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56-885: Born in Offenbach am Main , Hesse , Hotter studied with Matthäus Roemer in Munich . He worked as an organist and choirmaster before making his operatic debut in Opava in 1930. He performed in Germany and Austria under the Nazi regime, avoiding pressure on performers to join the Nazi Party, and made some appearances outside the country, including concerts under the baton of Bruno Walter in Amsterdam, who advised him that if Hotter could not leave his family members he had little alternative but to remain in Germany. Hotter

112-414: A 15-minute headway on the shared section in downtown Offenbach. Those two routes also connect the city of Offenbach with its surrounding towns, Frankfurt am Main, Mühlheim am Main and Obertshausen. Out of all municipal bus services the number 101 bus is the most frequented route. It runs every 7 or 8 minutes Mondays through Fridays. Service on the other most frequented routes (104 and 105) is also increased to

168-491: A 7/8-minute headway during rush hours. In addition to the municipal bus services there are regional buses that serve the city. Two express bus routes connect Offenbach to the city of Langen (route X83) and Bad Vilbel (X97). Other services are the number OF-30 bus to Heusenstamm, the 41 bus to Fechenheim as well as the 551 to Gravenbruch, Enkheim and Bad Vilbel. Regional trains stop at the Offenbach Central Station in

224-407: A bomb on a corrugated-iron factory. That, however, is not how the opera is supposed to end. Hotter did not want to suggest to the audience that he had jumped off the mountain in remorse after stripping his favourite daughter of her status as goddess and putting her to sleep. So, as the music continued, Hotter gallantly climbed back on stage, reassuring the audience that he was still alive and well and

280-462: A brilliant performance of Walküre in Covent Garden in 1961 a mishap occurred during the final scene when Wotan is supposed to ever so slowly, silently depart from the stage. Right after striking Brünnhild's rock to call on Loge to surround it with a cordon of fire, Hotter was blinded by the light and lost his footing, falling off the stage with a crash. As he was covered in armour, he hit ground like

336-778: A close working relationship with Richard Strauss . He performed in the premieres of the Strauss late operas: as the commandant in the 1938 opera Friedenstag , as Olivier in Capriccio in 1942 and the Jupiter in private dress rehearsal in 1944 of Die Liebe der Danae . After the end of the war, he also sang Sir Morosus in Die Schweigsame Frau with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Karl Böhm . Strauss dedicated his song "Erschaffen und beleben" to Hotter, who also recorded many of

392-546: A complete Ring at Covent Garden from 1961 to 1964. His portrayals of Amfortas and Gurnemanz in Parsifal was preserved on record in several of Hans Knappertsbusch 's live recordings from Bayreuth . An admired Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg , Hotter nevertheless preferred to sing the smaller and lower-pitched role of Pogner later in his career, because its tessitura was better suited to his voice. Also, he

448-708: A palace, the Isenburger Schloß (Isenburg Palace), which was completed in 1559. It was destroyed by fire in 1564 and rebuilt in 1578. In 1635, Offenbach was given to the Landgraves of Hesse-Darmstadt , but it was returned to the Isenburg-Birstein Count (later Prince) in 1642. It remained in that principality until 1815, when the Congress of Vienna gave the city to the Austrian Emperor, Francis I . A year later it

504-416: A piece of polyphonic music. The term is used for any kind of song in contemporary German and Dutch, but among English and French speakers, lied is often used interchangeably with " art song " to encompass works that the tradition has inspired in other languages as well. The poems that have been made into lieder often center on pastoral themes or themes of romantic love. The earliest Lieder date from

560-410: A prosperous city, e.g., bringing knowledge of tobacco with them and turning Offenbach into a centre for rolling cigars. The town was more cosmopolitan than Frankfurt; famous people such as Goethe and Mozart visited it several times. The Rumpenheim Palace and its park were a popular destination for monarchs in the 19th century. The city was thereafter ruled by Grand Dukes of Hesse and by Rhine until

616-456: A single narrative or theme, such as Schubert's Die schöne Müllerin and Winterreise , or Robert Schumann 's Frauen-Liebe und Leben and Dichterliebe . Schubert and Schumann are most closely associated with this genre, mainly developed in the Romantic era. Typically, Lieder were for a single singer and piano, with orchestral accompaniment being a later development. The tradition

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672-527: Is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the left bank of the river Main . It borders Frankfurt and is part of the Frankfurt urban area and the larger Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area . It has a population of 138,335 (December 2018). In the 20th century, the city's economy was built on machine-building, leather-making, typography and design, and the automobile and pharmaceutical industries. The inner city area of Offenbach

728-493: Is one of the German cities where Germans without migrant background make up a minority of the population. As of 31 December 2012, approx. 44.3% of residents or 55,047 people had no foreign background. In contrast to that, there were 55.7% or 69,214 people with at least one non-German grandparent. The largest of those groups are: Until the early 1970s Offenbach was dominated by the machine-building and leather industries. The city hosts

784-400: Is quite large and consists of the historic center of the city and its expansions of the 1800s. Three formerly independent suburbs were incorporated in the first half of the 20th century: Bürgel being the first in 1908, then Bieber and Rumpenheim in 1938 and 1942. South of the inner city area are the suburbs Lauterborn , Rosenhöhe and Tempelsee . Kaiserlei is a commercial district in

840-582: The German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies to this day. The Deutscher Wetterdienst , commonly abbreviated as DWD, (translated from German as German Meteorological Service), residing in the Westend district. Offenbach was also the European center of typography , with Gebr. Klingspor and Linotype (inventors of Optima or Palatino typeface ) moving to nearby Eschborn in

896-694: The Rheingold Wotan and ending with the Siegfried Wanderer, which he first sang in the German provinces in his early 20s, and adding the Walküre shortly thereafter at the German theatre in Prague; he played the roles until the mid-1960s, by which time his voice underwent a brief crisis owing to severe asthma, causing him to miss the first season of the post-war Bayreuth Festival in 1951, but he sang there for several years starting in 1952. His interpretation of Wotan

952-473: The 1970s and MAN Roland printing machines still a major employer today. Typography and design still remain important with a cluster of graphic design and industrial design companies, as well as the university level Hochschule für Gestaltung Offenbach am Main (HfG) design school and the Klingspor Museum . In recent years Offenbach has become a popular location for a wide array of services, especially from

1008-517: The 871 residents of the town as of 1829, the 40 Jewish families accounted for nearly a quarter of the town's population. They also established their own cemetery . The current mayor of Offenbach is Felix Schwenke of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was first elected in 2017, and was re-elected for a second term in 2023. The following is a list of mayors since 1824: The Offenbach city council ( Stadtverordnetenversammlung ) governs

1064-609: The Metropolitan Opera in New York. He performed, and recorded, several non-German opera roles in German translation, including Count Almaviva (Mozart), Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky) and Don Basilio (Rossini). Hotter was also known as a lieder singer. He left several recordings of Schubert lieder, including Winterreise , Schwanengesang , and other songs. He also sang sacred music and left recordings of Bach cantatas and one recording of Haydn's Die Schöpfung in which he sang both

1120-742: The Monk of Salzburg in both number (about 120 lieder) and quality. From the 15th century come three large song collections compiled in Germany: the Lochamer Liederbuch , the Schedelsches Liederbuch , and the Glogauer Liederbuch . The scholar Konrad Celtis (1459–1508), the Arch-Humanist of German Renaissance, taught his students to compose Latin poems using the metric patterns following

1176-742: The Sheraton hotel. Between the shopping area and the Main, is the Lilipark and the Lilitemple , named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's fiancée Lili Schönemann. The most important building is the Isenburger Schloss  [ de ] (Isenburg Palace), a renaissance palace from 1576. It is today used by the Offenbach Design University which is next to it. There is also a neoclassic palace in

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1232-533: The Westend, the Nordend or Buchhügel. A completely new name was only needed to be found for one neighborhood south of the city center, which never had commonly used name before: Lindenfeld. The name derived from an old name of a land lot in this area, when it was still fields in agricultural use prior to the 1800s. As of July 2019 there are the following 21 districts: Offenbach experienced a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa ). The summer time

1288-576: The borough Rumpenheim, the Rumpenheimer Schloss it now serves exclusively as domestic dwellings but the park is public. There are several festivals in Offenbach, some of these are: Kickers Offenbach football club was founded in 1901. The streets of central Offenbach are usually congested with cars during the rush hour. Some areas, especially around the shopping streets, are pedestrian-only streets. There are numerous car parks located throughout

1344-449: The city alongside the mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows: Offenbach am Main is twinned with: Offenbach has a large non-German population. In 2016, foreign nationals made up 37% of the population. The largest communities are, in that order, from Turkey, Greece, Romania, Poland and Italy. As of 2019, residents with a migration background enumerated 88,608, or 63.4% of

1400-471: The city was expanded to the south in the 1960s. On the border with Frankfurt, the office district Kaiserlei was built. Offenbach is a so-called "Sozialer Brennpunkt" (deprived area) because of unemployment, poverty, gang related crime and migration. Before its eradication in the Holocaust , the city had a Jewish population. Jews settled in the city as late as the late 16th century, and it is believed that out of

1456-496: The city's center. The station is on the Frankfurt-Hanau main line which is one of railway with the most traffic in Germany. Mostly hourly service for Wächsersbach, Fulda, Würzburg and Erbach call at the Offenbach Central Station. There is no long-distance train service at central station, although many high-speed trains pass through on their way from Frankfurt to Munich, Berlin or Hamburg. The station lost most of its importance when

1512-434: The city's population as of 2011. Turks made up 11% of the city's population in 2019. Until the end of the 17th century, Offenbach remained a small town with less than a thousand inhabitants. With the coming into power of the count Johann Philipp in 1685, the city began to develop and the population rose steadily. In the 19th century the city became industrialized and the population increased even tenfold. Offenbach

1568-801: The city. The Offenbacher Kreuz is an Autobahn interchange where the Autobahnen A 3 ( Cologne - Würzburg ) and A 661 meet. The A661 crosses the A 3 ( Cologne - Würzburg ) and A 5 ( Basel - Hannover ). The city is connected by a major line of the S-Bahn railway system to Frankfurt. The station in the city center is Marktplatz . In general, six stations are located in Offenbach: Offenbach-Kaiserlei , Offenbach-Ledermuseum , Offenbach-Marktplatz , Offenbach-Ost , Offenbach-Bieber , Offenbach-Waldhof . Trains run every 5–10 minutes between Offenbach and Frankfurt. A 24 hours Service between both cities

1624-560: The earliest German secular polyphony collections such as Johann Ott's Mehrstimmiges Deutsches Liederbuch (1534) and Georg Forster's Frische teutsche Liedlein (about 1540 onwards). According to Chester Lee Alwes, Heinrich Isaac 's popular song Innsbruck, ich muss dich lassen "became the gold standard of the Lied genre". German-speaking composers Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven wrote Lieder for voice and keyboard. The great age of German song came in

1680-499: The early fifteenth century, largely displacing the earlier word gesang . The poet and composer Oswald von Wolkenstein is sometimes claimed to be the creator of the lied because of his innovations in combining words and music. The late-fourteenth-century composer known as the Monk of Salzburg wrote six two-part lieder which are older still, but Oswald's songs (about half of which actually borrow their music from other composers) far surpass

1736-534: The end of the opera. He successfully sang for more than an hour before he realized that towering above his shoulders, invisible to him, was the coat-hanger on which the cloak had been hanging, a fluffy, pink coat-hanger. As Ernest Newman noted in his review, he was surely "the only man in the world who can actually step on stage and persuade you that he is God." Offenbach am Main Offenbach am Main ( German pronunciation: [ˈɔfn̩bax ʔam ˈmaɪn] )

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1792-459: The far west of the city bordering Frankfurt. In the west Waldheim is a residential neighborhood on the city limits with Mühlheim am Main . In 2010 the eastern part of the city center was officially named Mathildenviertel , as the area was already unofficially called by the locals. Unlike most larger cities in Germany, Offenbach was not completely divided into districts. Only the nine neighborhoods mentioned above were officially districts, leaving

1848-450: The largest parts of the city officially unnamed. Although specific names for neighborhoods and areas were already in use among the locals and residents. In June 2019 the city council approved a new act that subdivides the city's area entirely into 21 districts. The nine existing districts largely remained the same, most of them were even expanded. The new districts were laid out after the already by locals commonly known neighborhoods, such as

1904-519: The late fourteenth or early fifteenth centuries, and can even refer to Minnesang from as early as the 12th and 13th centuries. It later came especially to refer to settings of Romantic poetry during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and into the early twentieth century. Examples include settings by Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Ludwig van Beethoven , Franz Schubert , Robert Schumann , Johannes Brahms , Hugo Wolf , Gustav Mahler or Richard Strauss . For German speakers,

1960-464: The lines were separated when the tunnel was built. Therefore, residents and city officials have proposed several times that platforms for regional trains should be added to the Offenbach-Ost Station. The city's municipal public transportation services are operated by the "Offenbacher Verkehrsbetriebe" (OVB) and its subcontractors. Nine routes (numbered 101–108 and 120) connect all boroughs with

2016-625: The low bass role of Archangel Raphael and the soft, high baritone role of Adam. A passionate anti-Nazi, Hotter used to make fun of Hitler at parties and refused to take part in the Bayreuth Festival during the Third Reich because of the Festival's association with Hitler and his politics. According to Hotter's obituary in The Times , Hitler kept Hotter's records in his private collection. When Hotter

2072-617: The major train stations at Marktplatz, Offenbach-Ost and Kaiserlei as well as the Central Station. The bus network has very good coverage and frequency of service. All routes except for number 102 and number 107 busses stop at Marktplatz station, making it the most important transit hub in the city. Buses usually run with a 15-minute headway on working days and a 30-minute headway on Sundays, public holidays and after 8:00 pm. Exemptions are routes 103, 107 and 120 which run every 30 minutes. Number 103 and 120 buses share most of their route, creating

2128-511: The model of the Horatian odes. These poems were subsequently "set to simple, four-part music, incorporate the shifting accenmal patterns of the French vers mesurée ". The composers of this style included Heinrich Finck , Paul Hofhaimer , and Ludwig Senfl . The style also became imbued into the new German humanist dramas, thus contributing to the development of Protestant hymnody. The style is present in

2184-482: The monarchy was abolished in 1918. Offenbach became the center of the traditional design with figures such as the architect Hugo Eberhardt , the typographer Rudolf Koch , the bookbinder and designer Ignatz Wiemeler and Ernst Engel and the painter Karl Friedrich Lippmann . During the Second World War a third of the city was destroyed by Allied bombing, which claimed 467 lives. With the new district Lauterborn

2240-436: The music continued to the last chord. At an earlier Walküre performance in 1956, also at Covent Garden, Hotter remembers a harmless but cheerful mishap. A bit late for his entrance in act III, he rushed backstage and swung an enormous cloak over his shoulders, entering the stage with his angry, impetuous "Wo ist Brünnhild?". His appearance, however, gave rise to merriment in the audience, a situation he would only understand at

2296-492: The nineteenth century. With the flowering of German literature , German-speaking composers found more inspiration in poetry. Schubert found a new balance between words and music, a new expression of the sense of the words in and through the music. He wrote over 600 songs, some of them in sequences or song cycles that convey a journey of the soul, not the body. Song cycles (German: Liederzyklus or Liederkreis ) are series of Lieder (generally three or more) tied by

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2352-428: The population, while Germans without a migration background enumerated 51,241 residents. Nearly one-in-three, 29.5%, of foreign residents originate from Europe, particularly from countries like Romania , Greece , Bulgaria , Poland , Croatia and Italy . According to census data, Offenbach and Duisburg had the highest share of Muslim migrants of all German districts in 2011. Muslims were between 14% and 17% of

2408-501: The regional traffic station, take 25 minutes from the airport to get to Offenbach. Lied In the Western classical music tradition, Lied ( / l iː d , l iː t / LEED , LEET , German: [liːt] ; pl.   Lieder / ˈ l iː d ər / LEE -dər , German: [ˈliːdɐ] ; lit.   ' song ' ) is a term for setting poetry to classical music to create

2464-517: The songs of Strauss. Hotter's daughter Gabriele married Strauss' grandson Richard in 1962. Although his international fame was almost entirely in the German repertoire, in Germany and Austria he was also known for performing Verdi in the vernacular and was, for example, a popular Falstaff and a formidable Grand Inquisitor in Don Carlos , a role he also performed in Italian in several theatres, including

2520-687: The subtropics such as vineyards , palm trees and olive trees . The first documented reference to a suburb of Offenbach appears in 770. In a document of the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II dating to 977 exists the first mention of the place of Offenbach. During the Middle Ages Offenbach passed through many hands. Only in 1486 could the Count Ludwig of Isenburg finally take control of city for his family, and 1556 Count Reinhard of Isenburg relocated his Residence to Offenbach, building

2576-677: The suburban trains were re-routed through the newly build tunnel beneath Berliner Straße. Nonetheless a train ride from Offenbach Central Station to Frankfurt Central Station takes only ten minutes which makes it a much-appreciated route for commuters. The city is accessed from around the world via the Frankfurt Airport , (Flughafen Frankfurt am Main) which is located 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) from Offenbach. The airport can be reached by car or bus and has two train stations, one for regional and one for long-distance traffic. The S-Bahn lines S8 and S9 (direction "Offenbach Ost or "Hanau"), departing from

2632-474: The term "Lied" has a long history ranging from twelfth-century troubadour songs ( Minnesang ) via folk songs ( Volkslieder ) and church hymns ( Kirchenlieder ) to twentieth-century workers' songs ( Arbeiterlieder ) or protest songs ( Kabarettlieder, Protestlieder ). The German word Lied for "song" (cognate with the English dialectal leed ) first came into general use in German during

2688-522: The transport sectors. Offenbach is the host to the European headquarters of Honda , Hyundai Motors and Kumho Tires . In Offenbach there is no specific Old Town, but there are several buildings which survived bombing during the war and have been restored. One of them is the Neo-baroque palace Büsingpalais with the Büsingpark, reconstructed in the 1980s. Today it is used as a congress center close to

2744-533: Was afflicted in later years with a chronic back injury. Similarly, he sang in Parsifal first as the baritone Amfortas when he was younger and switched to the bass Gurnemanz later, and to the even lower bass Titurel after that. He was also celebrated for his Pizarro in Beethoven 's Fidelio , of which a live 1960s recording from Covent Garden was issued for the first time in 2005 under the Testament label. Hotter had

2800-501: Was continued by Robert Schumann , Johannes Brahms , and Hugo Wolf in the latter half of the 19th century. Gustav Mahler , Hans Pfitzner , Max Reger , Richard Strauss , Alexander Zemlinsky carried the tradition of the Lied into the 20th century. Arnold Schoenberg , Alban Berg , Anton Webern , and Ernst Krenek wrote tonal, atonal , and twelve-tone Lieder . Somewhat later, Paul Dessau and Hanns Eisler wrote Lieder of

2856-529: Was first recorded in a 1930s studio version of Act II of Die Walküre . In Die Walküre and Siegfried he was recorded in Decca 's famous Ring Cycle in the early 1960s, conducted by Georg Solti and produced by John Culshaw . His interpretation of the role of Wotan was also captured in live recordings at the Bayreuth Festival conducted by Clemens Krauss and Joseph Keilberth in the mid-1950s. He also directed

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2912-465: Was given to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt . Always very close to the city centre of Frankfurt, Offenbach was a popular location for business. The town has its own trade fair, and many companies have opened facilities here because there are fewer restrictions and no closed businesses. French Protestants ( Huguenots ) came in the 17th century and settled in Offenbach and contributed to making Offenbach

2968-605: Was interrogated about this at a postwar denazification hearing, he answered that the Pope had some of them too. Hotter never completely retired from the stage, making his final public appearance in his nineties after several seasons singing such significant character roles as Schigolch in Alban Berg 's twelve-tone opera Lulu . He was a notable narrator in Schoenberg 's Gurre-Lieder , a role he continued to take well into his eighties. At

3024-530: Was introduced in 2013. The journey from Offenbach Marktplatz to Frankfurt Main Station takes 15 minutes, Frankfurt Airport can be reached within 26 minutes. Suburban trains run underground in downtown Offenbach. The city tunnel was opened in 1996. Services split up at Offenbach-Ost Station to Hanau (S8 and S9 trains), Rödermark (S1) and Dietzenbach (S2). An often-addressed problem is that there is no direct interchange between regional and suburban trains in Offenbach, since

3080-559: Was subtropical, ranging from 21 °C to about 23 °C in average. Spring time and autumn were warm-temperate, with averages between about 13 °C and 18 °C. The winter was cool-temperate, with daily means from 6 °C to 9 °C. Due to its location in the Upper Rhine Plain , the whole Rhein-Main Metropolitan Region generally experienced one of the warmest climates in Germany, making it possible to grow plants from

3136-582: Was unable to pursue an international career until his Covent Garden debut in 1947. After that, he sang in all the major opera houses of Europe. He made his Metropolitan Opera debut as the title character in Der fliegende Holländer in 1950. In four seasons at the Met, he performed 35 times in 13 roles, almost all Wagnerian. Probably Hotter's best known vocal achievement was his Wotan in Der Ring des Nibelungen , beginning with

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