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44-520: In 1452, after a reign of only one year, Count Reinhard III of Hanau (1412–1452) died. The heir was his son, Philip the Younger (1449–1500), only four years old. For the sake of the continuity of the dynasty, his relatives and other important decision-makers in the county agreed not to turn to the 1375 primogenitur statute of the family—one of the oldest in Germany—and to let the heir's uncle and brother of

88-639: A huge building project to completely redesign the inner city. These are the largest construction works in the town since the reconstruction after World War II. On 19 February 2020, eleven people—including the perpetrator— were killed in a spree shooting at two shisha bars and a flat in the town. The perpetrator, known as Tobias Rathjen, opened fire at Midnight Bar and Arena Bar in Hanau centre and Kesselstadt. Tobias then drove home, where he killed his mother, and shot himself. In September 2021, Hanau reached 100,000 inhabitants. At present, many inhabitants work for

132-567: A leading role in the succession of Count Fredrik Casimir of Hanau Lichtenberg into the County of Hanau-Münzenberg of which the town of Hanau was the capital. During the Thirty Years' War Hanau was taken by the Swedes in 1631. In 1636 it was besieged by the imperial troops, but was relieved on the 13th of June by William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel , on account of which the day is still commemorated by

176-549: A treaty between Hanau-Lichtenberg and Lorraine. It involved a division and took account of the old treaties: the Barony of Bitsch went back to Lorraine and the administrative district of Lemberg, which had been an allod of the counts of Zweibrücken, was allocated to Hanau-Lichtenberg. As a result, the Bitsche territory remained Roman Catholic, whilst the Lutheran confession was introduced into

220-474: A treaty of 1643 between Friedrich Casimir and Landgravine Amalie Elisabeth , née countess of Hanau-Münzenberg, daughter to Philipp II . She granted military and diplomatic support against the still resisted overlords. Therefore, Friedrich Casimir granted – should the house of Hanau be without male heirs – the inheritance of Hanau-Münzenberg to the descendants of Amalie Elisabeth. That actually happened in 1736. For economical and political reasons Friedrich Casimir

264-687: Is now the Netherlands, Belgium and the French Département Nord at the time of Spanish rule, the Spanish Netherlands. With the arrival of the Huguenots, Walloons and Dutch, Hanau's rise to become an important business location began. Until 1821, the new town had its own independent community, independent of the old town. The Reformed Walloon-Dutch community still exists today. Philipp Ludwig II also allowed Jews to settle in Hanau. From 1604 there

308-481: Is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region . Its station is a major railway junction and it has a port on the river Main , making it an important transport centre. The city is known for being the birthplace of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm and Franciscus Sylvius . Since the 16th century it was a centre of precious metal working with many goldsmiths. It is home to Heraeus , one of

352-558: The County of Hanau . However, he died only ten months later. During his short reign, nothing remarkable happened. Reinhard III died on 20 April 1452 in Heidelberg . He had travelled to Heidelberg to be treated by a specialist at Heidelberg University . He was buried in the St. Mary's Church in Hanau. For the next 200 years, all but one of the Counts of Hanau-Münzenberg were minors when they inherited

396-481: The "counts of Hanau-Münzenberg ". The next large inheritance occurred in 1570. Count James of Zweibrücken-Bitsch (1510–1570) and his brother, Simon V Wecker, who had died in 1540, each left behind one daughter. The daughter of Count James, Margarethe (1540–1569), married Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1541–1599). The inheritance included the second half of the Barony of Lichtenberg, the County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch and

440-418: The -3 °C isotherm has oceanic climate ( Cfb ) with some interior characteristics. Using the first definition used is the city most west of the continent below 200 m at sea level with this category. The name is derived from Hagenowe , which is a composition of Haag ('wood') and Aue ('open land by the side of a river'). As a place of settlement Hanau was first mentioned in 1143. Formerly it

484-447: The Barony of Ochsenstein. Parts of the County of Zweibrücken-Bitsch were a fief of the Duchy of Lorraine . Initially a dispute broke out after James' death between the husbands of the two cousins, Count Philip I of Leiningen-Westerburg and Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg . Whilst Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg was able to overpower Philip I, his immediate introduction of Lutheranism in

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528-671: The Elder married Anna of Lichtenberg (1442–1474), one of the two daughter-heirs of Louis V of Lichtenberg (1417–1474). After the death of the last of the noble House of Lichtenberg ( de ), Louis' brother, James of Lichtenberg, in 1480, Philip I the Elder inherited the half of the Barony of Lichtenberg in the Lower Alsace with its capital, Buchsweiler . From this arose the branch and county of Hanau-Lichtenberg . His nephew, Philip I (the Younger) of Hanau and his descendants called themselves, by contrast,

572-613: The church. Only in the 15th century was the status of the Hanau parish church transferred to the church of Mary Magdalene within the town walls. Shortly after the first town walls were built at the beginning of the 14th century, the town outgrew this limit. Outside the wall, along the road to Frankfurt am Main a settlement developed (the Vorstadt ) which was properly included in the fortifications of Hanau only when Hanau received completely new fortifications in Renaissance-style during

616-482: The city hosted the third Hessentag state festival. Until 2005, Hanau was the administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis . On 19 February 2020, a gunman attacked two bars and a kiosk in Hanau , murdering nine people with roots outside Germany, before shooting his mother and himself. The historic core of Hanau is situated within a semicircle of the river Kinzig which flows into the river Main just west of

660-581: The city. Today, after a substantial expansion during the 19th and 20th centuries it also extends to the river Main and after a restructuring of municipal borders within Hesse in the 1970s a couple of nearby villages and towns were incorporated. After this change, Hanau for the first time, also extended to the south bank of the Main river. On the 0 °C isotherm, Hanau has a humid continental climate as Eastern Germany with warm summer, classified by Köppen as Dfb . In

704-433: The county and died before their 30th birthday, leaving the county to an underage son. The only exception was Reinhard IV . This pattern started with Reinhard III and repeated over nine generations. A Late Gothic winged altarpiece at Wörth am Main from around 1485-1490 – originally from St. Mary's Church in Hanau – depicts Count Philip the Younger and his ancestors, including Reinhard III and his wife. Since this image

748-539: The county of Hanau-Münzenberg and for a last time both counties were united. With count Johann Reinhard III the last male member of the Hanau family died in 1736. Hanau-Münzenberg and Hanau-Lichtenberg fell to different heirs: Due to the treaty of succession of 1643 Hanau-Münzenberg was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , Hanau-Lichtenberg fell to the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt because Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg , daughter to Johann Reinhard III,

792-463: The course of the Reformation made himself an enemy of the powerful, Roman Catholic Duchy of Lorraine under Duke Charles III , who had the suzerainty of Bitsch and withdrew the fief. In July 1572 troops of Lorraine occupied the county and reversed the Reformation. Because Philip V could not match Lorraine's military might, he sought legal redress. Not until 1604 and 1606 the conflict was solved by

836-471: The deceased, Philip I (the Elder) (1417–1480), have the administrative district of Babenhausen from the estate of the County of Hanau as a county in his own right. This arrangement of 1458 allowed him to have a befitting marriage and offspring entitled to inherit, and so increased the chances of survival of the comital house. Philip the Elder was called now "of Hanau-Babenhausen". In the same year of 1458, Philip

880-653: The design of the church, especially the decalogues (boards displaying the Ten Commandments ). Each congregation was led by the Consistoire , elected by congregation members for life, which is roughly comparable to today's church council. The descendants of the French Reformed religious refugees have assimilated in Hanau over time. In contrast to the Huguenots, the Walloon and Dutch Calvinist refugees came from an area of what

924-467: The district of Lemberg. In 1642 the last male member of the Hanau-Münzenberg family, Count Johann Ernst , died. The next male of kin was Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg , then still a minor under the guardianship of Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl . The relation to count Johann Ernst was quite remote and the inheritance endangered in more than one way. The inheritance happened during

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968-495: The final years of Thirty Years' War , the feudal overlords of Hanau-Münzenberg were partly enemy to Hanau and tried to hold back fiefs traditionally held by Hanau-Münzenberg. Further the county of Hanau-Münzenberg was of Reformed Confession , Friedrich Casimir and the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg were Lutheran . And even to reach the capital of Hanau-Münzenberg, the town of Hanau , was a problem: Friedrich Casimir could do so only in disguise. The inheritance could finally be secured by

1012-401: The first half of the 16th century. These new fortifications enclosed three elements: The medieval castle, the medieval town of Hanau and the Vorstadt . In 1597 Count Philipp Ludwig II attracted French Protestant ( Huguenots ) refugees, who had been admitted to Frankfurt but had only very limited accommodation, to found their own settlement south of Hanau. This happened under the direction of

1056-607: The first workshop to produce faïence (tin-glazed pottery) within Germany . These new citizens were granted privileges and they formed their own community, church and administration for the "new town of Hanau" ( Neustadt Hanau ) wholly separate from the existing community. A stark contrast to the Catholic Church, but also to the Lutheran Church of the time, was the participation of lay people in church-governing functions, as well as

1100-586: The inhabitants. In 1736 Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg , the last of the Counts of Hanau, died. Those parts of his county belonging to the County of Hanau-Münzenberg, which included Hanau, were inherited by the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel . Due to dynastic troubles within this family the County of Hesse-Hanau was created a separate state from the Landgraviate until 1786. So Hanau stayed capital for another 50 years. Even after that it became – after Kassel –

1144-626: The largest family-owned companies in Germany. Hanau, once the seat of the Counts of Hanau, lost much of its architectural heritage in World War II , such as its City Palace . A British air raid in 1945 created a firestorm, killing one sixth of the remaining population and destroying 98 percent of the old city and 80 percent of the city overall. The outer parts of the city have old timbered towns like Hanau-Steinheim  [ de ] and castles like Schloss Philippsruhe  [ de ] . In 1963,

1188-573: The last Jews being deported in May 1942. The inner city of Hanau was for the most part destroyed by British airstrikes in March 1945 a few days before it was taken by the U.S. Army. Around 87% of the town was destroyed. Of 15,000 inhabitants who remained in the city at the time, 2,500 died in the attack. The town housed one of the largest garrisons of the U.S. Army in Europe . Being an important strategic location in

1232-485: The late 19th century Hanau became a major garrison town. Due to its interchange of railway lines a large detachment of military railway-engineers as well as other military units were stationed here. As a free-trade city, Hanau developed a silver manufacturing industry using fantasy hallmarks. Hanau silver was produced from the mid 19th to the early 20th Century. During World War II , the Jewish population were persecuted with

1276-762: The parties. But it took until 1771 to realize that. In 1803 due to territorial reforms following the French Revolution the former county of Hanau-Lichtenberg was divided: All of it left of the Rhine became part of France, all of it right of the river fell to the Grand Duchy of Baden . A few bits left of the Rhine ( Pirmasens ) became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816. Reinhard III of Hanau Count Reinhard III of Hanau (22 April 1412 – 20 April 1452 in Heidelberg )

1320-442: The politics of “reunion” by king Louis XIV of France . Friedrich Casimir died childless in 1685. His inheritance was divided between his two male nephews, count Philipp Reinhard , who inherited Hanau-Münzenberg and count Johann Reinhard III , who inherited Hanau-Lichtenberg. Both were sons of Friedrich Casimir's younger brother count Johann Reinhard II . When in 1712 count Johann Reinhard II died count Johann Reinhard III inherited

1364-400: The population in Hanau-Münzenberg, contrary to Friedrich Casimir who was a Lutheran. The disadvantage of this arrangement was that Sibylle Christine was already 44 years of age at the time, almost 20 years older than Friedrich Casimir. The marriage was plagued by differences and remained childless. In 1680 the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg came under the souvereignity of France , as a result of

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1408-515: The so called Fulda Gap , the military community had a population of 45,000 military members, U.S. civilians and family members at its peak during the Cold War . The extensive U.S. facilities included Hanau Army Airfield , also known as Fliegerhorst Langendiebach . The garrison was closed in April 2018. Most of the former military areas have been converted to civil use in the meantime. In 2010, Hanau started

1452-578: The technological group Heraeus , or commute to Frankfurt. Frankfurt International Airport is 30 km away. Nuclear energy company Nukem was headquartered in Hanau, with a nuclear fuel plant in the Wolfgang district of Hanau until January 1988. The earliest documentary evidence for the presence of Jews in Hanau dates from 1313. In the 17th and 18th centuries Hanau developed into an important center of Hebrew printing. The community numbered 540 persons 1805, 80 families in 1830, 447 persons in 1871, and 657 at

1496-407: The then guardian of the Hanau count, Johann VI von Nassau-Dillenburg, who hoped for significant economic and cultural advances from the settlement of the ‘Réfugiés’ from south-west France. In return for the assurance of free exercise of their religion, the refugees undertook to become economically active in Hanau. Out of this tradition, goldsmiths are still trained in Hanau. Hanau also was the site of

1540-722: The town second in importance within Hesse-Kassel. During the Napoleonic Wars the Emperor himself ordered the fortifications of Hanau to be destroyed. This created a chance for both parts of the town to expand across their traditional limits. In 1813, the Battle of Hanau took place near the city between French troops and Austro-Bavarian forces; the former won. During the 1820s the administrations of both towns of Hanau were merged. The first common Mayor , who became Lord Mayor (Oberbürgermeister)

1584-549: The turn of the century. In 1925 there were 568 Jews in Hanau. Hanau is twinned with: Hanau also has friendly relations with: Hanau is a transportation hub in Germany, with its main station serving the following lines: Besides the main station, the town is also served by Hanau West and Hanau-Wilhelmsbad on the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway, Großauheim on the Main-Spessart-Bahn, Wolfgang an der Kinzigtalbahn,

1628-619: Was Bernhard Eberhard  [ de ] , later to become prime minister and minister of the interior of the Electorate of Hesse after the Revolution of 1848 . With its pre-industrial workshops Hanau became a nucleus of a heavy industrialisation during the 19th century: From within the city (e.g.: Heraeus ) as well as from outside (e.g. Degussa , Dunlop ). This was heavily supported by its development as an important railway interchange of six railway lines, most of them main lines: 1848 Hanau

1672-437: Was Count of Hanau from 1451 until his death. He was the son of Count Reinhard II of Hanau and his wife, Catherine of Nassau-Beilstein . In 1434, when his father was still alive, he took over the guardianship of the children of his widowed sister from her first marriage with Count Thomas II of Rieneck, when she remarried with Count William II of Henneberg-Schleusingen . When his father died in 1451, he took up government of

1716-485: Was a Jewish community again. It took more than 200 years to amalgamate both. The new town – larger than the old one – was protected by a then very modern fortification in Baroque -style which proved a big asset only a few years later in the Thirty Years' War . The town survived a siege in 1637 with only minor damage. The new citizens formed the major economic and political power within the County of Hanau and in 1642 played

1760-652: Was a centre of the German democratic movement and contributed significantly both in 1830 and in the Revolution of 1848 . As part of this movement the German Gymnastic League ( Deutscher Turnerbund ) was founded here in 1848. Hanau was finally annexed to Prussia like all of Hesse-Kassel in 1866 after its Prince-elector took the Austrian side in the Austro-Prussian War . It remained part of Prussia until 1945. In

1804-410: Was married to Sibylle Christine of Anhalt-Dessau , the widow of Count Philipp Moritz , who had been the ruling count in Hanau-Münzenberg until 1638. She had received Steinau Castle as her widow seat. As widow of a ruling count, she could raise substantial claims against the county. The marriage was arranged to avoid such claims and to take advantage of the fact that she was Calvinist as the majority of

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1848-517: Was married to the heir of Hesse-Darmstadt, reigning later as landgrave Louis VIII . Regarding the question if the administrative district of Babenhausen was part of Hanau-Münzenberg or Hanau-Lichtenberg nearly led into a war of both landgraviats in 1736 and into an extensive lawsuit at the Reichskammergericht during the next decades. The suit ended with a compromise to divide the administrative district of Babenhausen into two equal parts between

1892-435: Was painted 40 years after Reinhard's death, it is reasonable to assume that it is not very accurate. He married on 11 July 1446 with Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach (2 March 1432 – 14 September 1457). They had two children: Hanau Hanau ( German pronunciation: [ˈhaːnaʊ̯] ) is a city in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis , in Hesse , Germany . It is located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and

1936-440: Was the site of a castle which used the waters of the river Kinzig as a defense. The castle belonged to a noble family, calling themselves "of Hanau" from the 13th century. Starting from this castle a village developed and became a town in 1303. As a result of this history, the main church of Hanau stood outside its walls in the village of Kinzdorf . The villagers moved into the town, Kinzdorf became an abandoned village leaving only

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