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44-466: A handshake is a globally widespread, brief greeting or parting tradition in which two people grasp one of each other's hands, and in most cases, it is accompanied by a brief up-and-down movement of the grasped hands. Customs surrounding handshakes are specific to cultures. Different cultures may be more or less likely to shake hands, or there may be different customs about how or when to shake hands. The handshake may have originated in prehistory as

88-463: A demonstration of peaceful intent, since it shows that the hand holds no weapon. Another possibility is that it originated as a symbolic gesture of mutual commitment to an oath or promise: two hands clasping each other represents the sealing of a bond. One of the earliest known depictions of a handshake is an ancient Assyrian relief of the 9th century BC depicting the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III clasping

132-734: A greeting and in Mexico and Belgium only one kiss is necessary. In the Galapagos women kiss on the right cheek only and in Oman, it is not unusual for men to kiss one another on the nose after a handshake. French culture accepts a number of ways to greet depending on the region. Two kisses are most common throughout all of France but in Provence three kisses are given and in Nantes four are exchanged. However, in Finistère at

176-407: A handshake is made usually with bare hands. It depends on the situation. Handshakes are known to spread a number of microbial pathogens . Certain diseases such as scabies are known to spread most frequently through direct skin-to-skin contact. A medical study has found that fist bumps and high fives spread fewer germs than handshakes. During the 2009 H1N1 pandemic , the dean of medicine at

220-427: A handshake. Suggested alternatives included the elbow bump , the fist bump, foot tapping or non-contact actions for social distancing purposes, such as fist-and-palm or namaste gesture. Footshaking was also suggested. It has been discovered as a part of research at Israel's Weizmann Institute that human handshakes serve as a means of transferring social chemical signals between the shakers. It appears that there

264-402: A hug is expected. However, crossing arms can be interpreted as a sign of hostility. The facial expression, body language, and eye contact reflect emotions and interest level. A frown, slouching and lowered eye contact suggests disinterest, while smiling and an exuberant attitude is a sign of welcome. Many different gestures are used throughout the world as simple greetings. In Western cultures,

308-514: A man and woman greeting each other in public will not go further than a handshake. This is due to Moroccan culture being conservative. Verbal greetings in Morocco can go from a basic salaam , to asking about life details to make sure the other person is doing well. In the kingdom of Morocco, the greeting should always be made with the right hand, as the left hand is traditionally considered unclean. The most common Chinese greeting, Gongshou , features

352-605: A man to a woman in the Early Modern Period was to hold the woman's presented hand (usually the right) with his right hand and kiss it while bowing. In cases of a low degree of intimacy, the hand is held but not kissed. The ultra-formal style, with the man's right knee on the floor, is now only used in marriage proposals, as a romantic gesture. Cheek kissing is common in Europe, parts of Canada (Quebec) and Latin America and has become

396-428: A metaphor for submissive behaviour. The Arabic term salaam (literally "peace", from the spoken greeting that accompanies the gesture), refers to the practice of placing the right palm on the heart, before and after a handshake. In Moroccan society, same-sex people do not greet each other the same as do opposite sex. While same-sex people (men or women) will shake hands, kiss on the cheek and even hug multiple times,

440-405: A nation with a huge variety of cultures and religions, many greetings are expressed, from the formalized greeting of the highly stratified and hierarchical Javanese to the more egalitarian and practical greetings of outer islands. Javanese , Batak and other ethnicities currently or formerly involved in the armed forces will salute a government-employed superior, and follow with a deep bow from

484-546: A standard greeting mainly in Southern Europe but also in some Central European countries. While cheek kissing is a common greeting in many cultures, each country has a unique way of kissing. In Russia, Poland, Slovenia, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Iran and Egypt it is customary to "kiss three times, on alternate cheeks". Italians, Spanish, Hungarian, Romanians, Bosnia-and-Herzegovinans usually kiss twice in

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528-485: A variety of gestures. This basic gesture remained normal in very many situations from the Middle Ages until men typically ceased wearing hats in the mid-20th century. Hat-raising began with an element of recognition of superiority, where only the socially inferior party might perform it, but gradually lost this element; King Louis XIV of France made a point of at least touching his hat to all women he encountered. However,

572-405: A vertical to the perpendicular prayer-like position in order to barely touch the fingertips of the male greeter and may opt-out of the cheek-to-cheek contact. If the male is an Abdi Dalem royal servant, courtier or particularly "peko-peko" (taken directly from Japanese to mean obsequious) or even a highly formal individual, he will retreat backwards with head downcast, the left arm crossed against

616-557: Is a public research university in Rehovot , Israel, established in 1934, fourteen years before the State of Israel was founded. Unlike other Israeli universities it exclusively offers postgraduate-only degrees in the natural and exact sciences . The institute is a multidisciplinary research center, employing around 3,800 scientists, postdoctoral fellows , Ph.D. and M.Sc. students, and scientific, technical, and administrative staff working at

660-596: Is a tendency to bring the shaken hands to the vicinity of the nose and smell them. They may serve an evolutionary need to learn about the person whose hand was shaken, replacing a more overt sniffing behavior, as is common among animals and in certain human cultures (such as Tuvalu , Greenland or rural Mongolia , where a quick sniff is part of the traditional greeting ritual). In 1963, Lance Dowson shook 12,500 individuals' hands in 10 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours, in Wrexham, N. Wales. Atlantic City, New Jersey Mayor Joseph Lazarow

704-458: Is commonly done upon meeting, greeting , parting, offering congratulations, expressing gratitude , or as a public sign of completing a business or diplomatic agreement . In sports , it is also done as a sign of good sportsmanship . Its purpose is to convey trust, respect , balance, and equality. If it is done to form an agreement, the agreement is not official until the hands are parted. Unless health issues or local customs dictate otherwise,

748-402: Is determined by social etiquette, as well as by the relationship of the people. The formal greeting may involve a verbal acknowledgment and sometimes a handshake, but beyond that, facial expression, gestures, body language, and eye contact can all signal what type of greeting is expected. Gestures are the most obvious signal, for instance, greeting someone with open arms is generally a sign that

792-542: The IEEE in 2006 as a milestone achievement in the history of electrical and electronic engineering. In 1959, the institute set up a wholly owned subsidiary called Yeda Research and Development Company to commercialize inventions made at the institute. Yeda has more marine genetic patents than any other research institute. By 2013 the institute was earning between $ 50 and $ 100 million in royalties annually on marketed drugs including Copaxone , Rebif , and Erbitux . As of 2015,

836-472: The University of Calgary , Tom Feasby, suggested that fist bumps may be a "nice replacement of the handshake" in an effort to prevent transmission of the virus. Following a 2010 study that showed that only about 40% of doctors and other health care providers complied with hand hygiene rules in hospitals, Mark Sklansky, a doctor at UCLA hospital, decided to test "a handshake-free zone" as a method for limiting

880-416: The handshake is very common, though it has numerous subtle variations in the strength of grip, the vigour of the shake, the dominant position of one hand over the other, and whether or not the left hand is used. Historically, when men normally wore hats out of doors, male greetings to people they knew, and sometimes those they did not, involved touching, raising slightly ("tipping"), or removing their hat in

924-420: The voicemail system answers the call. Some voicemail systems allow for different greetings to be played to different callers. In rural Burundi , familiar women greet each other in a complex interlocking vocal rhythm called akazehe , regardless of the meeting's contextual occasion or time. Weizmann Institute The Weizmann Institute of Science ( Hebrew : מכון ויצמן למדע Machon Weizmann LeMada )

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968-467: The 4th century BC that depicts Thraseas and his wife Euandria shaking hands. Depictions of handshakes also appear in Archaic Greek , Etruscan and Roman funerary and non-funerary art. Muslim scholars have written that the custom of handshaking was introduced to them by the people of Yemen. There are various customs surrounding handshakes, both generally and specific to certain cultures: The handshake

1012-636: The Weizmann Institute had approximately 2,500 students, postdoctoral fellows, staff, and faculty, and awards M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology, as well as several interdisciplinary programs. The symbol of the Weizmann Institute of Science is the multibranched Ficus tree. Undergraduates and recent graduates must apply to M.Sc. programs, while those earning an M.Sc. or an MD can apply directly to Ph.D. programs. Full fellowships are given to all students. In addition to its academic programs,

1056-419: The Weizmann Institute runs programs for youth, including science clubs, camps, and competitions. The Bessie F. Lawrence International Summer Science Institute accepts high-school graduates from all over the world for a four-week, science-based summer camp . The Clore Garden of Science, which opened in 1999, is the world's first completely interactive outdoor science museum . The Weizmann Institute of Science

1100-728: The World's Longest Handshake (single hand) in San Francisco, California , by shaking hands for 9 hours and 30 minutes, besting the previous record of 9 hours and 19 minutes set in 2006. This record stood briefly until 16 August 2008 when Kirk Williamson and Richard McCulley were recognized by Guinness World Records for the longest time two people shook hands uninterruptedly for 10 hours at Aloha Stadium in Aiea, Hawaii . On 21 September 2009, Jack Tsonis and Lindsay Morrison then broke that record by shaking hands for 12 hours, 34 minutes and 56 seconds. Their record

1144-464: The chest and the right arm hanging down, never showing his side or back to his superior. His head must always be lower than that of his superior. Younger Muslim males and females will clasp their elder's or superior's outstretched hand to the forehead as a sign of respect and obeisance. If a manual worker or a person with obviously dirty hands salute or greets an elder or superior, he will show deference to his superior and avoid contact by bowing, touching

1188-1360: The city. Greeting Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g. greeting a sovereign. Conversely, secret societies have often furtive or arcane greeting gestures and rituals, such as a secret handshake , which allows members to recognize each other. In some languages and cultures, the same word or gesture is used as both greeting and farewell . Examples are "Good day" in English, "Drud" in Persian , " Sat Shri Akaal " in Punjabi , " As-salamu alaykum " in Arabic , " Aloha " in Hawaiian , " Shalom " in Hebrew , " Namaste " in Hindi , "Ayubowan" in Sri Lanka "Sawatdi" in Thai and " Ciao " in Italian . The bow and handshake are also used for both greeting and leave-taking. A greeting can consist of an exchange of formal expression, kisses, handshakes, hugs, and various gestures. The form of greeting

1232-514: The directorship himself. Before he became President of Israel in February 1949, Weizmann conducted his research in organic chemistry at its laboratories. On November 2, 1949, in agreement with the Sieff family, the institute was renamed the Weizmann Institute of Science in his honor. WEIZAC , one of the world's first electronic computers was locally built by the institute in 1954–1955 and was recognized by

1276-600: The existing record was broken by semi-professional world record-breaker Alastair Galpin . On 29 January 2020, a new world record for the longest handshaking relay was set by approximately 1,817 people in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates , at Umm Al Emarat Park in an event organized by the Abu Dhabi Police to celebrate the 1 year anniversary of the signing of the Document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together in

1320-409: The gesture was never used by women, for whom their head-covering included considerations of modesty. When a man was not wearing a hat he might touch his hair to the side of the front of his head to replicate a hat-tipping gesture. This was typically performed by lower classmen to social superiors, such as peasants to the land-owner, and is known as "tugging the forelock", which still sometimes occurs as

1364-562: The hand of the Babylonian king Marduk-zakir-shumi I to seal an alliance. Archaeological ruins and ancient texts show that handshaking was practiced in ancient Greece (where it was called dexiosis ) as early as the 5th century BC. For example, a depiction of two soldiers joining hands can be found on part of a 5th-century BC funerary stele that is on display in Berlin's Pergamon Museum (stele SK1708) and on other funerary steles, such as one from

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1408-467: The hands are placed together palm to palm, approximately at nose level, while bowing. The wai is similar in form to the gesture referred to by the Japanese term gassho by Buddhists. In Thailand, the men and women would usually press two palms together and bow a little while saying "Sawadee ka" (female speaker) or "Sawadee krap" (male speaker). In Europe, the formal style of upper-class greeting used by

1452-525: The institute. As of 2019, the Weizmann Institute of Science has been associated with six Nobel laureates and three Turing Award winners. The institute was founded in 1934 by Chaim Weizmann and his initial (1st) team, which included Benjamin M. Bloch , as the Daniel Sieff Research Institute. Weizmann had invited Nobel Prize laureate Fritz Haber to be the director, but following Haber's death en route to Palestine , Weizmann assumed

1496-509: The right fist placed in the palm of the left hand and both shaken back and forth two or three times, it may be accompanied by a head nod or bow. The gesture may be used on meeting and parting, and when offering thanks or apologies. In India, it is common to see the Namaste greeting (or "Sat Sri Akal" for Sikhs ) where the palms of the hands are pressed together and held near the heart with the head gently bowed. Among Christians in certain parts of

1540-462: The right forehead in a very quick salute or a distant "slamet" gesture. The traditional Javanese Sungkem involves clasping the palms of both hands together, aligning the thumbs with the nose, turning the head downwards and bowing deeply, bending from the knees. In a royal presence, the one performing sungkem would kneel at the base of the throne. A gesture called a wai is used in Thailand, where

1584-409: The right hand towards the face with palm inwards such that it is in front of the eyes and the fingertips are almost touching the forehead, as the upper torso is bent forward. It is typical for the person to say " adab arz hai ", or just " adab ". It is often answered with the same or the word " Tasleem " is said as an answer or sometimes it is answered with a facial gesture of acceptance. In Indonesia,

1628-547: The spread of germs and reducing the transmission of disease . UCLA did not ban the handshakes outright, but rather suggested other options such as fist bumping, smiling, bowing, waving, and non-contact Namaste gestures. Other sources suggest raised brows, wai bow , two claps, hand over heart, sign language wave, or the shaka sign. During the COVID-19 pandemic , several countries and organisations adopted policies encouraging people to use alternative modes of greeting instead of

1672-403: The waist or short nod of the head and a passing, loose handshake. Hand position is highly important; the superior's hand must be higher than the inferior's. Muslim men will clasp both hands, palms together at the chest and utter the correct Islamic slametan (greeting) phrase, which may be followed by cheek-to-cheek contact, a quick hug or loose handshake. Pious Muslim women rotate their hands from

1716-559: The western tip of Brittany and Deux-Sèvres in the Poitou-Charentes region, one kiss is preferred. A spoken greeting or verbal greeting is a customary or ritualised word or phrase used to introduce oneself or to greet someone. Greeting habits are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status. In English , some common verbal greetings are: Voicemail greetings are pre-recorded messages that are automatically played to callers when

1760-610: The world such as Poland , the greeting phrase " Praise the Lord " has had common usage, especially in the pre- World War II era. Adab , meaning respect and politeness, is a hand gesture used as a secular greeting in South Asia, especially of Urdu-speaking communities of Uttar Pradesh , Hyderabad , and Bengal in India, as well as among the Muhajir people of Pakistan. The gesture involves raising

1804-551: Was broken less than a month later in Claremont, California , when John-Clark Levin and George Posner shook hands for 15 hours, 15 minutes, and 15 seconds. The next month, on 21 November, Matthew Rosen and Joe Ackerman surpassed this feat, with a new world record time of 15 hours, 30 minutes and 45 seconds. At 8 p.m. EST on Friday 14 January 2011 a new attempt at the longest hand-shake commenced in New York City's Times Square and

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1848-520: Was ranked 9th, globally, (1st in Israel) by the CWTS Leiden Ranking , which is based on the proportion of a university's scientific papers published between 2012 and 2015 that made the 10% most cited in their field. The nonscientists Abba Eban and Meyer Weisgal were assisted by scientific directors, as was Weizmann himself owing to his duties as the first president of Israel. The following persons held

1892-523: Was ranked number 2, globally, for research quality by the Nature Index in 2019, and in the top 25 research institutes/universities in the world in two main categories by U-Multirank , 2019: Top Cited Publications and Patents Awarded. The institute was in 7th place in the European Research Council report in 2020 for its high rate of success in obtaining research grants. In 2018 the institute

1936-573: Was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records for a July 1977 publicity stunt, in which the mayor shook more than 11,000 hands in a single day, breaking the record previously held by President Theodore Roosevelt , who had set the record with 8,510 handshakes at a White House reception on January 1, 1907. On 27 May 2008, Kevin Whittaker and Cory Jens broke the Guinness World Record for

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