Belgium
65-490: Hamont-Achel ( Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦaːmɔnt ˈɑxəl] ; Limburgish : Haëmet-Achel ) is a city and municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg . It was founded in 1977 by a fusion of the city Hamont and the village Achel. On January 1, 2020, Hamont-Achel had a total population of 14.294. The total area is 43.66 km which gives a population density of 315 inhabitants per km. The municipality houses
130-555: A Limburgish dialect, for example during Carnival . Jack Poels writes most of his texts for Rowwen Hèze in Sevenums, a local dialect. To what degree Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001) 50% to 90% of
195-555: A considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as Flemish and Brabantic , serves as the standard language (or Dachsprache ) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache. Limburgish
260-749: A language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both sides of the Roman limes since at least the 4th century . During the High Middle Ages , the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around the city of Cologne , resulting in certain High German features being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian. In
325-592: A little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of Voeren . Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of Cleves , Viersen and Heinsberg , stretching out to the Rhine river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with
390-771: A more refined classification. Dutch linguists use the term Oost-Limburgs ( East Limburgish ) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian Voeren south of Maastricht in the Netherlands to the German border. For them, West-Limburgs ( West Limburgish ) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in Belgium in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around Hasselt and Tongeren . It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like Ool , Maria Hoop and Montfort ) and Dutch Brabant. The border of West-Limburgs and Oost-Limburgs starts
455-594: A population of 1.12 million as of January 2024. The modern borders of the province of Liège date from 1795, which saw the unification of the Principality of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège with the revolutionary French Department of the Ourthe (sometimes spelled Ourte). (Parts of the old Principality of Liège also went into new French départements Meuse-Inférieure , and Sambre-et-Meuse .) The province of Ourthe, as it
520-709: A result of the Treaty of Versailles , were absorbed into the province of Liège. In World War II , Liège was the site of major fighting during the Battle of the Bulge . There, the Germans orchestrated their final offensive move against the combined Allied armies. Malmedy and Saint-Vith in particular saw intense battles against the Nazis . Malmedy was the site of a Waffen-SS massacre of U.S. Army prisoners of war. Liège's heavy industry thrived in
585-518: A sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German, as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language which politically decouples Limburgish from Dutch in the eyes of the Dutch government. Limburgish developed from Old East Low Franconian , which had evolved itself from earlier Weser–Rhine Germanic ,
650-525: A specific Limburgish dialect. In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003 the Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish. On the basis of this standard orthography
715-539: A third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye" ["good day"]). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word [biː˦˨] biè which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with [biː˦˨˧] biẽ , which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in Central Franconian dialects spoken to
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#1733085937531780-651: A total of 84 municipalities. The Province of Liège is divided into four administrative arrondissements: Municipalities that have city status have a (city) behind their name. Nine municipalities of Liège form the German-speaking Community of Belgium . From north to south they are: Kelmis (43), Lontzen (48), Raeren (60), Eupen (27), Bütgenbach (17), Büllingen (14), Amel (2), Sankt Vith (64), and Burg-Reuland (16) municipalities. Malmedy (49) and Waimes (80) are municipalities with language facilities for German speakers. The other municipalities of Liège are part of
845-537: Is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the Rhine) are unambiguously Low Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with
910-489: Is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called tussentaal ("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined. In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as a regional language (Dutch: streektaal ) in the Netherlands . As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of
975-466: Is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous varieties instead of one single standard form . Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL ( Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs , "Generally written Limburgish") was developed and proposed, but found too little support. Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in
1040-462: Is realized as [oə] before alveolar consonants. /eɪ/ can be realized as [eə] or [ejə] . In the dialect of Geleen , /eː/ is realized as [iɛ] and /oː/ as [ɔː] . In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel /aː/ in Dutch cognates is most of the time realized as [ɒː] , as in nao ("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are na [naː] and naar [naːr] . In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects,
1105-606: Is shared with the adjacent Central Franconian dialects of German. The name Limburgish (and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of Limbourg ( Laeboer in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the Duchy of Limburg during the Middle Ages . More directly it is derived from the more modern name of the Province of Limburg (1815–39) in the Kingdom of
1170-447: Is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in Dutch and Belgian Limburg, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life. Within the modern communities of these provinces, intermediate idiolects are also very common, which combine standard Dutch with the accent and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch"
1235-701: Is the easternmost province of the Wallonia region of Belgium . Liège Province is the only Belgian province that has borders with three countries. It borders (clockwise from the north) the Dutch province of Limburg , the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate , the Luxembourgish canton of Clervaux , the Belgian Walloon (French-speaking) provinces of Luxembourg , Namur and Walloon Brabant and
1300-408: Is the only one with both forms ik and mich/dich . All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are Kleverlandish in linguistic respect. The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of North Brabant (i.e. in and around Budel and Maarheeze ) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and
1365-541: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . However, some linguists have argued that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on sociolinguistic than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the Dutch Language Union , the de facto language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed the recognition. From the Limburgish side it has been argued that
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#17330859375311430-569: The German advance through Belgium , giving time to construct trenches in Flanders which subsequently saw some of the worst fighting of that war. It also saw some of the war's worst civilian casualties as the Imperial German Army performed collective punishments against local villagers for acts of resistance. In 1925 the East Cantons and Neutral Moresnet , that had become part of Belgium as
1495-688: The Kingdom of Prussia . Liège University scholars helped to write the new Dutch constitution after the Napoleonic Wars . Despite these contributions there was a widespread perception among the people of Liège that they were discriminated against by the Dutch government due to religious and language differences. In September 1830, rumors spread of a revolt in Brussels to expel the Dutch. Liège intellectuals responded to these events by contacting Walloon scholars living in Paris to discuss Belgian independence. A militia
1560-534: The Rhenish Fan . Sometimes it is also called a variety of Meuse-Rhenish , especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian, together with the Ripuarian varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer Heinrich von Veldeke is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology. From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed
1625-569: The Trappist Abbey of Achel , part of which is Brouwerij de Achelse Kluis , one of the 11 Trappist breweries . The professional tennis player Elise Mertens lives in Hamont-Achel. On 18 November 1918, the municipality was the site of one of the worst train explosions in history, when two German munitions trains caught fire and exploded. Not only were the trains destroyed, but three German ambulance trains were also wiped out, along with most of
1690-399: The 1950s and 1960s but has been in decline since that time. Nevertheless, Liège remains the last city of Wallonia to maintain a functioning steel industry. Liège continues to be the economic and cultural capital of Wallonia, with its university, medieval heritage and heavy industry . [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province
1755-547: The Belgian Flemish (Dutch-speaking) provinces of Flemish Brabant and Limburg . Part of the eastern-most area of the province, bordering Germany , is the German-speaking region of Eupen-Malmedy , which became part of Belgium in the aftermath of World War I . The capital and the largest city of the province is the city of the same name, Liège . The province has an area of 3,857 km (1,489 sq mi), and
1820-469: The Belgian Limburgish dialect of Borgloon , the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of Tongeren and Hasselt . Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both
1885-535: The Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of Flemish Brabant , the North-East of Liège as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in a Limburgian-Ripuarian context. Regardless of the exact definition used, the term Limburgish itself is specific to the Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of
1950-484: The Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition. Because in Belgium political power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State. Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are: The Limburgish group belongs to
2015-568: The Cleves dialects ( Kleverländisch ). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called Meuse-Rhenish ( Rheinmaasländisch ). Both Limburgish and Low Rhenish belong to this greater Meuse - Rhine area, building a large group of Low Franconian dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern Rhineland . The northwestern part of this triangle came under
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2080-889: The Continental West Germanic dialect continuum . As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as Mönchengladbach , Krefeld , and Düsseldorf have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside
2145-512: The Dutch border to the Bergisches Land Region near Düsseldorf east of the Rhine ). Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects: There is no standardized form of Limburgish, nor is there an official standard spelling for the individual Limburgish dialects. The dialect association Veldeke Limburg developed an advisory spelling in 2003 that is endorsed by the Limburgish Language Council and aims at uniformly representing all
2210-630: The Limburgish Academy Foundation ( Stiechting Limbörgse Academie ) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries. Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the Low Countries and by many hundreds of thousands in Germany . It is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on
2275-459: The Middle Dutch period. The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the Duchy of Brabant extended its power, which resulted in a marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to Genk ) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants. Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has
2340-483: The Netherlands , which has been split today into a Belgian Limburg and a Dutch Limburg . In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of Limburgish is first attested at the close of the 19th century. People from Limburg usually call their language plat , similar as Low German speakers do. This plat refers simply to
2405-517: The North in the Dutch province of Limburg . These dialects share many features with both the Kleverlandish and Brabantian dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term Noord-Limburgs is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality,
2470-626: The Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the High German consonant shift except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001). South Low Franconian ( Südniederfränkisch , Zuidnederfrankisch ) is the term used by dialectologists in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to describe the dialect group that encompasses the Limburgish varieties of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, and also the closely related dialects in adjacent areas in Belgium (e.g. Eupen in Liège Province ) and Germany (stretching from
2535-458: The adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun gij is here used instead of doe , as in "purely" Brabantian dialects. Centraal-Limburgs ( Central Limburgish ) includes the area around Maastricht , Sittard , Roermond , the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian Voeren area, and stretches further Northeast. Belgian linguists use
2600-1170: The area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as Kleverlandish or Ripuarian. A few sample dialects are: Dremmener Platt of Dremmen near Heinsberg , Breyellsch Platt of Breyell in Nettetal , Jlabbacher Platt of central Mönchengladbach , Jriefrother Platt of Grefrath , Viersener Platt of Viersen , Föschelner Platt of Fischeln in Krefeld, Krieewelsch of central Krefeld , Ödingsch of Uerdingen in Krefeld , Düsseldorver Platt of northern and central Düsseldorf , Rotinger Platt of Ratingen , Wülfrother Platt of Wülfrath , Metmannsch Platt of Mettmann , Solinger Platt of Solingen , Remscheder Platt of Remscheid , and many more. The group combines Low Franconian properties with some Ripuarian properties, such as tonal accents,
2665-401: The arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the dominance of the Dutch language. On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in the Netherlands, failed in
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2730-491: The consonant clusters sp , st , sl , sm , sn and zw . The same sound is realized as [ s ] elsewhere (e.g. sjtraot / straot , "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt. The diphthongs /iə ø eɪ æɪ uɪ ɔɪ aɪ ou/ occur, as well as combinations of /uː ɔː ɑː/ + /j/ . /aɪ/ only occurs in French loanwords and interjections . /ou/
2795-437: The dialect of Maasbracht no diphthongization takes place, so keze means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp. Other examples include plural Li%C3%A8ge Province Liège ( French: [ljɛʒ] ; Walloon : Lîdje [liːtʃ] ; Dutch : Luik [lœyk] ; German : Lüttich [ˈlʏtɪç] )
2860-466: The differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and the presence of Ingvaeonic features ) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of High German features in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of
2925-489: The fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in " High German ", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with the platteland (Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions. The term Limburgish can refer to all varieties spoken within either
2990-432: The formation of, Standard Dutch . In the Dutch province of Limburg , all dialects have been given regional language status, including those comprising ″Limburgish″ as used in this article. Limburgish shares many vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both German and Dutch . A characteristic feature of many dialects of Limburgish is the occurrence of a lexical pitch accent ( Franconian tone accent ), which
3055-539: The influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the Kingdom of Prussia , and was subject to High German language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders. The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish
3120-415: The inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as Limburgish . In German linguistic discourse too, the term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use Southern Low Franconian (German: Südniederfränkisch ) to refer to
3185-452: The language north of this region then being considered Kleverlandish . The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of Arcen and Horst aan de Maas and just above the meej/mich isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the meej/mich isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect
3250-415: The local and regional radio. According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children. Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings. Hendrik van Veldeke wrote in a Middle Limburgish dialect. Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in
3315-402: The other. With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as sjtoettoen ("push tone") and sjleiptoen ("dragging tone"). For example, [daːx˦˨˧] daãg with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects [daːx˦˨] daàg with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition, [daːx] can also be articulated in a neutral tone as
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#17330859375313380-452: The past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as West Central German , part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian. The traditional terminology can be confusing as
3445-439: The phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and dragging tone seem to be mora -bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters. Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the mid and high vowels tend to diphthongize when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard keize means "to choose" while in
3510-411: The population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation. Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations. In Belgium, the Limburgish dialects are generally considered to be more endangered than in the Netherlands. Since Limburgish
3575-490: The pronoun "I" translates as ech or iech , the word "but" most often as awwer , all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as tied , "to have" mostly as hebbe , "today" as vandag , all typical for Low Franconian. Noord-Limburgs (also called ik-Limburgs ) is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the Uerdingen line , i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to
3640-426: The rounded front vowels /y, yː, ø, øː, œ, œː, œy/ are unrounded to /i, iː, ɪ, eː, ɛ ~ æ, ɛː, ɛi/ in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as dzjuus /dʒys/ . The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single lexeme and minimal tone pairs one from
3705-450: The same dialect grouping. The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of Middle Dutch , although this is not considered to be a homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language. German and French dialectology considers Limburgish part of
3770-507: The sounds that occur within the Limburgish dialects in writing. Although this spelling also does not have official status, it is used within this dialect association as well as for the spelling of bilingual place name signs. The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort. Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to Peter Ladefoged ,
3835-801: The southeast of Limburgish. Other Indo-European pitch accent languages that use tone contours to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include Lithuanian , Latvian , Swedish , Norwegian , Standard Slovene (only some speakers), and Serbo-Croatian . This feature is comparable to tone systems as found e.g. in Chinese or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distinctions when compared to Limburgish. Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be reconstructed for Proto Indo-European , it
3900-466: The town. More than 1,000 individuals were killed. Limburgish language Germany Limburgish ( Limburgish : Limburgs [ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs] or Lèmburgs [ˈlɛm˦-] ; Dutch : Limburgs [ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)xs] ; also Limburgian , Limburgic or Limburgan ) refers to a group of South Low Franconian varieties spoken in Belgium and the Netherlands , characterized by their distance to, and limited participation in
3965-413: The vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs. In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of Panningen —for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen— [ ʃ ] appears at the beginning of words in
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#17330859375314030-506: Was 31.6 billion € in 2018, accounting for 6.9% of Belgium's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 25,200 € or 84% of the EU27 average in the same year. GDP per person employed was 108% of the EU27 average. The province has an area of 3,857 square kilometres (1,489 sq mi), which is divided into four administrative districts ( arrondissements in French ) containing
4095-571: Was completely lost in Proto-Germanic . Its reemergence in Limburgish (and Central Franconian ) was phonetically triggered by vowel height , vowel length , and voicing of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of schwa in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and merger of vowels that had been distinct before. It has been proven by speech analysis that in
4160-612: Was formed to press these demands led by Charlier "Wooden Leg" leading (eventually) to the formation of an independent Kingdom of Belgium . In the 19th century, the province was an early center of the Industrial Revolution . Its rich coal deposits and steel factories helped Belgium to form the basis of the region's increasing economic power. During the 20th century, due to Liège's borders with Germany, it saw fierce fighting in both World Wars. In World War I , Liège's strong line of reinforced concrete military forts temporarily halted
4225-524: Was known then, was under French control during the reign of Napoleon , who visited the city during one of his campaigns. Napoleon ordered the destruction of its vineyards in order to prevent the Liège wine industry from competing with those elsewhere in France . Following Napoleon's fall from power in 1815, Liège became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , while eastern half of modern Verviers became part of
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