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68-402: Hamburgo Velho (originally Hamburguer Berg ) is considered the historical district of Novo Hamburgo , Brazil . 29°40′29″S 51°06′40″W  /  29.6748°S 51.1112°W  / -29.6748; -51.1112 This geographical article relating to Rio Grande do Sul is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Novo Hamburgo Consolidated by German immigrants,

136-529: A suppository , injected intramuscularly , injected intravenously , applied to the skin topically , or through eye drops . Improvements in pain last up to eight hours. It is also available as the fixed-dose combination diclofenac/misoprostol (Arthrotec) to help protect the stomach. Common side effects include abdominal pain , gastrointestinal bleeding , nausea, dizziness, headache, and swelling. Serious side effects may include heart disease , stroke , kidney problems , and stomach ulceration . Use

204-562: A constitutional basis and allowing for the nomination of a temporary mayor. The document gave a maximum period of two months to hold an election for mayor and councillors. Jacob Kroeff Netto was named the first Provisional Mayor of Novo Hamburgo by Borges, under decree number 3820. Novo Hamburgo is part of the River Sinos basin . The city is divided into four basins, formed by Pampa creek, Cerquinho creek, Luiz Rau creek and Gauchinha creek. As well as these, there are several creeks that flow into

272-711: A crowded country like India, whereas vultures' digestive systems safely destroy many species of such pathogens. Vultures are long-lived and slow to breed. They start breeding only at the age of six and only 50% of their young survive. Even if the government ban is fully implemented, it will take many years to revive the vulture population. The loss of vultures has had a social impact on the Indian Zoroastrian Parsi community , who traditionally use vultures to dispose of human corpses in Towers of Silence , but are now compelled to seek alternative methods of disposal. Despite

340-465: A group of men to create a committee with the goal of achieving emancipation for the district. These men were: Jacob Kroeff Neto , Pedro Adams Filho , Leopodo Petry , André Klipp, Julius Kunz, José João Carlos Martins and Carlos Dienstbach. On three occasions letters sent to the São Leopoldo council requesting emancipation were denied. Faced with this rejection the group decided to send the request to

408-473: A host of other activities. Also in Lomba Grande that are harvested without pesticides the horticultural trade shows that cater to the rural producer in some properties of family farms and cooperatives produce colonial products and integrals. There are restaurants offering food fresh from the colonial neighborhood itself. The neighborhood also has many cultural attractions such as churches , cemeteries and

476-469: A meta-analysis of papers and reports up to April 2006 suggesting a relative increased rate of heart disease of 1.63 compared to nonusers. Professor Peter Weissberg, medical director of the British Heart Foundation said, "However, the increased risk is small, and many patients with chronic debilitating pain may well feel that this small risk is worth taking to relieve their symptoms". Only aspirin

544-463: A prescription. Use of diclofenac for animals is controversial due to toxicity when eaten by scavenging birds that eat dead animals; the medication has been banned for veterinary use in several countries. Use of diclofenac in animals has been reported to have led to a sharp decline in the vulture population in the Indian subcontinent – a 95% decline by 2003 and a 99.9% decline by 2008. The mechanism

612-422: A roadmap that includes visits to artists. The German craftsmen eventually started to manufacture shoes and machinery on a large scale and in the 1960s began to export goods, a process that transformed the city into a magnet for internal immigrants from impoverished areas around the state and the country. This caused significant demographic growth that was not accompanied by the infrastructure needed to accommodate

680-540: A scenic corridor of Brazilian cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul with heavy Germanic influence. Other cities on the corridor are São Leopoldo , Estância Velha , Ivoti , Dois Irmãos , Morro Reuter , Santa Maria do Herval , Presidente Lucena , Picada Café , Nova Petrópolis , Gramado , Canela and São Francisco de Paula . In the historical centre which is located in the Hamburgo Velho neighbourhood, there are still some half-timbered buildings constructed in

748-416: A study including coxib, diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen . Upper gastrointestinal complications were also reported. Major adverse cardiovascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 patients allocated to diclofenac for a year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death

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816-399: A year, three more had major vascular events, one of which was fatal. Vascular death was increased by diclofenac (1·65). Following the identification of increased risks of heart attacks with the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib in 2004, attention has focused on all the other members of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug group, including diclofenac. Research results are mixed, with

884-597: Is 19 °C (66 °F). Novo Hamburgo is most famous for its footwear industry. The footwear manufacturing industry came about quite quickly, and led to Novo Hamburgo being recognized as the Capital of Brazilian Footwear. The city also has industries in the area of pharmacy, cosmetics, furniture, food, appliances, clothing, graphic art, electronics, chemical and constructions. This industry also spread into neighboring towns, with many tanneries, chemical plants and shoe component factories being opened. One example of this industry

952-699: Is affectionately known as the Anilado among fans. The club disputes mainly the Campeonato Gaúcho , but it has competed regularly in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série D . The club was founded on 1 May 1911 by a group of employees of the extinct Adams shoe factory. Since then, the Hamburguenses could watch in the victories of team the Santa Rosa Stadium. The stadium was sold in 2005, and a new stadium

1020-703: Is estimated that about 80% of Brazilian exports of shoes come out of Rio Grande do Sul , with Novo Hamburgo being the center of these operations. Novo Hamburgo has developed a complete infrastructure for production, marketing and trading of footwear, and now has the largest movement of containers in Brazil. The export of shoes is currently worth about two billion dollars. Novo Hamburgo is the largest commercial area of Sinos River Valley , with more than 5,500 outlets, including major Brazilian chain stores such as Magazine Luiza, Lojas Renner , C&A , Lojas Americanas , Casas Bahia , Ponto Frio , Lojas Colombo and Delta Sul. In

1088-520: Is expected to be completed 2013. This project includes the construction of an additional 9.3 kilometres and four new stations: Rio dos Sinos, in the municipality of São Leopoldo , Liberdade, Fenac and Novo Hamburgo, in the city of Novo Hamburgo. Fenac Diclofenac , sold under the brand name Voltaren among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat pain and inflammatory diseases such as gout . It can be taken orally (swallowed by mouth), inserted rectally as

1156-558: Is increased significantly by diclofenac. In October 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the prescription label to be updated for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to describe the risk of kidney problems in fetuses that result in low amniotic fluid. In 2013, a study found major vascular events were increased by about a third by diclofenac, chiefly due to an increase in major coronary events. Compared with placebo, of 1000 people allocated to diclofenac for

1224-507: Is not recommended in the third trimester of pregnancy . It is likely safe during breastfeeding . Diclofenac is believed to work by decreasing the production of prostaglandins , like other drugs in this class. In 2022, it was the 51st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 12   million prescriptions. It is available as its acid or in two salts, as either diclofenac sodium or potassium. Diclofenac

1292-618: Is presumed to be kidney failure ; however, toxicity may be due to direct inhibition of uric acid secretion in vultures. Vultures eat the carcasses of livestock that have been administered veterinary diclofenac, and are poisoned by the accumulated chemical, as vultures do not have a particular enzyme to break down diclofenac. At a meeting of the National Wildlife Board in March 2005, the Government of India announced it intended to phase out

1360-940: Is recognized by the City Master Plan as an area of historical and cultural interest. The downtown area has landmarks such as the Monument to the Shoemaker , Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis Gonzaga , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of the Ascension , both historical constructions of the 1950s. The latter follows the Gothic style, with pure forms of the original Gothic architecture. There are also dozens of eclectic houses distributed among this historical area, but these are not officially recognized. The city also presents some interesting examples of modernism, especially residences built in

1428-586: Is the National Fair of Shoes held annually in Fenac. This fair was started locally in 1963 held in a small neighbourhood convention centre. Today, Fenac is not only home to this fair but also other related fairs such as Fimec (footwear machines exhibition), and Courovisão Ecovisão (Leather Fair). A new Industrial District is being planned in the area of Lomba Grande , however some locals have voiced concerns that this construction may have environmental implications. It

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1496-709: Is the largest newspaper in the region, one of the largest published in the state and the largest newspaper in Brazil outside a major metropolitan area, by number of subscribers. Jornal NH is part of Grupo Sinos, a conglomerate of regional newspapers, magazines, radio and digital content. The first broadcast in Novo Hamburgo was Radio Hamburguense Progresso in 1948, directed by Milton Vergara Corrêa. The city currently has 4 radio stations, all in FM: ABC 103.3 FM, União FM 105.3, Alegria FM 92.9, 88.7 FM and Felicidade FM 90.3. The city has two local TV channels, both broadcast by cable by

1564-661: Is the most potent NSAID on a broad basis. Marked differences exist among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in their selective inhibition of the two subtypes of cyclooxygenase, COX-1, and COX-2. Drug developers have focused on selective COX-2 inhibition, particularly as a way to minimize the gastrointestinal side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In practice, the use of some COX-2 inhibitors with their adverse effects has led to massive numbers of lawsuits alleging wrongful death by heart attack , yet other significantly COX-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac, have been well tolerated by most of

1632-688: Is the neoclassical building of the Ernesto Frederico Scheffel Foundation . There is a "historic-cultural street" called Rua General Osório, along which there are dozens of historic buildings from various periods. Notable buildings along this street are the St. Catherine College , the building of the former Frohsin Society , designed by the German architect Theo Wiederspahn, the homes of the families Richter, Klein, Momberger, Snel, and Grunner, This street

1700-496: Is used to treat pain related to arthritis , dysmenorrhea , rheumatic diseases and other inflammatory disorders , kidney stones and gallstones . An additional indication is the treatment of acute migraines . Diclofenac is used to treat mild to moderate postoperative or post-traumatic pain, in particular when inflammation is also present. Diclofenac ophthalmic is indicated for the treatment of postoperative inflammation in people who have undergone cataract extraction and for

1768-473: The Claro operator: Vale TV and TV Feevale. Vale TV is a community TV channel available in Novo Hamburgo and neighboring cities that airs programming produced locally in the city. TV Feevale is a TV channel belonging to Feevale University . It is a local affiliate of Futura that broadcasts primarily educational programming, in addition to local news. Esporte Clube Novo Hamburgo is major football team in town. It

1836-408: The turkey vulture , can tolerate at least 100 times the level of diclofenac that is lethal to Gyps species. "The loss of tens of millions of vultures over the last decade has had major ecological consequences across the Indian subcontinent that pose a potential threat to human health. In many places, populations of feral dogs have increased sharply from the disappearance of Gyps vultures as

1904-505: The "Use of the nonselective NSAID diclofenac and the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death ( odds ratio , 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.62 to 2.42; and odds ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.59, respectively), with a dose-dependent increase in risk." Diclofenac is similar in COX-2 selectivity to celecoxib . As with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,

1972-675: The Church Nossa Senhora da Piedade in Hamburgo Velho . In 1914, the Priest Benedict Meienhofer organized the opening of a Catholic school for boys, which was called St. Jacob's college. In 1927, the year when Novo Hamburgo was emancipated, there were seven state schools in the city, with a total of 374 students, one state school with 72 students and six private schools with 478 students. In 1930 there were eight state schools, six city run schools and eight private schools, with

2040-491: The Culture Department of Novo Hamburgo, has a capacity for approximately 490 people. Paranóia Productions has a school in the theatre trains local actors. The school has sent students to the biggest cities of the country to work inplays and shows. The Feevale University inaugurated on 20 September 2011 the largest theatre in the state of Rio Grande do Sul with a capacity to 1,805 spectators in Novo Hamburgo. The theatre

2108-572: The Hemp Linen factory, then owned by the municipality of São Leopoldo . Today provides one of the main points of visiting the city, where the natural attractions of the neighborhood next to developments designed for leisure and tourism attracts many tourists. They are horse racing , recreational sites, resorts , environmental education center, allowing tourists to enjoy outdoor activities such as horseback riding, adventure tourism , contact with animals, recreation, swimming pools , mountain biking , among

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2176-507: The United States, 1% diclofenac gel was approved by the FDA in 2007 as a prescription drug for the temporary relief of the pain of osteoarthritis of joints in the hands, knees, and feet. In 2020, the FDA approved the gel formulation for nonprescription use. In January 2015, diclofenac oral preparations were reclassified as prescription-only medicines in the UK. The topical preparations are available without

2244-572: The anterior part of the eyes (such as postoperative states). The eye drops have also been used to manage pain for traumatic corneal abrasion . Diclofenac is often used to treat chronic pain associated with cancer , especially if inflammation is present. Diclofenac is contraindicated for pregnant women; for people with active stomach and/or duodenal ulceration or gastrointestinal bleeding ; and for people undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery . Diclofenac consumption has been associated with significantly increased vascular and coronary risk in

2312-431: The associated leather goods supply chain. The area of the city was first settled by Portuguese immigrants in the mid 18th century, but it would grow to the status of village only with the arrival of the first German immigrants in 1824. At that time, Novo Hamburgo was part of São Leopoldo , the cradle of German immigration in Brazil. The Germans established a prosperous agricultural colony and eventually started to supply

2380-475: The city was named after Hamburg , Germany. Novo Hamburgo's population is still predominantly of German descent. In the 1980s, Novo Hamburgo received the nickname of "the national capital of shoes", attracting many athletes, tracks and companies connected to the sport. Nowadays, the city is the industrial centre of the Sinos River Valley , the economy of which is based mainly on the manufacture of shoes and

2448-399: The city, it is also possible to practice or attend games and competitions in tennis, volleyball, punhobol, futsal, archery, handball, bicycle motocross, among other activities. The history of the railways of Rio Grande do Sul date back to 1866 with proposals for construction in the Sinos River Valley region. On 14 April 1874, the first train track between Porto Alegre and São Leopoldo

2516-550: The gills, kidneys and liver. Diclofenac is used for livestock; such use was responsible for the Indian vulture crisis , during which in a few years 95% of the country's vulture population was killed, and in many countries, agricultural use is now forbidden. Diclofenac is approved as a veterinary medication in some countries for the treatment of pets as well as in livestock. In some species of birds, diclofenac causes accumulation of uric acid crystals in internal organs—especially

2584-430: The main scavenger of wild and domestic ungulate carcasses. Associated with the rise in dog numbers is an increased risk of rabies " and casualties of almost 50,000 people. The Government of India cites this as one of the major consequences of a vulture species extinction. A major shift in the transfer of corpse pathogens from vultures to feral dogs and rats could lead to a disease pandemic, causing millions of deaths in

2652-515: The newspaper to defend the interests of the city. The 5 Abril newspapers were published weekly in Portuguese, but with advertising in German. The newspaper lasted 35 years, completing 1811 editions. There were four pages per issue and 200 to 300 copies were distributed each week. These were significant numbers for the period, given that the German language was predominant among the 8,500 inhabitants. Over

2720-466: The next 30 to 50 years, there were several newspapers that began publishing in Novo Hamburgo such as: The development of " gaúcho " journalism generated opportunities for the creation of new newspapers in such as the Jornal SL in 1957 in São Leopoldo and Jornal NH , in 1960 in Novo Hamburgo. Today, with more than 250,000 inhabitants, Novo Hamburgo is the seventh most populated city in the state. Jornal NH

2788-734: The number of deaths would be quite small. A paper published in 2021 identified the first authenticated death of a vulture from diclofenac in Spain, a cinereous vulture . Diclofenac is on the European Union's watch list because it pollutes the Baltic Sea. When the substance enters freshwater, it has an environmental impact and is considered more difficult to remove in wastewater treatment plants than, for example, ibuprofen. Harmful residues have been found in blue mussels and fish, among others, where it has been found to cause damage to internal organs such as

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2856-534: The original name in 1920 and Hamburguer Berg received its current name of Hamburgo Velho . In 1964, the Novo Hamburgo to Taquara line was closed, leaving Novo Hamburgo station as the end point of the line. In late 1966, the rest of section, Rio dos Sinos to Novo Hamburgo stations was abolished and the station was deactivated. In 2008 the Federal government authorized the expansion of Porto Alegre Metro train services to Novo Hamburgo. The works started in early 2009 and

2924-521: The period 1950–1960. It is the Rural District of Novo Hamburgo, occupied an area of 156 square kilometers, making a total of two thirds of the municipal area. It is considered environmentally protected area where the wetlands of the Sinos River is very important for the preservation of the ecosystem, both fauna as flora . Lomba Grande also received the first German immigrants who settled in

2992-484: The population. Besides the COX-inhibition, several other molecular targets of diclofenac possibly contributing to its pain-relieving actions have recently been identified. These include: The duration of action (i.e., duration of pain relief) of a single dose is longer (6 to 8  h ) than the drug's 1.2–2 h half-life. This could be partly because it persists for over 11 hours in synovial fluids . Diclofenac

3060-498: The primary mechanism responsible for its anti-inflammatory , antipyretic and analgesic action is thought to be inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis through COX -inhibition. The main target in the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis appears to be the transiently expressed prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGES-2), also known as cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2). That is, diclofenac is partially selective for COX-2. The reported selectivity for COX-2 varies from 1.5 to 30 depending on

3128-399: The railway station. Only in 1882 the Novo Hamburgo station was connected at the village which was named as Hamburguer Berg, this line eventually was extended to Canela in 1922. In 1919, the Novo Hamburgo station was renamed Borges de Medeiros, reflecting the anti-German sentiment caused by Great War and also Hamburg Berg was renamed Genuine Sampaio. However, Novo Hamburgo station returned to

3196-457: The recently arrived population; favelas then formed. Today's Novo Hamburgo depends heavily upon shoe exports, although it diversified its industrial and commercial base in the early 1990s. In 1918 the first newspaper called the Monoclo was registered and circulated, the paper was directed by Arnaldo Mayer and distributed on Saturdays. This newspaper had a short life, lasting only nine issues. This

3264-469: The rest of Brazil in its run to industrialization . The city was made the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Hamburgo in 1980. In the mid-1920s, Novo Hamburgo was a sub district of São Leopoldo . At this time, the shoe industry was in full swing and there was an intense expansion of trade and an abundance of work for the service providers in the region. In 1924 this expansion prompted

3332-587: The same technique, as the Community Schmitt-Presser Museum (first exemplary technique protected by IPHAN in Brazil). There are also the works of the German architect Ernst Seubert, some of his known buildings are the Church of Reis Magos (IECLB), the Church of Our Lady of Mercy , Bakery Reiss ("Padaria Reiss"), Schmitt House ("Casa Rosa") and Municipal Public Library Machado De Assis . Also noteworthy

3400-468: The shopping district there are four large supermarkets ( Wal-Mart , recently sold by the parent multinational and now under different ownership), Carrefour , Bourbon ( Zaffari ) and Hiper Rissul. There are two malls in this city: Bourbon Shopping Novo Hamburgo and i-Fashion Outlet. Example of the service industry are cargo agents, brokers, export agents, trading companies as well as the presence of important banks. The Paschoal Charlemagne Theatre located at

3468-565: The sodium salt of diclofenac. In the United Kingdom, Voltarol can be supplied with either the sodium salt or the potassium salt, while Cataflam, sold in some other countries, is the potassium salt only. However, Voltarol Emulgel contains diclofenac diethylammonium 1.16%, being equivalent to 1% sodium salt. In 2016, Voltarol was one of the biggest selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £39.3 million. In

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3536-422: The source. The drug may be bacteriostatic via inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis. Diclofenac has a relatively high lipid solubility, making it one of the few nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are able to enter the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier . As in the rest of the body, it is thought to exert its effect in the brain through inhibition of COX-2. In addition, it may have effects inside

3604-414: The spinal cord. Diclofenac may be a unique member of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in other aspects. Some evidence indicates it inhibits the lipoxygenase pathways, thus reducing the formation of leukotrienes (also pro-inflammatory autacoids ). It also may inhibit phospholipase A2 , which may be relevant to its mechanism of action. These additional actions may explain its high potency – it

3672-427: The state government. The governor at that time was Borges de Medeiros who subsequently asked the commission to submit a formal application including voter signatures requesting emancipation. Three years later on the 5 April 1927, Borges de Medeiros signed decree number 3818, known as "The order Gold" creating the municipality Novo Hamburgo. On the same day decree number 3819 was signed creating an administration with

3740-474: The state's main urban centers at that time with food. Some of the immigrants also brought handicraft skills, valuable for a self-sufficient, isolated economy, as the valley and the state were at that time. In Novo Hamburgo, the first urban agglomeration appeared around the Hamburger Berg, circa 1870, where there was a little commerce. The city was emancipated from São Leopoldo on 5 April 1927, and soon joined

3808-511: The student population rising to 1,477. The Vargas Era (1930–1945) represented a significant advance in Brazilian education. This educational revolution also had an impact in Novo Hamburgo. In 1943, the city schools had grown to a total of 35, with a total of 3668 students. The main educational institutions in Novo Hamburgo today are: Novo Hamburgo is one of 13 cities on the Rota Romântica ,

3876-451: The temporary relief of pain and photophobia in people undergoing corneal refractive surgery. Diclofenac is also available in topical forms and is useful for osteoarthritis but not other types of long-term musculoskeletal pain. Diclofenac may also help with actinic keratosis and with acute pain caused by minor strains, sprains and contusions . In many countries, eye drops are sold to treat acute and chronic nonbacterial inflammation of

3944-548: The time had no interest in investing in education and therefore would not release funds to the different provinces. In 1833 there were only two public schools, in 1866 a school for girls was founded by a group of Nuns – The Engel Sisters located in the Hamburgo Velho neighborhood. which would become a "Fundação Evangélica" (Evangelic Foundation). The creation of this school was a big step for women's education, although still largely focused on traditional values such as child rearing and home care. The first Catholic school created in

4012-549: The town was Santa Catarina college founded on the 10 June 1900 by the Sisters Maria Romualda Flash and Maria Julitta Schwark, who were invited to come to the Hamburg Berg region (which would later become Hamburgo Velho) by several families – Czermak, Carlos Klein, José Kroeff, João Altmeyer, Zimmer and Plentz. The Jesuit priests arrived in the Sinos River Valley region in the mid-nineteenth century and took over

4080-501: The veterinary use of diclofenac. Meloxicam is a safer alternative to replace use of diclofenac. It is more expensive than diclofenac, but the cost is dropping as more pharmaceutical companies are beginning to manufacture it. Steppe eagles have the same vulnerability to diclofenac as Old World vultures and are therefore at a similar risk from its effects. Diclofenac has been shown also to harm freshwater fish species such as rainbow trout. In contrast, New World vultures , such as

4148-539: The vulture crisis, diclofenac remains available in other countries including many in Europe. It was controversially approved for veterinary use in Spain in 2013 and continues to be available, despite Spain being home to around 90% of the European vulture population and an independent simulation showing that the drug could reduce the population of vultures by 1–8% annually. Spain's medicine agency presented simulations suggesting that

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4216-451: The várzea region of the Sinos, both on the north bank of the river and in the south. Novo Hamburgo has four well defined seasons. In winter, temperatures can hover around 0 °C (32 °F), and in some instances can reach −2 to −1 °C (28–30 °F). In the summer the temperatures get high, often above 30 °C (86 °F). The average temperature of Novo Hamburgo during the year

4284-572: Was built in 2011, called Estádio do Vale . The team's biggest achievement was to win the 2017 Campeonato Gaúcho , the first time since 2000 that a team that wasn't Porto Alegre's powerhouses Grêmio and Internacional won the championship. Tennis is another sport very important in Novo Hamburgo. The city featured athletes like Fernando Roese , Paulo Taicher , Tomás Behrend , André Heller and André Ghem . There are some places that offer tennis courts and host sport competitions such as Sociedade Ginástica, Aliança and Wallau Centro de Esportes. In

4352-456: Was built in the campus II of the university. It is administered in partnership with Opus Promotions. The first school in Novo Hamburgo was founded in 1832, called Comunidade Evangélica Hamburgo Velho (Old Hamburg Evangelic Community). The school taught through the German language as that was the most common language at that time. The teaching material was poor and the provincial government was giving them little support. The central government at

4420-425: Was completed. This was constructed by a British Company called The Porto Alegre & New Hamburg Brazilian Railway Company Limited . Owned by Johan Mac Ginity. The first train arrived in Novo Hamburgo on 1 January 1876. The station was named Novo Hamburgo Station. The railway did not go through the village of Hamburguer Berg , the station was built some 3 km away thus, a new urban area began to develop around

4488-429: Was during the period in which Hamburguer Berg was still a district of São Leopoldo . There are reports that the Monoclo had an important role in the fight for emancipation of Novo Hamburgo city, despite having closed its activities before Novo Hamburgo was emancipated. The 5 Abril newspaper is considered the first newspaper published in the city of Novo Hamburgo. It was set up by Leopoldo Petry who decided to create

4556-557: Was first synthesized by Alfred Sallmann and Rudolf Pfister in 1973. The name "diclofenac" derives from its chemical name: 2-(2,6- dichlo ranilino) phen yl ac etic acid. It was patented in Germany in 1978 by Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis ). It came into medical use in the United States in 1988. GlaxoSmithKline purchased the rights in 2015. It is available as a generic medication . Diclofenac formulations are available worldwide under many different brand names. Voltaren and Voltarol contain

4624-622: Was found not to increase the risk of heart disease; however, this is known to have a higher rate of gastric ulceration than diclofenac. As of January 2015, the MHRA announced that diclofenac would be reclassified as a prescription-only medicine (POM) due to the risk of cardiovascular adverse events. A subsequent large study of 74,838 Danish users of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or coxibs found no additional cardiovascular risk from diclofenac use. A very large study of 1,028,437 Danish users of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or coxibs found

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