ . 2. Grupo nororiental (Northeast group) that includes most of (northern) Bulgaria and Romania including Sofia and Bucharest . It represented an intermediate state between the other varieties: the reduction of /r/ and /ɾ/ into /ɾ/ , but the metathesis of ⟨rd⟩ into ⟨dr⟩ as in ⟨godro⟩ . 3. Grupo suroriental (Southeast group) that included

3200-521: The same way that (among Kurdish Jews) Targum has come to mean Judeo-Aramaic and (among Jews of Arabic-speaking background) sharḥ has come to mean Judeo-Arabic . Judaeo-Spanish Ladino should not be confused with the Ladin language ( Italian : ladino ), spoken in part of Northeastern Italy . Ladin has nothing to do with Jews or with Spanish beyond being a Romance language , a property that it shares with French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. At

3264-456: The term for the "semi-sacred" language used in word-by-word translations from the Bible, which is distinct from the spoken vernacular . According to linguist Paul Wexler , Ladino is a written language that developed in the eighteenth century and is distinct from spoken Judaeo-Spanish. According to the website of the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki, the cultural center of Sephardic Judaism after

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3328-761: The term to describe a form of ornamental lighting, which may be a tall stand that supports a lamp. In Judaism , the menorah and hanukkiah are special kinds of candelabra. Candelabra are also used in churches, in ceremonies such as Tenebrae , in certain Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church liturgy such as the dikirion and trikirion . Candelabra in the form of branched candlesticks also became popular in homes as decorative lighting. In modern times, electricity has largely relegated candleholders to decorative use in homes. The interior designers nowadays continue to model light fixtures and lighting accessories after candelabra and candlesticks. The term ‘candelabra’

3392-464: The time of the Expulsion, rather than the modern variety, as it retains some archaic features such as the following: However, the phonology of both the consonants and part of the lexicon is, in some respects, closer to Portuguese and Catalan than to modern Spanish. That is explained by direct influence but also because Portuguese, Old Spanish and Catalan retained some of the characteristics of medieval Ibero-Romance languages that Spanish later lost. There

3456-493: The time of the expulsion from Spain, the day-to-day language of the Jews of different regions of the peninsula was hardly, if at all, different from that of their Christian neighbours, but there may have been some dialect mixing to form a sort of Jewish lingua franca. There was, however, a special style of Spanish used for purposes of study or translation, featuring a more archaic dialect, a large number of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords and

3520-485: The times of Alfonso X ). (The first European language grammar and dictionary, of Spanish referred to it as ladino or ladina . In the Middle Ages , the word Latin was frequently used to mean simply 'language', particularly one understood: a latiner or latimer meant a translator.) Following the Expulsion, Jews spoke of "the Ladino" to mean the word-for-word translation of the Bible into Old Spanish. By extension, it came to mean that style of Spanish generally in

3584-551: The top, and a base resting on three lions' or griffins ' feet. The origin of the term, which means a candlestick, suggests that Roman candelabra may have a disk with a spike on top to carry a wax or tallow candle ( candela or funalia ). Candelabra, however, can have a disk at the top to carry a lamp, and sometimes there was a hollow cup, in which resinous woods were burnt. The Roman candelabra used in public building can be of significant size, and they may have bulky supports in stone or marble, of which many examples were found in

3648-472: The two symbols were not endorsements of the Jewish or Christian faith, and were rather part of the same winter holiday season, which the court found had attained a secular status in US society. English speakers most commonly call the lamp a "menorah" or "Hanukkah menorah" (the Hebrew word menorah simply meaning "lamp"). In Modern Hebrew, the lamp is generally called a chanukkiyah , a term which originated among Judeo-Spanish speaking Sephardic communities in

3712-503: The variety of spoken in Judeo-Spanish in Italy ( Venice , Trieste , Ferrera ) and Budapest more closely followed the Northwest group. Egyptian Judeo-Spanish ( Alexandria , Cairo ) followed more the patterns of the Southeast Group. Levantine Judeo-Spanish ( Jerusalem , Jaffa , Hebron ) and Rhodesli Judeo-Spanish represented intermediate states, more similar to the Northeast group. Although Levantine Judeo-Spanish phonology and syntax, especially its usage of [ħ] , [ʕ] , [ʔ] , and [h]

3776-440: The world’s first three-antenna candelabra tower, 730 feet tall. Other examples include the Mount Royal Candelabra in Montreal , the KXTV/KOVR/KCRA Tower , KSMO Candelabra Tower , KMBC / KCWE Candelabra Tower, the Madison Community Candelabra Tower in Madison . Judeo-Spanish Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol , Hebrew script : גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול ‎), also known as Ladino ,

3840-435: Was a Catholic; prior to this, a hannukiah had to be borrowed for the ceremony every year. Two large hanukkiahs are in New York City , each standing at 32 feet. One is at Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn, and the other is at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in Manhattan near Central Park . A 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) structure, it is the work of Israeli artist Yaacov Agam . Because of the hanukkiah's height, Con Edison assists

3904-772: Was a mutual influence with the Judaeo-Portuguese of the Portuguese Jews . Contrast Judaeo-Spanish daínda ('still') with Portuguese ainda (Galician ainda or aínda , Asturian aína or enaína ) and Spanish aún or the initial consonants in Judaeo-Spanish fija , favla ('daughter,' 'speech'), Portuguese filha , fala Galician filha or filla , fala , Asturian fía , fala , Aragonese filla , fabla , Catalan filla ), Spanish hija , habla . It sometimes varied with dialect, as in Judaeo-Spanish popular songs, both fijo and hijo ('son') are found. The Judaeo-Spanish pronunciation of s as " [ʃ] " before

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3968-426: Was increasingly influenced both by the language of study and by the local non-Jewish vernaculars, such as Greek and Turkish. It came to be known as Judesmo and, in that respect, the development is parallel to that of Yiddish . However, many speakers, especially among the community leaders, also had command of a more formal style, castellano , which was nearer to the Spanish at the time of the Expulsion. The grammar,

4032-468: Was the premiere greeting for the New York Times 'Cyberseason's Greetings' section of their website. This digital Menorah allowed users to celebrate the holiday from anywhere, lighting candles with a mouse click. The miracle of the oil was honored as the digital Menorah used a minuscule file size of 19kb. The digital Menorah was created by recognized digital artist Bruce Keffer, using the then-new Flash animation software. Candelabrum The Romans used

4096-456: Was unique enough to be defined separately. Differences between varieties usually include phonology and lexicon . The dialect spoken in the Macedonian city of Bitola (traditionally referred to as Monastir) has relatively many lexical differences as compared with other varieties of Judeao-Spanish. An example of this can be seen is the word for 'carriage'. In many dialects, such as those that were spoken in Istanbul and Thessaloniki , araba

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