126-615: Hamtaro , known in Japan as Trotting Hamtaro ( とっとこハム太郎 , Tottoko Hamutarō ) , is a Japanese manga and storybook series created and illustrated by Ritsuko Kawai about a hamster. The manga was serialized in Shogakukan 's Shōgaku Ninensei ( Second Grade ) magazine in April 1997; more Hamtaro stories would later be added into the other grade-level magazines, as well as in Ciao . The series focuses on
252-523: A hamster named Hamtaro, who has a variety of adventures with other hamsters known as the "Ham-Hams" ("Hamuchans" in the Japanese version). Viz Media published the manga adaptations and storybooks in English. Multiple anime adaptations were produced by TMS Entertainment and aired on TV Tokyo . The first series was dubbed in English by The Ocean Group . The series revolves around a hamster named Hamtaro, who
378-485: A 12th-century collection of Indian erotic works, is a lesser known one. The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation , a 16th-century Arabic work by Sheikh Nefzaoui , is also well-known and is often reprinted and translated. There is anecdotal evidence that, as late as the mid-20th century, sex therapists and other physicians prescribed erotic literature as treatment for erectile dysfunction. The ancient Chinese versions of
504-421: A commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or during its run. Sometimes, manga are based on previous live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in those places that speak Chinese (" manhua "), Korean (" manhwa "), English (" OEL manga "), and French (" manfra "), as well as in
630-452: A common-law offence being committed – for example, on the report of a plain-clothes policeman who had successfully purchased the material – the court could issue a warrant for the premises to be searched and the material seized. The proprietor then would be called upon to attend court and give reason why the material should not be destroyed. Critically, the Act did not define "obscene", leaving this to
756-499: A decrease over time, digital manga have been growing in sales each year. The Research Institute for Publications reports that sales of digital manga books excluding magazines jumped 27.1 percent to ¥146 billion in 2016 from the year before while sales of paper manga saw a record year-on-year decline of 7.4 percent to ¥194.7 billion. They have also said that if the digital and paper keep the same growth and drop rates, web manga would exceed their paper counterparts. In 2020 manga sales topped
882-544: A few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life. After a series has run for a while, publishers often collect the chapters and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon . These can be hardcover, or more usually softcover books, and are the equivalent of U.S. trade paperbacks or graphic novels . These volumes often use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with
1008-406: A few hours before intercourse will help delay orgasm or enhance non-ejaculatory pleasure. The Universal Tao system was developed by Mantak Chia to teach Taoist meditative and exercise techniques to balance the body and increase and refine one's vital energy, or qi . Front and back channel, the back channel is where the perineum is located between anus and scrotum moving up the tailbone to the crown,
1134-527: A high interest in the medium. Sales of print manga titles in the U.S. increased by 3.6 million units in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period in 2020. In 2021, 24.4 million units of manga were sold in the United States. This is an increase of about 15 million (160%) more sales than in 2020. In 2022, most of the top-selling comic creators in the United States were mangaka. The same year manga sales saw an increase of 9%. A number of artists in
1260-564: A higher female readership (16% higher than other comic books). As of January 2020, manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share. During the COVID-19 pandemic some stores of the American bookseller Barnes & Noble saw up to a 500% increase in sales from graphic novel and manga sales due to the younger generations showing
1386-504: A huge hit. After Tokyo Pakku in 1905, a female version of Shōnen Sekai was created and named Shōjo Sekai , considered the first shōjo magazine. Shōnen Pakku was made and is considered the first children's manga magazine. The children's demographic was in an early stage of development in the Meiji period . Shōnen Pakku was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as Puck which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of
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#17328949249441512-440: A literary review, La Conque in 1891, where he proceeded to publish Astarte —an early collection of erotic verse already marked by his distinctive elegance and refinement of style. He followed up in 1894 with another erotic collection in 143 prose poems— Songs of Bilitis (Les Chansons de Bilitis) , this time with strong lesbian themes. Although D. H. Lawrence could be regarded as a writer of love poems, he usually dealt in
1638-583: A long poem in heroic couplets , purporting to be a reprint of an 18th-century poem by George Colman the Younger , on the theme of flagellation. Italian Una Chi distinguished herself among other publications for coldly analytical prose and for the crudeness of the stories. Prostitution was the focus of much of the earliest erotic works. The term pornography is derived from the Greek pornographos meaning "writer about prostitutes", originally denoting descriptions of
1764-442: A mangaka's work could be published: taking their manga drawn on paper to a publisher themselves, or submitting their work to competitions run by magazines. In recent years, there has been a rise in manga released digitally. Web manga, as it is known in Japan, has seen an increase thanks in part to image hosting websites where anyone can upload pages from their works for free. Although released digitally, almost all web manga sticks to
1890-499: A nature calculated to shock the common feelings of decency in any well-regulated mind." The House of Commons successfully amended it so as not to apply to Scotland, on the grounds that Scottish common law was sufficiently stringent. The Act provided for the seizure and destruction of any material deemed to be obscene, and held for sale or distribution, following information being laid before a "court of summary jurisdiction" ( magistrates' court ). The Act required that following evidence of
2016-748: A number of features in common. Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure. Popular themes include science fiction , technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman , Batman , and Spider-Man generally did not become as popular. The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls ( bishōjo ) such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess! , stories where such girls and women surround
2142-409: A person referring to something on their left in the text while pointing to their right in the graphic. Characters shown writing with their right hands, the majority of them, would become left-handed when a series is flipped. Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with the gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with
2268-462: A plea bargain, pleaded guilty and was convicted. Five years later, the conviction was vacated . Importing books and texts across national borders can sometimes be subject to more stringent laws than in the nations concerned. Customs officers are often permitted to seize even merely 'indecent' works that would be perfectly legal to sell and possess once one is inside the nations concerned. Canada has been implicated in such border seizures. Although
2394-666: A pre-pandemic 120,000 in 2019. Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Gollancz and Titan Books. Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the Tanoshimi line from Random House . In 2019 The British Museum held a mass exhibition dedicated to manga . Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently. Some U.S. fans became aware of manga in
2520-471: A readership of girls and young women. In the following decades (1975–present), shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres. Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, redisu レディース , redikomi レディコミ , and josei 女性 ). Modern shōjo manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization . With
2646-703: A relatively limited readership. This was the original method of circulation for the Sonnets of William Shakespeare , who also wrote the erotic poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece . The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight ( Arabic : الروض العاطر في نزهة الخاطر) is a fifteenth-century Arabic sex manual and work of erotic literature by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". The book presents opinions on what qualities men and women should have to be attractive and gives advice on sexual technique, warnings about sexual health , and recipes to remedy sexual maladies. It gives lists of names for
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#17328949249442772-440: A series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. "Deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about $ 1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the used book market. Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyōsai created
2898-409: A series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like fan fiction . In 2007, dōjinshi sales amounted to 27.73 billion yen (US$ 245 million). In 2006 they represented about a tenth of manga books and magazines sales. Thanks to the advent of the internet, there have been new ways for aspiring mangaka to upload and sell their manga online. Before, there were two main ways in which
3024-457: A single episode to be continued in the next issue. A single manga story is almost always longer than a single issue from a Western comic . Collected chapters are usually republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively paperback books . A manga artist ( mangaka in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from
3150-522: A way that is somewhat different from in the U.S. Broadcast anime in France and Italy opened the European market to manga during the 1970s. French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century ( Japonism ) and has its own highly developed tradition of bande dessinée cartooning. Manga was introduced to France in the late 1990s, where Japanese pop culture became massively popular: in 2021, 55% of comics sold in
3276-446: Is The Merry Muses of Caledonia (the title is not by Burns), a collection of bawdy lyrics that were popular in the music halls of Scotland as late as the 20th century. One of the 19th century's foremost poets— Algernon Charles Swinburne —devoted much of his considerable talent to erotic verse, producing, inter alia, twelve eclogues on flagellation titled The Flogging Block "by Rufus Rodworthy, annotated by Barebum Birchingly"; more
3402-570: Is an abbreviation of kissaten ). At a manga kissa , people drink coffee , read manga and sometimes stay overnight. The Kyoto International Manga Museum maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese. E-shimbun Nippon-chi (1874), published by Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyosai , is credited as the first manga magazine ever made. Manga magazines or anthologies ( 漫画雑誌 , manga zasshi ) usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as
3528-476: Is owned by a 10-year-old girl named Laura Haruna (Hiroko Haruna in the Japanese/Original version). Curious by nature, he ventures out each day to make friends and go on adventures with a clan of fellow hamster friends known as The Ham-Hams. The Ham-Hams meet at a special clubhouse built by Boss ("Taisho"). There are three manga about Hamtaro, A Home for Hamtaro , Hamtaro Gets Lost , and Jealous Hamtaro . In
3654-481: Is the largest publisher of graphic novels and comic books in the United States, with a 23% share of the market. BookScan sales show that manga is one of the fastest-growing areas of the comic book and narrative fiction markets. From January 2019 to May 2019, the manga market grew 16%, compared to the overall comic book market's 5% growth. The NPD Group noted that, compared to other comic book readers, manga readers are younger (76% under 30) and more diverse, including
3780-607: The Allied occupation of Japan (1945–1952), and stresses U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the GIs ) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney ). Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity occurred in the post-war period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka ( Astro Boy ) and Machiko Hasegawa ( Sazae-san ). Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere, and
3906-810: The Hebrew Bible , the Song of Songs , found in the last section of the Tanakh , celebrates sexual love, giving "the voices of two lovers, praising each other, yearning for each other, proffering invitations to enjoy". Many erotic poems have survived from ancient Greece and Rome . The Greek poets Straton of Sardis and Sappho of Lesbos both wrote erotic lyric poems. The poet Archilochus wrote numerous satirical poems filled with obscene and erotic imagery. Erotic poems continued to be written in Hellenistic and Roman times by writers like Automedon ( The Professional and Demetrius
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4032-708: The Inside Linda Lovelace trial in 1976. However, in October 2008, a man was unsuccessfully prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act (the R v Walker trial) for posting fictional written material to the Internet allegedly describing the kidnap, rape and murder of the pop group Girls Aloud . The First Amendment to the United States Constitution gives protection to written fiction, although
4158-516: The Ishinpo text, which is a medical document that also included sections devoted to sexual hygiene and sexual manuals of the Tang and Han dynasties. Qigong manuals include warming a wet towel and covering penis for a few minutes, then rubbing one direction away from base of penis hundreds of times daily, similar to qigong. Squeezing sphincter while semi-erect or fully erect dozens of times daily, particularly
4284-618: The North American manga market was valued at almost $ 250 million. According to NPD BookScan manga made up 76% of overall comics and graphic novel sales in the US in 2021. The fast growth of the North American manga market is attributed to manga's wide availability on digital reading apps, book retailer chains such as Barnes & Noble and online retailers such as Amazon as well as the increased streaming of anime . Manga represented 38% of
4410-506: The Tokyo Metropolitan Government considered a bill to restrict minors' access to such content. The gekiga style of storytelling—thematically somber, adult-oriented, and sometimes deeply violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in a gritty and unvarnished fashion. Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato 's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments ( Ninja Bugeichō ) arose in
4536-617: The anime adaptation of Sazae-san drew more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television in 2011. Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists. Hasegawa's focus on daily life and women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga . Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with
4662-496: The penis and vulva , and has a section on the interpretation of dreams. Interspersed with these there are a number of stories which are intended to give context and amusement. In the 17th century, John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester (1647–80) was notorious for obscene verses, many of which were published posthumously in compendiums of poetry by him and other " Restoration rakes " such as Sir Charles Sedley , Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset , and George Etherege . Though many of
4788-609: The tourism sector to help foreign fans of manga and anime visit sites across the country associated with particular manga stories. The federation seeks to quadruple the sales of Japanese content in overseas markets within the upcoming 10 years. Manga stories are typically printed in black-and-white —due to time constraints, artistic reasons (as coloring could lessen the impact of the artwork) and to keep printing costs low —although some full-color manga exist (e.g., Colorful ). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in large manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in
4914-718: The 17th century; Pills to Purge Melancholy (1698–1720); the Roxburghe Ballads ; Bishop Percy's Folio ; The Musical Miscellany ; National Ballad and Song: Merry Songs and Ballads Prior to the Year AD 1800 (1895–97) edited by J. S. Farmer; the three volume Poetica Erotica (1921) and its more obscene supplement the Immortalia (1927) both edited by T. R. Smith. French collections include Les Muses gaillardes (1606) Le Cabinet satyrique (1618) and La Parnasse des poetes satyriques (1622). A famous collection of four erotic poems,
5040-431: The 18th century, directories of prostitutes and their services, such as Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies (1757–1795), provided both entertainment and instruction. In the 19th century, the sensational journalism of W. T. Stead 's The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon (1885) about the procuring of underage girls into the brothels of Victorian London provided a stimulus for the erotic imagination. Stead's account
5166-421: The 1950s, manga has become an increasingly major part of the Japanese publishing industry. By 1995, the manga market in Japan was valued at ¥ 586.4 billion ( $ 6–7 billion ), with annual sales of 1.9 billion manga books and manga magazines (also known as manga anthologies) in Japan (equivalent to 15 issues per person). In 2020 Japan's manga market value hit a new record of ¥612.6 billion due to
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5292-433: The 1970s and early 1980s. However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans, many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute tankōbon -style manga books. One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was Keiji Nakazawa 's Barefoot Gen , an autobiographical story of
5418-447: The Dutch madame Xaviera Hollander and The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl (2005) by Belle de Jour . In the 21st century, a new literary genre of student published journals at American universities was started. The following is a partial list of publications: Sex manuals are among the oldest forms of erotic literature. Three brief fragments of a sex manual written in
5544-464: The Fortunate ), Philodemus ( Charito ) and Marcus Argentarius . Notable Roman erotic poets included Catullus , Propertius , Tibullus , Ovid , Martial and Juvenal , and the anonymous Priapeia . Some later Latin authors such as Joannes Secundus also wrote erotic verse. Haft Peykar ( Persian : هفت پیکر ) also known as Bahramnameh ( بهرامنامه , The Book of Bahram ) is a romantic epic by
5670-563: The Free Youth Movement led a protest against the government of Thailand which involved singing the theme song for Hamtaro with modified lyrics to say "The most delicious food is taxpayers’ money. [...]Dissolve the parliament! Dissolve the parliament! Dissolve the parliament!" Other student protests during the same week continued to use Hamtaro as a symbol for the government's "feasting on taxpayer's money," and have involved groups running in circles, as if in hamster wheels, while singing
5796-721: The French comics market in 2005. This is equivalent to approximately three times that of the United States and was valued at about €460 million ($ 640 million). In Europe and the Middle East, the market was valued at $ 250 million in 2012. In April 2023, the Japan Business Federation laid out a proposal aiming to spur the economic growth of Japan by further promoting the contents industry abroad, primarily anime, manga and video games , for measures to invite industry experts from abroad to come to Japan to work, and to link with
5922-705: The Immortal , Ghost in the Shell , Lone Wolf and Cub , Yasuhiro Nightow 's Trigun and Blood Blockade Battlefront , Gantz , Kouta Hirano 's Hellsing and Drifters , Blood+ , Multiple Personality Detective Psycho , FLCL , Mob Psycho 100 , and Oreimo . The company received 13 Eisner Award nominations for its manga titles, and three of the four manga creators admitted to The Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame — Osamu Tezuka , Kazuo Koike , and Goseki Kojima — were published in Dark Horse translations. In
6048-401: The Obscene Publications Act of 1857, as well as 1959 legislation, outlawed the publication, retail and trafficking of certain types of writings and images regarded as pornographic, and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale, the private possession of and viewing of pornography was not prosecuted in those times. In some nations, even purely textual erotic literature
6174-615: The Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi written in 1197. This poem is a part of the Nizami's Khamsa . The original title Haft Peykar can be translated literally as "seven portraits" with the figurative meaning of "seven beauties." The poem is a masterpiece of erotic literature, but it is also a profoundly moralistic work. During the Renaissance period, many poems were not written for publication; instead, they were merely circulated in manuscript form among
6300-593: The Philippines were imported from the US and were sold only in specialty stores and in limited copies. The first manga in Filipino language is Doraemon which was published by J-Line Comics and was then followed by Case Closed . In 2015, Boys' Love manga became popular through the introduction of BL manga by printing company BLACKink. Among the first BL titles to be printed were Poster Boy, Tagila, and Sprinters, all were written in Filipino. BL manga have become bestsellers in
6426-607: The Shell (translated by Frederik L. Schodt and Toren Smith ) becoming very popular among fans. An extremely successful manga and anime translated and dubbed in English in the mid-1990s was Sailor Moon . By 1995–1998, the Sailor Moon manga had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, North America and most of Europe. In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing Sailor Moon , along with CLAMP 's Magic Knight Rayearth , Hitoshi Iwaaki 's Parasyte and Tsutomu Takahashi 's Ice Blade in
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#17328949249446552-510: The Suppression of Vice . The first such law was the Comstock Act, (ch. 258 17 Stat. 598 enacted March 3, 1873) which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. Twenty-four states passed similar prohibitions on materials distributed within the states. This question of whether a book had literary merit eventually prompted a change in
6678-399: The United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, Vernon Grant drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Others include Frank Miller 's mid-1980s Ronin , Adam Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 The Dirty Pair , Ben Dunn 's 1987 Ninja High School and Manga Shi 2000 from Crusade Comics (1997). By
6804-805: The Valley of the Wind from Viz Media, and Appleseed from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later Iczer-1 ( Antarctic Press , 1994) and Ippongi Bang 's F-111 Bandit (Antarctic Press, 1995). During the 1980s and 1990s, Japanese animation, such as Akira , Dragon Ball , Neon Genesis Evangelion , and Pokémon , made a larger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga. Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur Toren Smith founded Studio Proteus in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including Masamune Shirow 's Appleseed and Kōsuke Fujishima 's Oh My Goddess! , for Dark Horse and Eros Comix , eliminating
6930-422: The age and gender of the target readership. In particular, books and magazines sold to boys ( shōnen ) and girls ( shōjo ) have distinctive cover-art, and most bookstores place them on different shelves. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by demographics. For example, male readers may subscribe to a series intended for female readers, and so on. Japan has manga cafés , or manga kissa ( kissa
7056-566: The age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old ( shōnen manga) and young men 18 to 30 years old ( seinen manga); as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit sex. The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"— 青年 for "youth, young man" and 成年 for "adult, majority"—the second referring to pornographic manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ("adult" 成人 ) manga. Shōnen , seinen , and seijin manga share
7182-783: The anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists; these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages thick. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips ). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Popular shonen magazines include Weekly Shōnen Jump , Weekly Shōnen Magazine and Weekly Shōnen Sunday - Popular shoujo manga include Ciao , Nakayoshi and Ribon . Manga artists sometimes start out with
7308-499: The atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980–1982). More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including Golgo 13 in 1986, Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics in 1987, and Kamui , Area 88 , and Mai the Psychic Girl , also in 1987 and all from Viz Media - Eclipse Comics . Others soon followed, including Akira from Marvel Comics ' Epic Comics imprint, Nausicaä of
7434-468: The authorities. Prosecutions of erotica later in the 18th century were rare and were most often taken because of the admixture of seditious and blasphemous material with the porn. It was the Obscene Publications Act 1857 which made the sale of obscene material a statutory offense, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The origins of the act itself were in a trial for
7560-1017: The beginning of the 21st century, several U.S. manga publishers had begun to produce work by U.S. artists under the broad marketing-label of manga. In 2002, I.C. Entertainment, formerly Studio Ironcat and now out of business, launched a series of manga by U.S. artists called Amerimanga . In 2004, eigoMANGA launched the Rumble Pak and Sakura Pakk anthology series . Seven Seas Entertainment followed suit with World Manga . Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced original English-language manga (OEL manga) later renamed Global Manga . Erotic literature Erotic literature comprises fictional and factual stories and accounts of eros (passionate, romantic or sexual relationships) intended to arouse similar feelings in readers. This contrasts erotica , which focuses more specifically on sexual feelings. Other common elements are satire and social criticism . Much erotic literature features erotic art , illustrating
7686-591: The best examples of an amateur work becoming professional is One-Punch Man which was released online and later received a professional remake released digitally and an anime adaptation soon thereafter. Many of the big print publishers have also released digital only magazines and websites where web manga get published alongside their serialized magazines. Shogakukan for instance has two websites, Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday, that release weekly chapters for web manga and even offer contests for mangaka to submit their work. Both Sunday Webry and Ura Sunday have become one of
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#17328949249447812-510: The buttons on the wrong side, however these issues are minor when compared to the unnatural reading flow, and some of them could be solved with an adaptation work that goes beyond just translation and blind flipping. Manga has highly influenced the art styles of manhwa and manhua . Manga in Indonesia is published by Elex Media Komputindo , Level Comic , M&C and Gramedia . Manga has influenced Indonesia's original comic industry. Manga in
7938-471: The case of a mock-sex manual produced in the early sixteenth century by Pietro Aretino . It was in response to the clerical censorship of the nude engravings of the Roman artists Marcantonio Raimondi . This was released in cheap wood, with a corresponding sonnet serving as the voice of the characters. Erotic fiction is a genre of fiction that portrays sex or sexual themes, generally in a more literary way than
8064-444: The conventional black-and-white format despite some never getting physical publication. Pixiv is the most popular site where amateur and professional work gets published on the site. It has grown to be the most visited site for artwork in Japan. Twitter has also become a popular place for web manga with many artists releasing pages weekly on their accounts in the hope of their work getting picked up or published professionally. One of
8190-642: The country celebrates Manga Day on every 27 August. In 2021 manga sales in Germany rose by 75% from its original record of 70 million in 2005. As of 2022 Germany is the third largest manga market in Europe after Italy and France. In 2021, the Spanish manga market hit a record of 1033 new title publications. In 2022 the 28th edition of the Barcelona Manga Festival opened its doors to more than 163,000 fans, compared to
8316-476: The country were manga and France is the biggest manga importer. By mid-2021, 75 percent of the €300 value of Culture Pass [ fr ] accounts given to French 18 year-olds was spent on manga. According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga reached $ 212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006. France represents about 50% of the European market and is
8442-451: The distinction of being the only works of erotic literature ever read out loud and in their entirety in the House of Lords —before being declared obscene and blasphemous by that body and the supposed author, Wilkes, declared an outlaw . Robert Burns worked to collect and preserve Scottish folk songs, sometimes revising, expanding, and adapting them. One of the better known of these collections
8568-698: The ecclesiastical courts. After the Reformation the jurisdiction of these courts declined in favour of the Crown which licensed every printed book. Prosecutions of books for their erotic content alone were rare and works which attacked the church or state gave much more concern to the authorities than erotica or ' obscene libel ' as it was then known. For instance the Licensing Act 1662 was aimed generally at "heretical, seditious, schismatical or offensive books of pamphlets" rather than just erotica per se. Even this Licensing Act
8694-477: The effect of any one of its items is, if taken as a whole, such as to tend to deprave and corrupt persons who are likely, having regard to all relevant circumstances, to read, see or hear the matter contained or embodied in it. After this piece of legislation questions of the literary merit of the work in question were allowed to be put before the judge and jury as in the Lady Chatterley trial. The publishers of
8820-485: The evolution of Western comics; Western comic art probably originated in 17th century Italy. Writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view represented by other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt , Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern, stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions, including pre-war, Meiji , and pre-Meiji culture and art . The other view, emphasizes events occurring during and after
8946-443: The fast growth of digital manga sales as well as increase of print sales. In 2022 Japan's manga market hit yet another record value of ¥675.9 billion. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide readership. Beginning with the late 2010s manga started massively outselling American comics. As of 2021, the top four comics publishers in the world are manga publishers Shueisha , Kodansha , Kadokawa , and Shogakukan . In 2020
9072-409: The fiction seen in pornographic magazines . It sometimes includes elements of satire or social criticism . These type of fiction have frequently been banned by the government or religious authorities. Erotic or pornographic works have often been prosecuted, censored and destroyed by the authorities on grounds of obscenity. In Medieval England, erotic or pornographic publications were the concern of
9198-401: The first manga magazine in 1874: Eshinbun Nipponchi . The magazine was heavily influenced by Japan Punch , founded in 1862 by Charles Wirgman , a British cartoonist. Eshinbun Nipponchi had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. Eshinbun Nipponchi ended after three issues. The magazine Kisho Shimbun in 1875 was inspired by Eshinbun Nipponchi , which
9324-564: The first two, Hamtaro's owner is named Yukari while in the latter, her name is Amy. In Japan, Hamtaro aired three anime series, released four films, several specials, many video game/DVD releases, and merchandise. By 2002, the franchise had generated $ 2.5 billion in merchandise sales. The success was not paralleled in the United States, however, with only the first series, some special episodes, three video games (though two others were released in Europe), and limited merchandise. On 23 February 2011, it
9450-720: The following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues. The Pokémon manga Electric Tale of Pikachu issue #1 sold over 1 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling single comic book in the United States since 1993. By 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $ 175 million in annual sales. Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in The New York Times , Time magazine , The Wall Street Journal , and Wired magazine. As of 2017, manga distributor Viz Media
9576-450: The fourth century BC that is attributed to Philaenis of Samos have survived. Modern scholars generally regard it as a work of parody probably written by a man, and this was most likely Athenian sophist Polycrates . Other examples of the genre from the classical world include the lost works of Elephantis and Ovid 's Ars Amatoria . The Indian Kama Sutra is one of the world's best-known works of this type. The Ananga Ranga ,
9702-423: The front channel is moving down the front of your body down the midline. Breathing up the back channel and then breathing out from the front channel down to and from the abdomen moves chi. Many practices combined help chi to be transformed into spiritual energy or shen . Not all sex manuals were produced to arouse or inform readers about sexual acts. Some were created as a form of satire or social criticism, as in
9828-456: The grounds of obscenity . Because of this, much of the production of this type of material became clandestine . The oldest located love poem is Istanbul 2461 , an erotic monologue written by a female speaker directed to king Shu-Sin . In ancient Sumer, a whole cycle of poems revolved around the erotic lovemaking between the goddess Inanna and her consort Dumuzid the Shepherd . In
9954-455: The hero, as in Negima and Hanaukyo Maid Team , or groups of heavily armed female warriors ( sentō bishōjo ) By the turn of the 21st century, manga "achieved worldwide popularity". With the relaxation of censorship in Japan in the 1990s, an assortment of explicit sexual material appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly continued into the English translations. In 2010,
10080-632: The late 1950s and 1960s, partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism, and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga. In Japan, manga constituted an annual 40.6 billion yen (approximately US$ 395 million) publication-industry by 2007. In 2006 sales of manga books made up for about 27% of total book-sales, and sale of manga magazines, for 20% of total magazine-sales. The manga industry has expanded worldwide, where distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages. Marketeers primarily classify manga by
10206-403: The latter book were found not guilty by the court on the grounds of the literary merit of the book. In later prosecutions of literary erotica under the provisions of the act, however, even purely pornographic works with no apparent literary merit escaped destruction by the authorities. Purely textual pornographic texts, with no hint of libel , ceased to be brought to trial following the collapse of
10332-465: The law in both America and the UK. In the United Kingdom the Obscene Publications Act 1959 provided for the protection of "literature" but conversely increased the penalties against pure "pornography." The law defined obscenity and separated it from serious works of art. The new definition read: [A]n article shall be deemed to be obscene if its effect or (where the article comprises two or more distinct items)
10458-494: The legal presumption that it does not protect obscene literature has never been overcome. Instead, pornography has successfully been defined legally as non-obscene, or "obscene" been shown to be so vague a term as to be unenforceable. In 1998 Brian Dalton was charged with creation and possession of child pornography under an Ohio obscenity law. The stories were works of fiction concerning sexually abusing children which he wrote and kept, unpublished, in his private journal. He accepted
10584-534: The less romantic aspects of love such as sexual frustration or the sex act itself. Ezra Pound , in his Literary Essays , complained of Lawrence's interest in his own "disagreeable sensations" but praised him for his "low-life narrative". This is a reference to Lawrence's dialect poems akin to the Scots poems of Robert Burns , in which he reproduced the language and concerns of the people of Nottinghamshire from his youth. He called one collection of poems Pansies partly for
10710-592: The lives and manners of prostitutes and their customers in Ancient Greece . According to Athenaeus in The Deipnosophists these constituted a considerable genre, with many lubricious treatises, stories and dramas on the subject. A surviving example of this genre is Lucian of Samosata 's Dialogues of the Courtesans . Accounts of prostitution have continued as a major part of the genre of erotic literature. In
10836-474: The magazine) saw and decided to emulate. In 1924, Kodomo Pakku was launched as another children's manga magazine after Shōnen Pakku . During the boom, Poten (derived from the French "potin") was published in 1908. All the pages were in full color with influences from Tokyo Pakku and Osaka Puck . It is unknown if there were any more issues besides the first one. Kodomo Pakku was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art by many members of
10962-498: The manga artistry like Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji and Aso Yutaka. Some of the manga featured speech balloons , where other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent. Published from May 1935 to January 1941, Manga no Kuni coincided with the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Manga no Kuni featured information on becoming a mangaka and on other comics industries around
11088-399: The modified version of the jingle. Manga Manga ( 漫画 , IPA: [maŋga] ) are comics or graphic novels originating from Japan . Most manga conform to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century, and the form has a long history in earlier Japanese art . The term manga is used in Japan to refer to both comics and cartooning . Outside of Japan,
11214-422: The monthly manga magazine MixxZine . Mixx Entertainment, later renamed Tokyopop , also published manga in trade paperbacks and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics. During this period, Dark Horse Manga was a major publisher of translated manga. In addition to Oh My Goddess! , the company published Akira , Astro Boy , Berserk , Blade of
11340-493: The most notable being ReLIFE and Recovery of an MMO Junkie . By 2007, the influence of manga on international comics had grown considerably over the past two decades. "Influence" is used here to refer to effects on the comics markets outside Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally. Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from right to left . Some publishers of translated manga keep to this original format. Other publishers mirror
11466-703: The name XOY in Japan). Kakao has also had success by offering licensed manga and translated Korean webtoons with their service Piccoma . All three companies credit their success to the webtoon pay model where users can purchase each chapter individually instead of having to buy the whole book while also offering some chapters for free for a period of time allowing anyone to read a whole series for free if they wait long enough. The added benefit of having all of their titles in color and some with special animations and effects have also helped them succeed. Some popular Japanese webtoons have also gotten anime adaptations and print releases,
11592-518: The nation of Algeria ("DZ-manga"). The word "manga" comes from the Japanese word 漫画 ( katakana : マンガ ; hiragana : まんが ), composed of the two kanji 漫 (man) meaning "whimsical or impromptu" and 画 (ga) meaning "pictures". The same term is the root of the Korean word for comics, manhwa , and the Chinese word manhua . The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with
11718-497: The need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan. Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills. Japanese publishers began pursuing a U.S. market in the mid-1990s, due to a stagnation in the domestic market for manga. The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's Ghost in
11844-605: The original target of this law. In contrast to England, where actions against obscene literature were the preserve of the magistrates, such actions were the responsibility of the Postal Inspection Service in America. They were embodied in the federal and state Comstock laws and named after the postal officer and anti-obscenity crusader Anthony Comstock , who proved himself officious in the work of suppression both in his official capacity and through his New York Society for
11970-421: The pages horizontally before printing the translation, changing the reading direction to a more "Western" left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping". For the most part, criticism suggests that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then
12096-476: The poems attributed to Rochester were actually by other authors, his reputation as a libertine was such that his name was used as a selling point by publishers of collections of erotic verse for centuries after. One poem definitely by him was "A Ramble in St. James's Park ", in which the protagonist's quest for healthy exercise in the park uncovers instead "Bugg'ries, Rapes and Incest" on ground polluted by debauchery from
12222-431: The popularity of web manga to launch more series and also offer better distribution of their officially translated works under Kodansha Comics thanks in part to the titles being released digitally first before being published physically. The rise web manga has also been credited to smartphones and computers as more and more readers read manga on their phones rather than from a print publication. While paper manga has seen
12348-524: The publication of such works as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e artist Hokusai . Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense. In Japanese, "manga" refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, and animation. Among English speakers, "manga" has
12474-634: The publication of works such as Santō Kyōden 's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the Hokusai Manga books (1814–1834). Adam L. Kern has suggested that kibyoshi , picture books from the late 18th century, may have been the world's first comic books . These graphical narratives share with modern manga humorous, satirical, and romantic themes. Some works were mass-produced as serials using woodblock printing . However, Eastern comics are generally held separate from
12600-565: The sale of pornography presided over by the Lord Chief Justice , Lord Campbell , at the same time as a debate in the House of Lords over a bill aiming to restrict the sale of poisons. Campbell was taken by the analogy between the two situations, famously referring to the London pornography trade as "a sale of poison more deadly than prussic acid, strychnine or arsenic", and proposed a bill to restrict
12726-468: The sale of pornography; giving statutory powers of destruction would allow for a much more effective degree of prosecution. The bill was controversial at the time, receiving strong opposition from both Houses of Parliament . It was passed on the assurance by the Lord Chief Justice that it was "intended to apply exclusively to works written for the single purpose of corrupting the morals of youth and of
12852-564: The second worldwide market, behind Japan. In 2013, there were 41 publishers of manga in France and, together with other Asian comics, manga represented around 40% of new comics releases in the country, surpassing Franco-Belgian comics for the first time. European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Asuka, Casterman , Glénat , Kana , and Pika Édition , among others. European publishers also translate manga into Dutch, German, Italian, and other languages. In 2007, about 70% of all comics sold in Germany were manga. Since 2010
12978-500: The sex manual include the texts that contain the Taoist sexual practices . These include books that show illustrations of the ideal sexual behavior because sex in this religion is not considered taboo but a manifestation of the concept of the yin and yang , wherein the male and female engage in an act of "joining of energy" or "joining of essences". The belief is that proper sexual practice is key to achieving good health. The manuals included
13104-554: The simple ephemeral nature of the verse but also a pun on the French word panser , to dress or bandage a wound. "The Noble Englishman" and "Don't Look at Me" were removed from the official edition of Pansies on the grounds of obscenity; Lawrence felt wounded by this. From the age of 17, Gavin Ewart acquired a reputation for wit and accomplishment through such works as "Phallus in Wonderland" and "Poems and Songs", which appeared in 1939 and
13230-583: The solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls. In 1969, a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group , also known as Magnificent 24s ) made their shōjo manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for the year 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists). The group included Moto Hagio , Riyoko Ikeda , Yumiko Ōshima , Keiko Takemiya , and Ryoko Yamagishi . Thereafter, primarily female manga artists would draw shōjo for
13356-526: The stricter meaning of "Japanese comics", in parallel to the usage of " anime " in and outside Japan. The term " ani-manga " is used to describe comics produced from animation cels. Manga originated from emakimono (scrolls), Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga , dating back to the 12th century. During the Edo period (1603–1867), a book of drawings titled Toba Ehon further developed what would later be called manga. The word itself first came into common usage in 1798, with
13482-558: The superheroines, shōjo manga saw releases such as Pink Hanamori 's Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch , Reiko Yoshida 's Tokyo Mew Mew , and Naoko Takeuchi 's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon , which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats. Groups (or sentais ) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre. Like Lucia, Hanon, and Rina singing together, and Sailor Moon, Sailor Mercury, Sailor Mars, Sailor Jupiter, and Sailor Venus working together. Manga for male readers sub-divides according to
13608-469: The text. Although cultural disapproval of erotic literature has always existed, its circulation was not seen as a major problem before the invention of printing, as the costs of producing individual manuscripts limited distribution to a very small group of wealthy and literate readers. The invention of printing, in the 15th century, brought with it both a greater market and increasing restrictions, including censorship and legal restraints on publication on
13734-456: The time when "Ancient Pict began to Whore". This poem was being censored from collections of Rochester's poetry as late as 1953, though, in line with the subsequent general change in attitudes to sexuality, it was dramatised as a scene in the film The Libertine about his life, based on an existing play. English collections of erotic verse by various hands include the Drollery collections of
13860-531: The top three bookstore companies in the Philippines since their introduction in 2015. During the same year, Boys' Love manga have become a popular mainstream with Thai consumers, leading to television series adapted from BL manga stories since 2016. Manga piracy is an increasing problem in Asia which effects many publishers. This has led to the Japanese government taking legal action against multiple operators of pirate websites. Manga has influenced European cartooning in
13986-419: The top web manga sites in Japan. Some have even released apps that teach how to draw professional manga and learn how to create them. Weekly Shōnen Jump released Jump Paint , an app that guides users on how to make their own manga from making storyboards to digitally inking lines. It also offers more than 120 types of pen tips and more than 1,000 screentones for artists to practice. Kodansha has also used
14112-426: The way manga is created and consumed(although this is beginning to change). Despite this, one of the biggest webtoon publishers in the world, Comico , has had success in the traditional Japanese manga market. Comico was launched by NHN Japan , the Japanese subsidiary of Korean company, NHN Entertainment . As of now , there are only two webtoon publishers that publish Japanese webtoons: Comico and Naver Webtoon (under
14238-432: The will of the courts. While the Act itself did not change, the scope of the work affected by it did. In 1868 Sir Alexander Cockburn , Campbell's successor as Lord Chief Justice, held in an appeal that the test of obscenity was "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall." This
14364-401: The word is altered to "YAM"), who may be ignorant of how awkward it is to read comics when the eyes must flow through the pages and text in opposite directions, resulting in an experience that's quite distinct from reading something that flows homogeneously. If the translation is not adapted to the flipped artwork carefully enough it is also possible for the text to go against the picture, such as
14490-496: The word is typically used to refer to comics originally published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages and walks of life read manga. The medium includes works in a broad range of genres : action , adventure , business and commerce, comedy , detective , drama , historical , horror , mystery , romance , science fiction and fantasy , erotica ( hentai and ecchi ), sports and games, and suspense, among others. Many manga are translated into other languages. Since
14616-627: The world. Manga no Kuni handed its title to Sashie Manga Kenkyū in August 1940. Dōjinshi , produced by small publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market, resemble in their publishing small-press independently published comic books in the United States. Comiket , the largest comic book convention in the world with around 500,000 visitors gathering over three days, is devoted to dōjinshi . While they most often contain original stories, many are parodies of or include characters from popular manga and anime series. Some dōjinshi continue with
14742-416: The ¥600 billion mark for the first time in history, beating the 1995 peak due to a fast growth of the digital manga market which rose by ¥82.7 billion from a previous year, surpassing print manga sales which have also increased. While webtoons have caught on in popularity as a new medium for comics in Asia, Japan has been slow to adopt webtoons as the traditional format and print publication still dominate
14868-646: Was allowed to lapse in 1695 and no attempt made to renew it. The first conviction for obscenity in England occurred in 1727, when Edmund Curll was fined for the publication of Venus in the Cloister or The Nun in her Smock under the common law offence of disturbing the King's peace . This set a legal precedent for other convictions. The publication of other books by Curll, however, considered seditious and blasphemous, such as The Memoirs of John Ker , apparently most offended
14994-538: Was announced that Hamtaro would be receiving a series titled Trotting Hamtaro Dechu! . The Hamtaro franchise has multiple video game titles with independent storylines. These titles include adventure and educational games that can be found for PC, Game Boy Color , Game Boy Advance (GBA) , and the Nintendo DS consoles. NA: 23 September 2008 On 26 July 2020, a group of more than 2,000 protesters in Bangkok called
15120-455: Was clearly a major change from Campbell's opinion only ten years before – the test now being the effect on someone open to corruption who obtained a copy, not whether the material was intended to corrupt or offend. Cockburn's declaration remained in force for several decades, and most of the high profile seizures under the Act relied on this interpretation. Known as the Hicklin test no cognisance
15246-546: Was followed by Marumaru Chinbun in 1877, and then Garakuta Chinpo in 1879. Shōnen Sekai was the first shōnen magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami, a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. Shōnen Sekai had a strong focus on the First Sino-Japanese War . In 1905, the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the Russo-Japanese War , Tokyo Pakku was created and became
15372-467: Was his first collection. The intelligence and casually flamboyant virtuosity with which he framed his often humorous commentaries on human behaviour made his work invariably entertaining and interesting. The irreverent eroticism for which his poetry is noted resulted in W H Smith 's banning of his "The Pleasures of the Flesh" (1966) from their shops. Canadian poet John Glassco wrote Squire Hardman (1967),
15498-463: Was published anonymously in The Whippingham Papers ( c. 1888 ). Another notorious anonymous 19th-century poem on the same subject is The Rodiad , ascribed (seemingly falsely and in jest ) to George Colman the Younger . John Camden Hotten even wrote a pornographic comic opera, Lady Bumtickler's Revels , on the theme of flagellation in 1872. Pierre Louÿs helped found
15624-461: Was published in England in 1763, called An Essay on Woman . This included the title piece, an obscene parody of Alexander Pope 's " An Essay on Man "; "Veni Creator: or, The Maid's Prayer", which is original; the "Universal Prayer", an obscene parody of Pope's poem of the same name, and "The Dying Lover to his Prick", which parodies "A Dying Christian to his Soul" by Pope. These poems have been attributed to John Wilkes and/or Thomas Potter and receive
15750-400: Was taken of the literary merit of a book or on the extent of the offending text within the book in question. The widened scope of the original legislation led to the subsequent notorious targeting of now acknowledged classics of world literature by such authors as Zola , James Joyce and D.H. Lawrence plus medical textbooks by such as Havelock Ellis rather than the blatant erotica which was
15876-819: Was widely translated and the revelation of "padded rooms for the purpose of stifling the cries of the tortured victims of lust and brutality" and the symbolic figure of "The Minotaur of London" confirmed European observers worst imaginings about "Le Sadisme anglais" and inspired erotic writers to write of similar scenes set in London or involving sadistic English gentlemen. Such writers include D'Annunzio in Il Piacere , Paul-Jean Toulet in Monsieur de Paur (1898), Octave Mirbeau in Jardin des Supplices (1899) and Jean Lorrain in Monsieur de Phocas (1901). Well-known recent works in this genre are The Happy Hooker: My Own Story (1971) by
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