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63-627: The county of Hanau-Münzenberg was positioned to the north of the river Main stretching from the West of Frankfurt am Main eastwards through the valley of the river Kinzig to Schlüchtern and into the Spessart mountains to Partenstein . The capital was the town of Hanau . The counts had also castles in Windecken (disused after the 16th century) and Steinau an der Straße . For the following years population counts of Hanau-Münzenberg do exist: In 1452, after

126-503: A Leichenpredigt for Magdalene which was published in Herborn in 1600. John the Middle remarried at Rotenburg Castle on 27 August 1603 to Duchess Margaret of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg ( Haus Sandberg am Alsensund near Sonderburg , 24 February 1583 – Nassauischer Hof  [ de ] , Siegen , 10/20 April 1658 ), the youngest daughter of Duke John II

189-458: A boy nine years old when dying in 1641 and Johann Ernst, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg -Schwarzenfels, a cousin, dying childless after less than three months in office. With him the House of Hanau-Münzenberg became extinct. Heir to it was Count Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg , then still a minor under the guardianship of Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl . The relation to count Johann Ernst

252-484: A choice between Scylla and Charybdis . Gustavus Adolphus appointed him to colonel and gave him a Swedish regiment. As a reward for his changing sides, he gave him the district of Orb , the shares the Electorate of Mainz had held in the former County of Rieneck and the districts of Partenstein , Lohrhaupten, Bieber and Alzenau . He gave Philipp Moritz's brothers, Heinrich Ludwig (1609–1632) and Jakob Johann (1612–1636)

315-455: A commoner and divorcée he could marry only morganatically . The descendants of this marriage bear this princely title as family name Prinz(essin) von Hanau and still pass down this courtesy title , Prince and Princess of Hanau and Hořowitz, until today. Main (river) The Main ( German pronunciation: [ˈmaɪn] ) is the longest tributary of the Rhine . It rises as

378-533: A first class asset in the following Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Philipp Ludwig II also reinstated a Jewish community in Hanau. Space was allocated for the Jews on the southern fortifications of the historic town, which was no longer needed, due to the new fortifications. This Ghetto was not part of one either town, but placed directly under the administrative control of the county. Count Philipp Ludwig II also tried to get

441-470: A majority of the villagers just went to Lutheran services in "foreign" Frankfurt territory. Also in the condominiums Philipp Ludwig II shared with Mainz he couldn't change anything — whether his subjects had become Lutheran during the reformation or had remained Roman Catholic. With his marriage in 1596 to Katharina Belgica , third daughter of William the Silent , he gained a personal connection to one of

504-562: A minor as successor. Most probably the reason was a hereditary disease. The effect of this was that the politics of expansion which on the long term dominated the success of the Lordship of Hanau and later the county of Hanau came to a halt when Philip I (the Younger) died in 1500. Slowly but early Hanau-Münzenberg participated in the Reformation , to be exact: its Lutheran version. The reformation

567-596: A minor. Guardians became the Counts John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1536–1606), Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (1568–1607) and Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1514–1590), who was replaced in 1585 by his son, Count Philipp V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1541–1599). The dominating figure in this constellation became the Count of Nassau. Additionally Philipp Ludwig's widowed mother, Countess Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen , remarried on 9 December 1581 Count John VII,

630-618: A nine-month siege, the city was relieved by an army under Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hesse-Kassel. He was Philipp Moritz's brother-in-law, as he had married Philipp Moritz's sister, Amalie Elisabeth . A church service was held annually to commemorate the relief. After 1800, this developed into an annual Lamboy festival . In 1637, Philipp Moritz reconciled with the new Emperor, Ferdinand III and changed sides again. He returned to Hanau on 17 December 1637. General Ramsay ignored this and interned Philipp Moritz in his own Castle in Hanau. However, on 11 February [ O.S. 2 February] 1638

693-568: A palace revolution trying to kick Friedrich Casimir out of office. This did not work entirely. But Friedrich Casimir was put under the guardianship of his relatives by emperor Leopold and the count's possibilities to stage new experiments were severely curtailed. Friedrich Casimir died in 1685. His inheritance was divided between his two nephews, count Philipp Reinhard, who inherited Hanau-Münzenberg and count Johann Reinhard III , who inherited Hanau-Lichtenberg. Both were sons of Friedrich Casimir's brother Count Johann Reinhard II . So Hanau-Münzenberg

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756-466: A reign of only one year, Count Reinhard III of Hanau (1412–1452) died. The heir was his son, Philip I (the Younger) (1449–1500), only four years old. For the sake of the continuity of the dynasty after years of political fighting, his relatives and other important decision-makers in the county agreed not to turn to the 1375 primogenitur statute of the family – one of the oldest in Germany – but to separate

819-649: A university for his county by founding the "Hohe Landesschule" in Hanau. It was modeled on the Herborn Academy , where he had studied himself. Even so, it did not develop into a university but still exists today as a secondary school . The Calvinist county initially joined the forces of the Calvinist Frederick V but had to surrender to the emperor and the Roman Catholic forces. The reigning count, now Philipp Moritz , chose to change sides, in order to retain

882-614: A vital part of European " Corridor VII ", the inland waterway link from the North Sea to the Black Sea . In a historical and political sense, the Main line is referred to as the northern border of Southern Germany , with its predominantly Catholic population. The river roughly marked the southern border of the North German Federation , established in 1867 under Prussian leadership as

945-538: A war of both landgraviates in 1736 and into an extensive lawsuit at the highest courts of the Holy Roman Empire . The lawsuit ended with a compromise to divide the administrative district of Babenhausen into two equal parts between them in 1762. But it took until 1771 to realize this. When the inheritance came to Hessen-Kassel technically Frederick I was sovereign there. But he had become King of Sweden, and so had placed his younger Brother William VIII in charge of

1008-501: Is claimed for his adviser Johann Becher . A successful achievement was the foundation of a factory to produce Faience , the first in Germany. On the other hand, the count's extravagant initiative to lease Guiana from the Dutch West India Company was a devastating experiment. These Hanauish Indies ( Hanauisch-Indien ) never became a reality but let his county to the rim of bankruptcy. So in 1670 his nearest relatives staged

1071-718: Is not related to the name of the city Mainz (Latin: Mogontiacum or Moguntiacum ). The Main is navigable for shipping from its mouth at the Rhine close to Mainz for 396 km (246 mi) to Bamberg . Since 1992, the Main has been connected to the Danube via the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and the highly regulated Altmühl river. The Main has been canalized with 34 large locks (300 × 12 m or 984 × 39 ft) to allow CEMT class V vessels (110 × 11.45 m or 360.9 × 37.6 ft) to navigate

1134-541: The Cuius regio, eius religio rule, he changed the confession of his county to Calvinism in 1593. He succeeded with this nearly everywhere in his sphere of influence, except in a few villages in the district Bornheimerberg, which surrounded Frankfurt and the condominiums shared with the Roman Catholic archbishop- elector of Mainz . The villages in the vicinity of Frankfurt had strong ties to this (mainly) Lutheran city and

1197-778: The European Watershed . The Main begins near Kulmbach in Franconia at the joining of its two headstreams, the Red Main ( Roter Main ) and the White Main ( Weißer Main ). The Red Main originates in the Franconian Jura mountain range, 50 km (31 mi) in length, and runs through Creussen and Bayreuth . The White Main originates in the Fichtel Mountains ; it is 41 km (25 mi) long. In its upper and middle section,

1260-466: The Gospel . The real reformer of Hanau was his successor Philipp Neunheller MA; during his time in office, the new faith gained more and more ground. The Catholic faith was never officially banned. The number of Catholic priests steadily decreased, as they were not replaced when they retired. Also under the reign of Philipp II started the project to replace the mediaeval fortifications of the town of Hanau by

1323-495: The Hanau Union which ended this double structure in 1818. Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau , the widow of Count Philipp Moritz, had received Steinau Castle as her dowager seat. As widow of a ruling count, she could raise substantial claims against the county. To avoid this, it was decided to marry Friedrich Casimir to the widow, who was 44 years old at the time, almost 20 years older than him. An added advantage of this marriage

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1386-571: The Weser - Werra are considered separate). The Main flows through the north and north-west of the state of Bavaria then across southern Hesse ; against the latter it demarcates a third state, Baden-Württemberg , east and west of Wertheim am Main , the northernmost town of that state. The upper end of its basin opposes that of the Danube where the watershed is recognised by natural biologists, sea salinity studies (and hydrology science more broadly) as

1449-573: The Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts , an association predominated by Calvinists, staged a coup against the Swedes and restored Philipp Moritz to power. General Ramsay was arrested and taken to Dillenburg , where he died months later from injuries sustained during the action. But also Count Philipp Moritz died only months after gaining power again. Philipp Moritz was succeeded by the last two counts of Hanau-Münzenberg: Philipp Ludwig III , still

1512-411: The White Main in the Fichtel Mountains of northeastern Bavaria and flows west through central Germany for 525 kilometres (326 mi) to meet the Rhine below Rüsselsheim , Hesse . The cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden are close to the confluence. The largest cities on the Main are Frankfurt am Main , Offenbach am Main and Würzburg . It is the longest river lying entirely in Germany (if

1575-433: The "old" county from Hanau-Lichtenberg – the part of the county which stayed with Philip I (the Younger) was called Hanau-Münzenberg . The History of Hanau-Münzenberg is dominated by a large series of guardianships for counts still minor when inheriting the county from their fathers: Without interruption this happened during six accessions between 1512 and 1638. Always the counts died in their late 20th or 30th leaving behind

1638-487: The Hague and Delft . He left his youngest brother, Jakob Johann, as regent in Hanau, because Jakob Johann was considered politically neutral. Hanau as a well-developed fortress remained occupied by Swedish troops under General Jakob von Ramsay until 1638, who controlled the surrounding countryside from Hanau. He excluded Jakob Johann from any influence and so the later left the town too. From September 1635 to June 1636, Hanau

1701-596: The Haingericht. John the Middle died aged 62 and was buried in the St. Nicholas Church  [ de ] in Siegen on 5/15 November 1623. There he had planned the construction of a dignified burial vault for the dynasty he founded. For this, there are remarkable notes in Latin , partly in elegiac couplets , for a projected memorial and burial place of the sovereign family, from

1764-549: The Landgraviate. Frederick I waived his inheritance of Hanau-Münzenberg in favour of his younger brother. So Wilhelm VIII became Count of Hanau-Münzenberg in his own right. In 1751 King Frederick died and William VIII succeeded him as Landgrave in Kassel . The next heir, Frederick II had secretly become Roman Catholic. When his father received this news finally he was not amused at all: He tried to secure that Frederick II couldn't change

1827-623: The Lutherans their own church-organisation. This resulted in two parallel churches within the county of Hanau-Münzenberg each one having its own administration. Therefore, a lot of villages in Hanau-Münzenberg had a set of reformed church, school, vicarage and cemetery and another one for the Lutherans. Only the Enlightenment and the economic crises resulting out of the Napoleonic Wars let to

1890-775: The Main runs through the valleys of the German Highlands. Its lower section crosses the Lower Main Lowlands ( Hanau-Seligenstadt Basin and northern Upper Rhine Plain ) to Wiesbaden , where it discharges into the Rhine . Major tributaries of the Main are the Regnitz , the Franconian Saale , the Tauber , and the Nidda . The name Main originates from Latin Moenis , Moenus or Menus . It

1953-556: The Middle strengthened relations within the Wetterauer Grafenverein and thus contributed to the strengthening of the House of Nassau . John the Middle was a cousin of Magdalena's first husband. Magdalena's great-grandmother Countess Joanne of Nassau-Siegen , was an older sister of Count John V of Nassau-Siegen , the great-grandfather of John the Middle. Magdalene's great-great-grandmother Countess Jutta of Eppstein-Münzenberg

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2016-514: The Middle, of Nassau-Siegen (1561–1623), the son of Count John IV. In consequence Philipp Ludwig II and his younger brother, Count Albrecht , joined the Nassau-Dillenburg court, a centre of the Reformation movement in Germany and closely tied to the Electorate of the Palatinate of the Rhine. The new ideas he encountered here greatly influenced his life and policies. By using his rights under

2079-495: The Middle. On 29 April 1690 Magdalene and John were transferred to the Fürstengruft  [ nl ] in Siegen. From the marriage of Magdalene with Philip Louis I of Hanau-Münzenberg, the following children were born: From the marriage of Magdalene with John VII the Middle of Nassau-Siegen, the following children were born: Magdalene has many known descendants. All reigning European monarchs, with

2142-501: The Younger of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg and his first wife Duchess Elisabeth of Brunswick-Grubenhagen . When his father died on 8 October 1606, John the Middle succeeded his father together with his brothers William Louis , George , Ernest Casimir and John Louis . On 30 March 1607 the brothers divided their possessions. John acquired Siegen, Freudenberg , Netphen , Hilchenbach , Ferndorf  [ de ] and

2205-526: The administrative district of Babenhausen from the county of Hanau and let the heir's uncle and brother of the deceased, Philip I (the Elder) (1417–1480), have it in his own right as a county. This arrangement of 1458 allowed him to have a befitting marriage and offspring entitled to inherit, and so increased the chances of survival of the comital house. This created the Line of Hanau-Lichtenberg. Later on – to distinguish

2268-558: The afternoon by a fainting which His Grace completely unexpectedly suffered at the table and at the games"). Magdalena remarried at Dillenburg Castle on 9 December 1581 to Count John VII the Middle of Nassau-Siegen ( Siegen Castle  [ de ] , 7 June 1561 – Siegen Castle, 27 September 1623 ), the second son of Count John VI the Elder of Nassau-Siegen and his first wife Landgravine Elisabeth of Leuchtenberg . Through his marriage to Magdalene, John

2331-503: The capital of Hanau-Münzenberg, the town of Hanau, proved a problem: Friedrich Casimir could do so only in disguise. The inheritance could finally be secured by two treaties: These treaties secured the unification of the two Hanau counties under one ruler and saved Hanau-Münzenberg as a unit. Against the treaty of accession of 1642 Friedrich Casimir tried to enlarge the influence of the Lutherans within Hanau-Münzenberg: During

2394-448: The confession of his lands in any thinkable way. One measure he took was to make Hanau-Münzenberg a secundogeniture of Hesse-Cassel known as Hesse-Hanau , and transfer it immediately to his grandson, William IX . William, still a minor when his grandfather died was put under the guardianship of his mother, Princess Mary of Great Britain , a daughter of King George II of Great Britain , excluding her Roman Catholic husband. So Hesse-Hanau

2457-423: The count and the refugees entered into two treaties which gave them a large degree of self-government and founded the "New Town" of Hanau, south to the historic mediaeval settlement. This proved to be a big success and initiated an economic growth for Hanau which lasted even into the 19th century. Both the towns, "Old Hanau" and "New Hanau" were surrounded by a modern fortification of baroque style. This proved to be

2520-610: The economy – most representative for this becoming the amusement facility of Wilhelmsbad east of Hanau. And he started here with renting troops to the British Crown . Later on, a contingent of about 2,400 soldiers recruited in Hesse-Hanau served during the American Revolutionary War for King George III , an uncle to William IX. During this time the brothers Grimm were born in Hanau. The Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel

2583-401: The eldest son of Count Philip III of Hanau-Münzenberg and Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern . Philip Louis succeeded his father in 1561 and was first under the regency of his uncle Count John VI the Elder of Nassau-Siegen (Philip III of Hanau-Münzenberg and John VI the Elder of Nassau-Siegen were both sons of Countess Juliane of Stolberg-Wernigerode ). Politically,

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2646-568: The first twenty years of his reign, the Lutheran services were limited to the chapel of his castle in Hanau. But due to growing numbers from 1658 to 1662 an own church building for the Lutherans was erected in the town against the protest of the reformed majority, the Johanneskirche. Both parties struggled against each other for decades, tried to prevent – unsuccessfully – "mixed marriages" and even fought one another. An additional treaty of 1670 allowed

2709-503: The latest in Renaissance -fortification available. This investment became necessary due to the introduction of modern artillery the mediaeval fortification could not withstand. The new walls were placed outside the mediaeval ones and included a settlement, "Vorstadt", which had developed outside the gates. When Philipp Ludwig I died in 1580 another guardianship had to be installed for the benefit of his successor, Philipp Ludwig II , still

2772-605: The leading personalities of Calvinism in Europe. The introduction of Calvinism and the location of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg, at only half a day's journey away from Frankfurt with its trade fairs, made Hanau an attractive place to settle for Calvinist refugees from France and later from the Southern Netherlands . They were often wealthy traders and were attractive subjects for a ruler in need of tax revenues. In 1597 and 1604,

2835-432: The marriage could represent a conscious withdrawal on her groom's part from the politically dominant influence of his guardian, John VI the Elder of Nassau-Siegen. Philip Louis died " Donnerstag nach Purificationis Mariæ, zwischen 4 und 5 Uhr Nachmittag durch eine Ohnmacht, welche ihre Gnaden ganz unversehentlich über Tisch und dem Spielen ankommen " ("Thursday after Purificationis Mariæ , between 4 and 5 o'clock in

2898-523: The military command of his capital. He was appointed Colonel and was expected to provide three companies . In November 1631, Swedish troops occupied Hanau and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden entered the city. Philipp Moritz decided to change sides for the second time. He was a Calvinist and for him choosing between the Roman Catholic Emperor and the Lutheran Swedish king may have been like

2961-891: The predecessor of the German Empire . The river course also corresponds with the Speyer line isogloss between Central and Upper German dialects, sometimes mocked as Weißwurstäquator . The Main-Radweg is a major German bicycle path alongside the river. Approximately 600 kilometres long (370 mi), it is the first long-distance instance awarded 5 stars by the General German Bicycle Club ( ADFC ) in 2008. It starts from Creußen or Bischofsgrün and ends in Mainz . Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen Countess Magdalene of Waldeck-Wildungen (1558 – 9 September 1599), German : Magdalena Gräfin zu Waldeck-Wildungen ,

3024-411: The reigning count. When Count Philipp Reinhard died in 1712 Count Johann Reinhard III inherited the county of Hanau-Münzenberg and for the last time, both counties were united into one county of Hanau. With Count Johann Reinhard III the last male member of the Hanau family died in 1736. Hanau-Münzenberg and Hanau-Lichtenberg fell to different heirs: Due to the treaty of succession of 1643 Hanau-Münzenberg

3087-661: The river is rather narrow on many of the upper reaches, navigation with larger vessels and push convoys requires great skill. The largest cities along the Main are Frankfurt am Main , Offenbach am Main and Würzburg . The Main also passes the following towns: Burgkunstadt , Lichtenfels , Bad Staffelstein , Eltmann , Haßfurt , Schweinfurt , Volkach , Kitzingen , Marktbreit , Ochsenfurt , Karlstadt , Gemünden , Lohr , Marktheidenfeld , Wertheim , Miltenberg , Obernburg , Erlenbach/Main , Aschaffenburg , Seligenstadt , Hainburg , Hanau , Hattersheim , Flörsheim , and Rüsselsheim . The river has gained enormous importance as

3150-597: The territorial structure of the whole state of the Electorate of Hessen was reorganized. The title " Prince of Hanau " stayed within the titles of the Elector until 1866 when the Electorate of Hessen was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . Today's Main-Kinzig-Kreis represents about the area of the former county of Hesse-Hanau. The last elector, Frederick William gave the title "Princess of Hanau" to his wife Gertrude Falkenstein ,

3213-435: The time around 1620, with the names of all 25 children from his two marriages, also with details of birth, marriage and death of his relatives. Since the project was not carried out, the burials of the members of the sovereign family between 1607 and 1658 took place in the inadequate burial vault under the choir of the mentioned parish church . At a time hitherto unknown, Magdalene was interred there with her husband John

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3276-538: The total length of the river. The 16 locks in the adjacent Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and the Danube itself are of the same dimensions. There are 34 weirs and locks along the 380 km navigable portion of the Main, from the confluence with the Regnitz near Bamberg, to the Rhine. Most of the weirs or dams along the Main also have turbines for power generation. Tributaries from source to mouth: Left Right Around Frankfurt are several large inland ports. Because

3339-549: The town and district of Steinheim, which was also a former possession of Mainz. These possessions were lost when the Catholic side gained the upper hand after the Battle of Nördlingen in September 1634. Changing sides again would have made Philipp Moritz seem untrustworthy. So he decided to flee to Metz and from there via Chalon , Rouen and Amsterdam to his Orange-Nassau relatives in

3402-566: Was a countess from the House of Waldeck and through marriage successively Countess of Hanau-Münzenberg and Countess of Nassau-Siegen . Magdalene was born in 1558 as the youngest daughter of Count Philip IV of Waldeck-Wildungen and his third wife Countess Jutta of Isenburg-Grenzau . The exact date and place of Magdalene's birth are unknown. Magdalene married at Hanau Castle  [ de ] on 5 February 1576 to Count Philip Louis I of Hanau-Münzenberg (21 November 1553 – Hanau , 4 February 1580 ),

3465-669: Was a granddaughter of Count Adolf I of Nassau-Siegen , the elder brother of Count Engelbert I of Nassau-Siegen , the grandfather of Count John V. Magdalene died at Idstein Castle on 9 September 1599, where she stayed for the funeral of her nephew Count John Philip of Nassau-Idstein . She was buried in the Fürstengruft  [ nl ] in the Evangelische Stadtkirche  [ de ] in Dillenburg on 13 September 1599. Bernhard Textor wrote

3528-555: Was elevated an Electorate in 1803, William IX became William I, the county of Hesse-Hanau the Principality of Hanau . When the French occupied the lands of William I in 1806 the new principality was put under military rule until 1810 and then became part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt . In 1813 the principality was restored to William IX. As an administrative unit it existed until 1821 when

3591-526: Was governed by Princess Mary from 1760 to 1764 and afterward by her son William IX. Only in 1785 he succeeded in Hessen-Kassel. So for nearly half a century after the acquisition of Hanau-Münzenberg by Hessen-Kassel in 1736 it stayed a separate most of the time. Only from 1786 on the integration into the Landgraviate took place gradually. Wilhelm IX used his reign in Hesse-Hanau of more than 20 years to develop his own policies. He took to building and developing

3654-437: Was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , Hanau-Lichtenberg fell to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt because Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg , the only daughter of Johann Reinhard III, was married to the heir of Hesse-Darmstadt, reigning as landgrave Louis VIII later. Regarding the question if the administrative district of Babenhausen was part of Hanau-Münzenberg or Hanau-Lichtenberg nearly lead into

3717-436: Was introduced gradually during the reign of Philipp II : when church staff retired, their successor would be a Lutheran. As early as 1523, the pastor Adolf Arborgast was included in the chapter of the St. Mary's Church in Hanau, the central church of the county. When he was appointed, he explained that he wanted to spend little effort on vespers and the daily mass, but would instead concentrate on his sermons and putting forward

3780-400: Was on his own again. It was then still in a phase of recovery from the devastations of Thirty Years' War but also some remarkable achievements took place. There was a lot of public building, for government, including Philippsruhe Castle  [ de ] , and church: In lots of villages a second, Lutheran church was erected and often called Reinhardskirche  [ de ] after

3843-433: Was quite remote and the inheritance endangered in more than one way: The inheritance happened during the final years of Thirty Years' War , the feudal Overlords of Hanau-Münzenberg were partly enemy to Hanau and tried to hold back fiefs traditionally held by Hanau-Münzenberg. Further, the county of Hanau-Münzenberg was of Reformed Confession, Friedrich Casimir and the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg were Lutheran. And even to reach

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3906-405: Was that she was a Calvinist which calmed the majority of the population. The marriage with the elderly widow was plagued by differences and remained childless. Shortly before his death, Friedrich Casimir adopted his nephew count Philipp Reinhard . Friedrich Casimir tried to implement mercantilism into Hanau-Münzenberg severely devastated by the effects of Thirty Years' War. A leading role in this

3969-446: Was unsuccessfully besieged by imperial troops under General Guillaume de Lamboy . This siege proved the value of the modern defensive system, which had been constructed only a few years before. Thousands of refugees fled from the surrounding villages into the town. Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen used the occupation of Hanau by the Swedish and the siege as background in his picaresque novel Simplicius Simplicissimus . After

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