62-503: Haltoun House , usually known as Hatton House , (or occasionally Argile House ), was a Scottish baronial mansion set in a park, with extensive estates in the vicinity of Ratho , in the west of Edinburgh City Council area, Scotland. It was formerly in Midlothian , and it was extensively photographed by Country Life in September 1911. The earliest known proprietor John de Haltoun sold
124-542: A Scottish national identity during the 19th century, and some of the most emblematic country residences of 19th-century Scotland were built in this style, including Queen Victoria 's Balmoral Castle and Walter Scott 's Abbotsford , while in urban settings Cockburn Street, Edinburgh was built wholly in baronial style. Baronial style buildings were typically of stone, whether ashlar or masonry . Following Robert William Billings 's Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland , architectural historians identified
186-493: A Royal promise of absolute safety, whereupon the Earl was murdered by the King. Haltoun Tower was subsequently besieged by King James and during that siege, Sir William Lauder died. The tower and battlements were subsequently restored to good condition by the King, at Exchequer expense. The castle became the nucleus of the subsequent greater country house which was built onto and around it. On
248-491: A conspicuous vermilion birthmark on his face, which appears to have been deemed by contemporaries an outward sign of a fiery temper. James was a politic and singularly successful king. He was popular with the commoners, with whom, like most of the Stewarts , he socialised often, in times of peace and war. His legislation has a markedly popular character. He does not appear to have inherited his father's taste for literature, which
310-409: A dangerous axis of power of independently minded men, forming a major rival to royal authority. When Douglas refused to break the bond with Ross, James broke into a fit of temper, stabbed Douglas 26 times and threw his body out of a window. His court officials (many of whom would rise to great influence in later years, often in former Douglas lands) then joined in the bloodbath, one allegedly striking out
372-458: A formal agreement to put James in the custody of the Livingstons, agreeing to the queen's relinquishment of her dowry for his maintenance, and confessing that Livingston had acted through zeal for the king's safety. In 1440, in the king's name, an invitation is said to have been sent to the 16-year-old William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas , and his younger brother, twelve-year-old David, to visit
434-700: A general lack of prominent earls in Scotland due to deaths, forfeiture or youth, political power became shared uneasily among William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton , Lord Chancellor of Scotland (sometimes in co-operation with the Earl of Avondale ), and Sir Alexander Livingston of Callendar , who had possession of the young king as the warden of the stronghold of Stirling Castle . Taking advantage of these events, Livingston placed Queen Joan and her new husband, Sir James Stewart , under "house arrest" at Stirling Castle on 3 August 1439. They were released on 4 September only by making
496-520: A graphic account of the ceremony and the feasts which followed. Many Flemings in Mary's suite remained in Scotland, and the relations between Scotland and Flanders , already friendly under James I, consequently became closer. In Scotland, the king's marriage led to his emancipation from tutelage, and to the downfall of the Livingstons. In the autumn Sir Alexander and other members of the family were arrested. At
558-624: A hunting lodge in April 1589, but returned to Edinburgh over fears for his safety from disaffected lords. The Haltoun/Hatton estates remained in the Lauder family until the last Laird , Richard Lauder of Haltoun, settled them upon his younger daughter. Richard Lauder was a Justice of the Peace , was Member of Parliament for Edinburghshire in 1621, and in 1647 and 1648 was on the Committees of War for Edinburgh. He
620-433: A large number of cannons imported from Flanders . On 3 August, he was standing near one of these cannons when it exploded and killed him. Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie stated in his history of James's reign that "as the King stood near a piece of artillery, his thigh bone was dug in two with a piece of misframed gun that brake in shooting, by which he was stricken to the ground and died hastily." The Scots carried on with
682-473: A parliament in Edinburgh on 19 January 1450, Alexander Livingston, a son of Sir Alexander, and Robert Livingston of Linlithgow were tried and executed on Castle Hill. Sir Alexander and his kinsmen were confined in different and distant castles. A single member of the family escaped the general proscription — James, the eldest son of Sir Alexander, who, after arrest and escape to the highlands, was restored in 1454 to
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#1733084939053744-750: A pink sandstone similar to Belfast Castle . Castle Oliver had all the classic features of the style, including battlements, porte-cochère , crow-stepped gables , numerous turrets, arrow slits , spiral stone staircases, and conical roofs. This form of architecture was popular in the dominions of the British Empire. In New Zealand it was advocated by the architect Robert Lawson , who designed frequently in this style, most notably at Larnach Castle in Dunedin. Other examples in New Zealand include works by Francis Petre . In Canada, Craigdarroch Castle , British Columbia,
806-504: A small entrance hall, panelled in oak brought from Letheringham Abbey, Suffolk , into the main hall, 50 feet (15 m) by 20, panelled also with a magnificent finely-made Jacobean plaster ceiling. Other rooms included a morning room, situated between the library and dining room (both also panelled in oak). On the first floor the saloon and drawing rooms were fitted out with Memel pine panelling, greatly used in Scottish country houses at
868-472: Is a superb example dating from the 1880s. Important for the dissemination of the style was Robert Billings 's (1813–1874) four-volume work Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland (1848–1852). It was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as William Burn (1789–1870), David Bryce (1803–76), Edward Blore (1787–1879), Edward Calvert (c. 1847–1914) and Robert Stodart Lorimer (1864–1929) and in urban contexts, including
930-556: Is the first Scots monarch for whom a contemporary likeness has survived, in the form of a woodcut showing his birthmark on the face. Negotiations for a marriage to Mary of Guelders began in July 1447, when a Burgundian envoy came to Scotland and was concluded by an embassy under Crichton the chancellor in September 1448. Her great-uncle, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy , settled sixty thousand crowns on his kinswoman, and her dower of ten thousand
992-659: The Battle of Brechin , and in May 1455, James struck a decisive blow against the Douglases, and they were finally defeated at the Battle of Arkinholm. In the months that followed, the Parliament of Scotland declared the extensive Douglas lands forfeit and permanently annexed them to the crown, along with many other lands, finances and castles. The earl fled into a long English exile. James finally had
1054-411: The Battle of Flodden with two of his brothers, James Lauder of Norton, and Sir Alexander Lauder of Blyth Shortly before James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell married Mary, Queen of Scots , he stayed at Hatton House in April 1567. Nicolas Hubert alias French Paris rode from Linlithgow Palace to Hatton House with a letter from Mary for Bothwell. James VI of Scotland stayed at Hatton using it as
1116-523: The County of Flanders in the 16th century and was abandoned by about 1660. The style kept many of the features of the high-rising medieval Gothic castles and introduced Renaissance features. The high and relatively thin-walled medieval fortifications had been made obsolete by gunpowder weapons but were associated with chivalry and landed nobility. High roofs, towers and turrets were kept for status reasons. Renaissance elements were introduced. This concerned mainly
1178-510: The Isle of Man nonetheless did not succeed. The king traveled the country and has been argued to have originated the practice of raising money by giving remissions for serious crimes. It has also been argued that some of the unpopular policies of James III actually originated in the late 1450s. In 1458, an Act of Parliament commanded the king to modify his behaviour, but one cannot say how his reign would have developed had he lived longer. James II
1240-815: The Picturesque , Scots baronial architecture was equivalent to the Jacobethan Revival of 19th-century England , and likewise revived the Late Gothic appearance of the fortified domestic architecture of the elites in the Late Middle Ages and the architecture of the Jacobean era . Among architects of the Scots baronial style in the Victorian era were William Burn and David Bryce . Romanticism in Scotland coincided with
1302-579: The Black Knight of Lorne , after obtaining a papal dispensation for both consanguinity and affinity . His oldest sister, Margaret , had left Scotland for France in 1436 to marry the Dauphin Louis (later King Louis XI of France ). From 1437 to 1439, the king's first cousin Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas , headed the government as lieutenant-general of the realm. After his death, and with
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#17330849390531364-504: The British Empire. The Scottish National War Memorial was the last significant monument of the baronial style, built 1920 in Edinburgh Castle after World War I . The Scottish baronial style is also called Scotch baronial, Scots baronial or just baronial style. The name was invented in the 19th century and may come from Robert William Billings's book Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland , published in 1852. Before,
1426-562: The Garden Temple is Category B listed. The surviving garden, together with these buildings, is included in Historic Environment Scotland's Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. 55°54′11″N 3°23′46″W / 55.903°N 3.396°W / 55.903; -3.396 Scottish baronial Scottish baronial or Scots baronial is an architectural style of 19th-century Gothic Revival which revived
1488-996: The Scots baronial style was "a Caledonian reading of the gothic". Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland. Inveraray Castle , built starting from 1746 with design input from William Adam , incorporates turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scots baronial style. William Adam's son's, Robert and James continued their father's approach, with houses such as Mellerstain and Wedderburn in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian, but most clearly at Culzean Castle , Ayrshire, remodelled by Robert from 1777. Large windows of plate glass are not uncommon. Bay windows often have their individual roofs adorned by pinnacles and crenulations. Porches , porticos and porte-cocheres , are often given
1550-681: The Scottish Renaissance style finally gave way to the grander English forms associated with Inigo Jones in the later part of the seventeenth century. European architecture of the 19th century was dominated by revivals of various historic styles. This current took off in the middle of the 18th century with the Gothic Revival in Britain. The Gothic Revival in architecture has been seen as an expression of romanticism and according to Alvin Jackson ,
1612-455: The ancestor of the Hattoun cadet branch. The first laird of Hattoun is sometimes said to be Sir George de Lawedre who married Helen Douglas, a sister of Lord Douglas, daughter of Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas , 'The Grim' (d. 1400). William Lauder of Haltoun had a licence from James I to re-edify Hattoun in 1407. Sir Alexander's great-grandson, another Sir George Lauder of Hattoun, fell at
1674-516: The architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort. The revival often adapted the style to the needs and technical abilities of a later time. In Ireland, a young English architect of the York School of Architecture, George Fowler Jones , designed Castle Oliver , a 110-room mansion of about 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m ), built in
1736-422: The assassination of his young Douglas cousins, in which Livingston was complicit. Douglas and Crichton continued to dominate political power and the king continued to struggle to throw off their rule. Between 1451 and 1455, he struggled to free himself from the power of the Douglases. Attempts to curb it took place in 1451, during the absence of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas from Scotland, and culminated with
1798-493: The building of Cockburn Street in Edinburgh (from the 1850s) as well as the National Wallace Monument at Stirling (1859–1869). Dall House (1855) and Helen's Tower (1848) have square-corbelled-on-round towers or turrets. The rebuilding of Balmoral Castle as a baronial palace and its adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858 by Queen Victoria confirmed the popularity of the style. This architectural style
1860-653: The castle treatment. An imitation portcullis on the larger houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts and other medieval architectural motifs. Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was Abbotsford House , the residence of the novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott . Rebuilt for him from 1816, it became a model for the Scottish baronial Revival style. Common features borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century houses included battlemented gateways, crow-stepped gables , spiral stairs, pointed turrets and machicolations . Orchardton Castle near Auchencairn, Scotland
1922-492: The cylinder of their main bodies are particular the Scottish baronial style. They can be seen at Claypotts , Monea , Colliston , Thirlestane , Auchans , Balvenie , and Fiddes . Such castles or tower houses are typically built on asymmetric plans. Often this is a Z-plan as at Claypotts Castle (1569–1588), or on an L-plan as at Colliston. Roof lines are uneven and irregular. The Scottish baronial style coexisted even in Scotland with Northern Renaissance architecture, which
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1984-460: The earl's brain with an axe. This murder did not end the power of the Douglases but rather created a state of intermittent civil war between 1452 and 1455. The main engagements were at Brodick , on the Isle of Arran ; Inverkip in Renfrew ; and the Battle of Arkinholm . James attempted to seize Douglas's lands, but his opponents repeatedly forced him into humiliating climbdowns, whereby he returned
2046-453: The east face of the south-east angle tower was a sundial with the monogram "C.M.E.L" for Charles Maitland & his wife Elizabeth Lauder, the monogram being divided by the date 1664, the year in which Maitland commenced or completed dramatic new extensions to the old castle. His son John added the east front in a Renaissance style in 1696 and 1704. It was restored in 1859 and in 1870 the windows were altered. The interiors were entered through
2108-583: The east through massive gate pillars. In 1952 the house caught fire, and was demolished in 1955, during a period when many other country houses suffered a similar fate. All that remains are the terraces along the south side of the house with a two-story pavilion at each end. A number of structures survive on the estate. The East Avenue Gates, the South Gateway and the South Terrace Wall with pavilions and bath-house are all category A listed buildings while
2170-467: The empire at Vorontsov Palace near the city of Yalta, Crimea. The popularity of the baronial style peaked towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the building of large houses declined in importance in the twentieth century. The baronial style continued to influence the construction of some estate houses, including Skibo Castle , which was rebuilt from 1899 to 1903 for industrialist Andrew Carnegie by Ross and Macbeth. Isolated examples included
2232-521: The forms and ornaments of historical architecture of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period . Reminiscent of Scottish castles , buildings in the Scots baronial style are characterised by elaborate rooflines embellished with conical roofs , tourelles , and battlements with machicolations , often with an asymmetric plan. Popular during the fashion for Romanticism and
2294-574: The freedom to govern as he wished, and one can argue that his successors as kings of Scots never faced such a powerful challenge to their authority again. Along with the forfeiture of the Albany Stewarts in the reign of James I, the destruction of the Black Douglases saw royal power in Scotland take a major step forward. Between 1455 and 1460, James II proved to be an active and interventionist king. Ambitious plans to take Orkney , Shetland and
2356-449: The houses designed by Basil Spence , Broughton Place (1936) and Gribloch (1937–1939), which combined modern and baronial elements. The 20th-century Scottish baronial castles have the reputation of architectural follies . Among most patrons and architects the style became disfavoured along with the Gothic revival style during the early years of the 20th century. James II of Scotland James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460)
2418-572: The king at Edinburgh Castle in November 1440. They came and were entertained at the royal table, where James, still a little boy, was charmed by them. However, while they ate, a black bull's head, a symbol of death, was brought in and placed before the Earl. They were treacherously hurried to their doom, which took place by beheading in the castle yard of Edinburgh on 24 November, with the 10-year-old king pleading for their lives. Three days later Malcolm Fleming of Cumbernauld , their chief adherent, shared
2480-410: The lands to James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas , and a brief and uneasy peace ensued. Military campaigns ended indecisively, and some have argued that James stood in serious danger of being overthrown, or of having to flee the country. But James's patronage of lands, titles and office to allies of the Douglases saw their erstwhile allies begin to change sides, most importantly the Earl of Crawford after
2542-544: The murder of Douglas at Stirling Castle on 22 February 1452. The main account of Douglas's murder comes from the Auchinleck Chronicle , a near-contemporary but fragmentary source. According to its account, the king accused the Earl (probably with justification) of forging links with John Macdonald, 11th Earl of Ross (also Lord of the Isles ) and Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford . This bond, if it existed, created
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2604-508: The office of chamberlain to which he had been appointed in the summer of 1449. James II enthusiastically promoted modern artillery , which he used with some success against the Black Douglases. His ambitions to increase Scotland's standing saw him besiege Roxburgh Castle in 1460, one of the last Scottish castles still held by the English after the Wars of Independence . For this siege, James took
2666-545: The property on 26 July 1377 when Robert II confirmed it upon a court favourite , Alan de Lawedre of Whitslaid , Berwickshire . Alan and his first wife, Alicia, daughter of Sir Colin Campbell of Lochawe, already owned (1371) the adjoining lands of Norton. George de Lawedre of Haltoun , Provost of Edinburgh , Alan's second son by his second wife, Elizabeth, was put in fee of Hattoun in 1393. He died in 1430 and left only daughters as co-heirs. His brother, Sir Alexander Lauder became
2728-500: The revenue at the time: £3000 per annum. Her trustees sold the estate in 1797 to Sir James Gibson-Craig, 1st Baronet . He broke up the estate into lots, of which that including Haltoun House and 500 acres (2.0 km) was bought by the Reverend Thomas Randall (who afterwards took the surname of Davidson). He sold Haltoun House to the Earl of Morton in 1870, whose son Lord Aberdour sold it to James McKelvie in 1898. In 1915 it
2790-511: The same fate. The king, being a small child, had nothing to do with this. This infamous incident took the name of "the Black Dinner ". In 1449, James II reached adulthood, but he had to struggle to gain control of his kingdom. The Douglases, probably with his cooperation, used his coming of age as a way to throw the Livingstons out of the shared government, as the young king took revenge for the arrest of his mother that had taken place in 1439, and
2852-538: The style does not seem to have had a name. The buildings produced by the Scottish baronial revival by far outnumber those of the original Scottish "baronial" castles of the Early Modern Period. Scottish baronial style drew upon the buildings of the Scottish Renaissance . The style of elite residences built by barons in Scotland developed under the influence of French architecture and the architecture of
2914-463: The stylistic features characteristic of the baronial castles built from the latter 16th century as Scots baronial style, which as a revived idiom architects continued to employ up until 1930s. Scottish baronial was core influence on Charles Rennie Mackintosh 's Modern Style architecture. The style was considered a British national idiom emblematic of Scotland, and was widely used for public buildings, country houses, residences and follies throughout
2976-404: The time. 'Lord Jeffrey's study' in the tower, was a nine-sided decorative room, with much gilt. The centre of the ceiling was a painting of a man flying away with a lightly clothed female - a classical motif. Haltoun House was approached by an original avenue, half a mile long, abutted by tall elms and beeches , lime trees , hollies , Yews , and rhododendrons . The principal entrance was at
3038-456: The windows that became bigger, had straight lintels or round bows and typically lacked mullions. The style drew on tower houses and peel towers , retaining many of their external features. French Renaissance also kept the steep roofs of medieval castles as can be seen for example at Azay-le-Rideau (1518), and the original Scottish baronial style might have been influenced by French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces. The style
3100-456: Was King of Scots from 1437 until his death in 1460. The eldest surviving son of James I of Scotland , he succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of six, following the assassination of his father. The first Scottish monarch not to be crowned at Scone , James II's coronation took place at Holyrood Abbey in March 1437. After a reign characterised by struggles to maintain control of his kingdom, he
3162-586: Was also Commissioner of Excise in 1661. His wife, Mary Lauder, Lady Haltoun, had been born Mary Scot. Richard died in November 1675 in Holyrood Abbey , Edinburgh, and was interred in Ratho Church on the 29th. His portrait (right), by John Scougal , hangs in Thirlestane Castle . His second daughter, Elizabeth married, in 1652, Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale and carried Haltoun to him. Haltoun
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#17330849390533224-664: Was assassinated on 21 February 1437 at Blackfriars monastery in Perth . His mother, Queen Joan , although hurt, managed to get to her six-year-old son, who was now king. On 25 March 1437, he was formally crowned King of Scots at Holyrood Abbey . The Parliament of Scotland revoked alienations of crown property and prohibited them, without the consent of the Estates, that is, until James II's eighteenth birthday. He lived along with his mother and five of his six sisters at Dunbar Castle until 1439. In July 1439, his mother married James Stewart,
3286-617: Was built for Robert Dunsmuir , a Scottish coal baron, in 1890. In Toronto, E. J. Lennox designed Casa Loma in the Gothic Revival style for Sir Henry Pellatt , a prominent Canadian financier and industrialist. The mansion has battlements and towers, along with modern plumbing and other conveniences. Another Canadian example is the Banff Springs Hotel in the Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. The style can also be seen outside
3348-423: Was crowned in Holyrood Abbey by Abbot Patrick on 23 March 1437. On 3 July 1449, the eighteen-year-old James married the fifteen-year-old Mary of Guelders , daughter of Arnold, Duke of Guelders , and Catherine of Cleves at Holyrood Abbey. They had seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood. Subsequently, relations between Flanders and Scotland improved. James's nickname, Fiery Face , referred to
3410-430: Was killed by an exploding cannon at Roxburgh Castle in 1460. James was born in Holyrood Abbey . He was the son of King James I and Joan Beaufort . By his first birthday, his only brother, his older twin, Alexander , had died, thus leaving James as heir apparent with the title Duke of Rothesay . On 21 February 1437, James I was assassinated , and the six-year-old James immediately succeeded him as James II. He
3472-471: Was much closer to Edinburgh than Thirlestane Castle, and with the loss of Lethington the Maitlands made Haltoun House their principal residence (as opposed to seat) until 1792 when the 8th Earl of Lauderdale sold the estate for £84,000 to Miss Henrietta Scott of Scotstarvet, who married William Henry Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland . The estate was then 2,000 acres (8.1 km) of excellent land,
3534-511: Was often employed for public buildings, such as Aberdeen Grammar School (about 1860). However, it was by no means confined to Scotland and is a fusion of the Gothic revival castle architecture first employed by Horace Walpole for Strawberry Hill and the ancient Scottish defensive tower houses . In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets. Such buildings were dubbed "in Scottish baronial style". In fact
3596-618: Was preferred by the wealthier clients. William Wallace 's work at the North Range of Linlithgow Palace (1618–1622) and at Heriot's Hospital (1628–1633) are examples of a contemporaneous Scottish Renaissance architecture. Wallace worked for the Countess of Home at Moray House on Edinburgh's Canongate , an Anglo-Scottish client who employed the English master mason Nicholas Stone at her London house in Aldersgate. The baronial style as well as
3658-531: Was quite limited in scope: a style for lesser Scottish landlords. The walls usually are rubble work and only quoins, window dressings and copings are in ashlar. Sculpted ornaments are sparsely used. In most cases the windows lack pediments. The style often uses corbelled turrets sometimes called tourelles, bartizans or pepperpot turrets. The corbels supporting the turret typically are roll-moulded. Their roofs were conical. Gables are often crow-stepped. Round towers supporting square garret chambers corbelled out over
3720-549: Was secured on lands in Strathearn , Atholl , Methven and Linlithgow . A tournament took place before James at Stirling, on 25 February 1449, between James, master of Douglas, another James, brother to the Laird of Lochleven, and two knights of Burgundy, one of whom, Jacques de Lalaing was the most celebrated knight-errant of the time. The marriage was celebrated at Holyrood on 3 July 1449. A French chronicler, Mathieu d'Escouchy gives
3782-479: Was shared by at least two of his sisters; but the foundation of the University of Glasgow during his reign by Bishop Turnbull shows that he encouraged learning; there are also traces of his endowments to St. Salvator's , the new college of Archbishop Kennedy at St Andrews . He possessed much of his father's restless energy. However, his murder of the earl of Douglas leaves a stain on his reign. James's father
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#17330849390533844-510: Was sold to William Whitelaw, chairman of the London and North Eastern Railway company. The first Lauders built a massive Pele Tower at Haltoun before 1400, which Hannan refers to as "an L -shaped castle with walls of a uniform thickness of about 10 feet (3.0 m)." Sir William Lauder of Haltoun was a confidant of both King James II and the Earl of Douglas. In 1452 he was the King's personal messenger, sent to escort Douglas to Stirling Castle on
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