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47-529: 30 species, see text Handroanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae . It consists of 30 species of trees , known in Latin America by the common names poui , pau d'arco , or ipê . The latter sometimes appears as epay or simply ipe (unaccented) in English . The large timber species are sometimes called lapacho or guayacan , but these names are more properly applied to

94-405: A Greek word for "flower". Most botanists at that time did not agree with the separation of Handroanthus from Tabebuia . Alwyn H. Gentry objected strenuously and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting". In 1992, Gentry published a full taxonomic treatment of Tabebuia , in which he described 99 species and one hybrid for the genus. These consist of

141-464: A symbol or emblem for nations or other political divisions . The distinction between national flower and national tree is sometimes not entirely clear. Gentry (1992) gives the following information without making that distinction. The genus Handroanthus was erected by Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos in 1970. It was named for the Brazilian botanist Oswaldo Handro . "Anthus" is derived from

188-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

235-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

282-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

329-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

376-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

423-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

470-486: Is among the hardest and heaviest known. The heartwood is distinct from the sapwood and contains large quantities of lapachol. Handroanthus has the same lepidote scales as Tabebuia , but also has various types of hair. The calyx is 5-dentate and campanulate to cupular. The corolla is yellow, except in those four species where it is magenta with a yellow throat. Tabebuia has only two yellow-flowered species, Tabebuia aurea and Tabebuia nodosa . The fruit of Handroanthus

517-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

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564-595: Is often fraudulently passed off as Handroanthus . It is used in various ways to relieve certain symptoms of certain cancers . No evidence shows that it prevents the disease or slows its progression, as is often claimed. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled to make a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of pink ipê ( Handroanthus impetiginosus ) is known as pau d'arco, lapacho , or taheebo. Handroanthus ochraceus ( synonym : Tabebuia heteropoda ), Handroanthus incanus , and other species are occasionally used as an additive to

611-528: Is rarely glabrous like that of Tabebuia . It usually ranges from sparsely pubescent to densely tomentose . Handroanthus is widely used as an ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still-leafless stems at the end of the dry season , making the floral display more conspicuous. Handroanthus impetiginosus , Handroanthus chrysotrichus , and Handroanthus ochraceus are well-known throughout

658-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

705-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

752-464: Is valued for carving . Indigenous peoples of the Amazon made hunting bows from the wood, which is the source of the common name pau d'arco , "bow stick". Much of the lumber from Handroanthus is exported . The wood is durable outdoors, where it is usually used for furniture and decking . It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. Handroanthus and

799-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

846-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

893-480: The entheogenic drink Ayahuasca . The nectar of Handroanthus flowers is an important food source for several species of bees and hummingbirds . Mycosphaerella tabebuiae , a plant pathogenic sac fungus was first discovered on a Handroanthus tree, known at that time as Tabebuia . The taxonomy of Mycosphaerella is in much confusion and the recognition of this name is questionable. Because of its popularity, Handroanthus has often been adopted as

940-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

987-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

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1034-486: The tropics . Handroanthus chrysanthus , Handroanthus guayacan , Handroanthus serratifolius , Handroanthus umbellatus , and Handroanthus vellosoi are also planted in warm climates . Handroanthus heptaphyllus , Handroanthus serratifolius , Handroanthus guayacan , Handroanthus chrysanthus , and Handroanthus billbergii are important timber trees of the Neotropics . The wood of Handroanthus billbergii

1081-492: The 12 to 14 genera that make up a group informally known as the Tabebuia alliance. This group has not been assigned to any taxonomic rank , and neither has Crescentiina , the smallest group that it is a member of. Cladistic analysis of DNA data has strongly supported Handroanthus , but sampling of taxa and DNA has not been sufficient to strongly support any relationships within the genus. Genus The composition of

1128-457: The 67 species and one hybrid that remain in Tabebuia , the two species transferred to Roseodendron , and the 30 species that are now placed in Handroanthus . Gentry divided Tabebuia into 10 species groups. Handroanthus , as it is currently circumscribed , is composed of Gentry's groups 3, 4, and 5. Gentry believed group 5 to be natural , while groups 3 and 4 were artificial, designated for

1175-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1222-420: The entire boardwalk—over 10 mi (16 km) long—to ipê. The ipê lasted about 25 years, at which time (1994) the department began replacing it with new ipê. La Sultana , a yacht refashioned from a Soviet spy vessel, was fitted with an ipê deck during its restoration. In 2008-2009, Wildwood, New Jersey , rebuilt a section of its boardwalk using ipê. The town had pledged to use domestic black locust , but it

1269-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1316-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

1363-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1410-575: The market, although certificates are occasionally forged. Much of the ipê imported into the United States is used for decking. Starting in the late 1960s, importing companies targeted large boardwalk projects to sell ipê, beginning with the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , which maintains the city's boardwalks , including along the beach of Coney Island . The city began using ipê around that time and has since converted

1457-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

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1504-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1551-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1598-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

1645-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

1692-474: The sole purpose of easier identification . In 2007, a molecular phylogenetic study resolved Tabebuia as consisting of three strongly supported clades , none of which was sister to either of the others. Thus Tabebuia was shown to be polyphyletic . One of these clades consisted of the two species that constitute the genus Roseodendron . Another contained the type species for Tabebuia , and consequently retained that name . The name Handroanthus

1739-461: The species Handroanthus lapacho and Handroanthus guayacan , respectively. The name Handroanthus was established in 1970, but was not generally accepted. In 1992, its species were included in Tabebuia in the most recent revision of that genus. Handroanthus was resurrected in 2007 when a comparison of DNA sequences by cladistic methods showed that Tabebuia , as then circumscribed ,

1786-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

1833-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

1880-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

1927-575: The unrelated Guaiacum ( Zygophyllaceae ) produce the hardest, heaviest, and most durable wood of the American tropics. Dead trees of Handroanthus guayacan remain standing after they were killed by flooding of their habitat during construction of the Panama Canal . The wood of Handroanthus brings a high price . The wood of other species is sometimes fraudulently sold as Handroanthus . By 2007, FSC -certified ipê wood had become readily available on

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1974-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2021-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2068-451: The wind . Several species are important timber trees of the American tropics . Medicinal use has been reported, but its efficacy and side effects have not been well studied. Species include: The following description is excerpted from the paper that resurrected Handroanthus in 2007. Handroanthus is distinguished from Tabebuia by several morphological characters . The wood

2115-550: Was not monophyletic . Handroanthus are indigenous from Central America to northern Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil , and Chile , with one species, Handroanthus billbergii , native to northern South America and the Antilles . Handroanthus are frequently cultivated far from their natural range , as ornamental trees, for their large and showy flowers. They easily become naturalized where introduced because their seeds are prolifically produced and widely scattered by

2162-458: Was not available in time. Given that ipê trees typically grow in densities of only one or two trees per 1 acre (0.40 ha), large areas of forest must be searched and cut down to create paths to harvest the trees to fill orders for boardwalks and to a lesser extent, homeowner decks . The bark of several species of Handroanthus is sold in South American markets. Similar-looking bark

2209-408: Was resurrected for the third clade, which contained its type species, Handroanthus albus . Handroanthus is sister to a clade consisting of Spirotecoma , Parmentiera , Crescentia , and Amphitecna . It had for a long time been placed in the tribe Tecomeae , but that tribe has been greatly reduced to only 11 or 12 genera and no longer includes Handroanthus . Handroanthus is one of

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