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49-423: The tallest peak of Haleakalā ("house of the sun"), at 10,023 feet (3,055 m), is Puʻu ʻUlaʻula (Red Hill). From the summit one looks down into a massive depression some 11.25 mi (18.11 km) across, 3.2 mi (5.1 km) wide, and nearly 800 m (2,600 ft) deep. The surrounding walls are steep and the interior mostly barren-looking with a scattering of volcanic cones . Early Hawaiians applied

98-400: A cold-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen classification Csc ), one of the few locations in the world with this climate type. The Haleakalā Ranger station, at a lower elevation, lies in the subtropical highland ( Cfb , bordering on Csb if the 40 millimetres (1.6 in) threshold is used) climate zone. It is in hardiness zone 10a. Volcanic cones Volcanic cones are among

147-416: A cylindrical vent. Unlike shield volcanoes , they are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, often alternating, explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions . Some have collapsed craters called calderas . The central core of a stratocone is commonly dominated by a central core of intrusive rocks that range from around 500 meters (1,600 ft) to over several kilometers in diameter. This central core

196-426: A dozen times each in the last 90 years. Hualalai has an eruption rate comparable to Haleakalā. All of Hualalai is rated as Hazard Zone 4. However, the frequency of eruption of a volcano is only one of the criteria on which hazards are based. The other important criterion is the lava flow coverage rate. Using the preliminary dates for Haleakalā flows, only 8.7 square miles (23 km) of lava flows have been emplaced in

245-430: A few days to a few years. Of observed cinder cone eruptions, 50% have lasted for less than 30 days, and 95% stopped within one year. In case of Parícutin, its eruption lasted for nine years from 1943 to 1952. Rarely do they erupt either two, three, or more times. Later eruptions typically produce new cones within a volcanic field at separation distances of a few kilometers and separate by periods of 100 to 1,000 years. Within

294-415: A non-eruptive phase; "advisory", for elevated unrest; "watch", for escalating unrest or an eruption underway that poses limited hazards; and, "warning", if a highly hazardous eruption is underway or imminent. These levels reflect conditions at a volcano and the expected or ongoing hazardous volcanic phenomena. When an alert level is assigned by an observatory, accompanying text will give a fuller explanation of

343-608: A result of the geographic importance of this observational platform, experts come from all over the world to take part in research at " Science City ", an astrophysical complex operated by the U.S. Department of Defense , University of Hawaii , Smithsonian Institution , Air Force , Federal Aviation Administration , and others. Some of the telescopes operated by the US Department of Defense are involved in researching man-made (e.g. spacecraft, monitoring satellites, rockets, and laser technology) rather than celestial objects. The program

392-1026: A single, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is noticeably symmetrical; with slopes between 30 and 40°; and a nearly circular ground plan. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. The basal diameters of cinder cones average about 800 meters (2,600 ft) and range from 250 to 2,500 meters (820 to 8,200 ft). The diameter of their craters ranges between 50 and 600 meters (160 and 1,970 ft). Cinder cones rarely rise more than 50–350 meters (160–1,150 ft) or so above their surroundings. Cinder cones most commonly occur as isolated cones in large basaltic volcanic fields. They also occur in nested clusters in association with complex tuff ring and maar complexes. Finally, they are also common as parasitic and monogenetic cones on complex shield and stratovolcanoes. Globally, cinder cones are

441-399: A tuff cone have commonly been altered, palagonitized , by either its interaction with groundwater or when it was deposited warm and wet. The pyroclastic deposits of tuff cones differ from the pyroclastic deposits of spatter cones by their lack or paucity of lava spatter, smaller grain-size, and excellent bedding. Typically, but not always, tuff cones lack associated lava flows. A tuff ring

490-525: A volcanic field, eruptions can occur over a period of a million years. Once eruptions cease, being unconsolidated, cinder cones tend to erode rapidly unless further eruptions occur. Rootless cones , also called pseudocraters , are volcanic cones that are not directly associated with a conduit that brought magma to the surface from a deep-seated magma reservoir. Generally, three types of rootless cones, littoral cones , explosion craters , and hornitos are recognized. Littoral cones and explosion craters are

539-637: Is a low, steep-sided hill or mound that consists of welded lava fragments, called spatter, which has formed around a lava fountain issuing from a central vent. Typically, spatter cones are about 3–5 meters (9.8–16.4 ft) high. In case of a linear fissure, lava fountaining will create broad embankments of spatter, called spatter ramparts, along both sides of the fissure. Spatter cones are more circular and cone shaped, while spatter ramparts are linear wall-like features. Spatter cones and spatter ramparts are typically formed by lava fountaining associated with mafic , highly fluid lavas, such as those erupted in

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588-408: Is a related type of small monogenetic volcano that is also produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by rims that have a low, broad topographic profiles and gentle topographic slopes that are 25 degrees or less. The maximum thickness of the pyroclastic debris comprising

637-666: Is a small monogenetic volcanic cone produced by phreatic (hydrovolcanic) explosions directly associated with magma brought to the surface through a conduit from a deep-seated magma reservoir. They are characterized by high rims that have a maximum relief of 100–800 meters (330–2,620 ft) above the crater floor and steep slopes that are greater than 25 degrees. They typically have a rim to rim diameter of 300–5,000 meters (980–16,400 ft). A tuff cone consists typically of thick-bedded pyroclastic flow and surge deposits created by eruption-fed density currents and bomb-scoria beds derived from fallout from its eruption column. The tuffs composing

686-580: Is also home to many invertebrates including snails , spiders , moths , flies , and many more. Many species including snails live in the rainforest around the mountain. While others live in the subalpine shrubland and the rocky alpine terrain. The Haleakalā flightless moth is endemic to the alpine area at the summit. Many snails including those in the genus Partulina live in the Rainforest. Yellow faced bees known as Nalo Meli Maoli in Hawaiian live in most of

735-575: Is in collaboration with defense contractors in the Maui Research and Technology Park in Kihei . The astronomers on Haleakalā are concerned about increasing light pollution as Maui's population grows. Nevertheless, new telescopes are added, such as the Pan-STARRS in 2006. A well traveled Haleakalā Highway, completed in 1935, is a road mainly composed of switchbacks that leads to the peak of Haleakalā. The road

784-849: Is now used by the Alaska Volcano Observatory , the California Volcano Observatory (California and Nevada), the Cascades Volcano Observatory (Washington, Oregon and Idaho), the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona). Under this system, the USGS ranks the level of activity at a U.S. volcano using the terms "normal", for typical volcanic activity in

833-511: Is open to the public (although parts of it are restricted) and is a well-maintained two-lane highway containing many blind turns and very steep dropoffs. Local animals, including cattle, are often encountered in the roadway. The Park Service charges a vehicle entrance fee of $ 30 (US). Public transportation does not go through the park, but there are four vehicle based tour companies ( Polynesian Adventure Tours , Skyline Eco Adventures, Haleakalā EcoTours, and Valley Isle Excursions) that operate tours of

882-414: Is surrounded by multiple generations of lava flows, many of which are brecciated , and a wide range of pyroclastic rocks and reworked volcanic debris. The typical stratocone is an andesitic to dacitic volcano that is associated with subduction zones . They are also known as either stratified volcano, composite cone, bedded volcano, cone of mixed type or Vesuvian-type volcano. A spatter cone

931-499: The Kanaio and Kahikinui ahupuaʻa and the area north of Hana are rated as Hazard Zone 4. Other areas of Haleakalā are rated comparable to the lava-flow hazards of Mauna Kea and Kohala (Hazard Zones 7 through 9). These high hazard estimates for Haleakalā are based on the frequency of its eruptions. Haleakalā has erupted three times in approximately the last 900 years. By way of comparison, both Mauna Loa and Kilauea have erupted more than

980-718: The 1980s. The working group Birds, Not Mosquitos joined with the National Park Service and the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources to develop a plan to address the threat, eventually settling on the Incompatible insect model. As of 2024, each week some 250,000 male southern house mosquitos carrying Wolbachia bacteria were released on the mountain, totaling 10 million by June of that year. When male mosquitos with Wolbachia mate with female mosquitoes without it, their resulting eggs do not hatch Haleakalā

1029-569: The Haleakalā Crater, and to Hāna to the east. The east rift zone continues under the ocean beyond the east coast of Maui as Haleakalā Ridge, making the combined rift zones one of the longest in the Hawaiian Islands chain. In its prime, Haleakalā may have reached a height of 12,000 feet before water and wind erosion, and possibly glaciers, began to carve two large river valleys out of the rim. Eventually, these valleys formed gaps that merged at

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1078-512: The Hawaiian Islands. As blobs of molten lava, spatter, are erupted into the air by a lava fountain, they can lack the time needed to cool completely before hitting the ground. Consequently, the spatter are not fully solid, like taffy , as they land and they bind to the underlying spatter as both often slowly ooze down the side of the cone. As a result, the spatter builds up a cone that is composed of spatter either agglutinated or welded to each other. A tuff cone , sometimes called an ash cone ,

1127-565: The National Park boundary (starting at 6500 ft altitude). Tour operators used to run bike rides down the entire 27 miles from the summit, but in 2007 the National Park Service suspended all commercial bicycle activity within the park boundaries, following multiple fatal accidents. Some tour operators now offer a modified version of the service which descends 6,500 feet from outside of the National Park. Haleakalā's summit experiences

1176-587: The United States , the Volcano Alert Level for Haleakalā as of 3 June 2021 was "normal". A "Normal" status is used to designate typical volcanic activity in a background, non-eruptive phase. The nēnē bird is on the endangered species list. The bird was once on all the islands of Hawaii but now it is only on the Island of Hawaii, Maui, and Kauai. Habitat loss, hunting, and introduction of mammals caused

1225-455: The bird population to dwindle. Since 2010, only 2,000 birds were left. These birds were then kept in captivity to increase the population. Haleakalā silversword is a quintessential plant of Haleakalā since it grows nowhere else on Earth. Climate change has been threatening the population of this plant due to hotter temperatures and lower rainfall. The park service has erected fences to prevent damage from local herbivores and from visitors taking

1274-426: The calderas and volcanic cones of Ulysses Patera , Ulysses Colles and Hydraotes Chaos are argued to be cinder cones. Cinder cones typically only erupt once like Parícutin. As a result, they are considered to be monogenetic volcanoes and most of them form monogenetic volcanic fields . Cinder cones are typically active for very brief periods of time before becoming inactive. Their eruptions range in duration from

1323-427: The crater floor. Despite this, Haleakalā is popular with tourists and locals alike, who often venture to its summit, or to the visitor center just below the summit, to view the sunrise. There is lodging in the form of a few simple cabins, though no food or gas is available in the park. To help with preservation efforts, Haleakalā National Park started requiring a sunrise reservation to enter Haleakala National Park between

1372-422: The crater of a tuff ring generally has been excavated below the existing ground surface. As a result, water commonly fills a tuff ring's crater to form a lake once eruptions cease. Both tuff cones and their associated tuff rings were created by explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with either groundwater or a shallow body of water as found within a lake or sea. The interaction between

1421-408: The day. Haleakalā has produced numerous eruptions in the last 30,000 years, including ten eruptions in the past 1,000 years and at least one in the last 400–600 years, making it the only active volcano on the island of Maui. This volcanic activity has been along two rift zones: the southwest and east. These two rift zones together form an arc that extends from La Perouse Bay on the southwest, through

1470-423: The depression. Macdonald, Abbott, & Peterson state it this way: Haleakalā is far smaller than many volcanic craters ( calderas ); there is an excellent chance that it is not extinct, but only dormant; and strictly speaking it is not of volcanic origin, beyond the fact that it exists in a volcanic mountain. On the island of Hawaiʻi , lava-flow hazards are rated on a scale of one through nine with one being

1519-493: The following color-coded system to rate volcanic activity. It was originally established during the 1989-90 eruption of Redoubt Volcano . All five classifications are spelled as proper nouns , i.e., Level of Concern Color Code Orange not Level of concern color code Orange or any other variation. On its website the AVO spells the alert color in all capitals, but this is not otherwise necessary outside their system. Introduced following

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1568-424: The hours of 3:00 AM and 7:00 AM HST. Because of the remarkable clarity, dryness, and stillness of the air, and its elevation (with atmospheric pressure of 71 kilopascals (530 mmHg)), as well as the absence of the lights of major cities, the summit of Haleakalā is one of the most sought-after locations in the world for ground-based telescopes (though to a lesser extent than Mauna Kea on neighboring Hawaii ). As

1617-522: The last 900 years. In comparison, approximately 43 square miles (110 km) of Hualalai are covered with flows 900 years old or younger and approximately 104 square miles (270 km) on Kilauea and 85 square miles (220 km) on Mauna Loa are covered by lavas less than 200 years old. Thus, Haleakalā is a distant fourth in coverage rates. According to the United States Geological Survey Volcano Warning Scheme for

1666-638: The magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases resulted in the production and ejection of fine-grained pyroclastic debris called ash with the consistency of flour . The volcanic ash comprising a tuff cone accumulated either as fallout from eruption columns, from low-density volcanic surges and pyroclastic flows, or combination of these. Tuff cones are typically associated with volcanic eruptions within shallow bodies of water and tuff rings are associated with eruptions within either water saturated sediments and bedrock or permafrost . Next to spatter (scoria) cones, tuff cones and their associated tuff rings are among

1715-748: The most common types of volcanoes on Earth. An example of a tuff cone is Diamond Head at Waikīkī in Hawaiʻi . Clusters of pitted cones observed in the Nephentes/Amenthes region of Mars at the southern margin of the ancient Utopia impact basin are currently interpreted as being tuff cones and rings. Cinder cones , also known as scoria cones and less commonly scoria mounds , are small, steep-sided volcanic cones built of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria . They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from

1764-687: The most typical volcanic landform found within continental intraplate volcanic fields and also occur in some subduction zone settings as well. Parícutin , the Mexican cinder cone which was born in a cornfield on February 20, 1943, and Sunset Crater in Northern Arizona in the US Southwest are classic examples of cinder cones, as are ancient volcanic cones found in New Mexico's Petroglyph National Monument . Cone-shaped hills observed in satellite imagery of

1813-525: The mountain's habitats. Surrounding and including the crater is Haleakalā National Park , a 30,183-acre (122.15 km) park, of which 24,719 acres (100.03 km) are wilderness . The park includes the summit depression, Kipahulu Valley on the southeast, and ʻOheʻo Gulch (and pools), extending to the shoreline in the Kipahulu area. From the summit, there are two main trails leading into Haleakalā: Sliding Sands Trail and Halemauʻu Trail. The temperature near

1862-408: The name Haleakalā ("house of the sun") to the general mountain. Haleakalā is also the name of a peak on the southwestern edge of Kaupō Gap. In Hawaiian folklore , the depression (crater) at the summit of Haleakalā was home to the grandmother of the demigod Māui . According to the legend, Māui's grandmother helped him capture the sun and force it to slow its journey across the sky in order to lengthen

1911-606: The observed phenomena and clarify hazard implications to affected groups. Prior to October 2006, three parallel Volcano warning schemes were used by the United States Geological Survey and the volcano observatories for different volcano ranges in the United States . They each have a base level for dormant-quiescent states and three grades of alert. Developed in 1997 to replace a previous 5-level system devised in 1991. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) used

1960-472: The park and trips to the summit. There are three Sunset and Stargazing tours permitted within Haleakalā National Park. Arrive for sunset and stay to look through a telescope after dark. Cycling and horseback riding are other popular ways to explore the park. There are a few tour guides on Maui that pick people up at their hotels, and outfit them with a bicycle to glide down the road from just outside

2009-522: The plants as souvenirs. Several species of native forest birds across Hawaiʻi are nearly extinct, including the kiwikiu and 'ākohekohe that are found only in East Maui, whose population decreased by more than 70% in the 21st century. A primary threat is mosquito-borne diseases such as avian malaria . Attempts to relocate kiwikiu to higher elevations were unsuccessful in protecting the population as mosquitos also rose into higher elevation habitats after

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2058-494: The result of mild explosions that were generated locally by the interaction of either hot lava or pyroclastic flows with water. Littoral cones typically form on the surface of a basaltic lava flow where it has entered into a body of water, usually a sea or ocean. Explosion craters form where either hot lava or pyroclastic flows have covered either marshy ground or water-saturated ground of some sort. Hornitos are rootless cones that are composed of welded lava fragments and were formed on

2107-421: The rim of a typical tuff ring is generally thin, less than 50 meters (160 ft) to 100 meters (330 ft) thick. The pyroclastic materials that comprise their rim consist primarily of relatively fresh and unaltered, distinctly and thin-bedded volcanic surge and air fall deposits. Their rims also can contain variable amounts of local country rock (bedrock) blasted out of their crater. In contrast to tuff cones,

2156-553: The simplest volcanic landforms . They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent , piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption. Types of volcanic cones include stratocones , spatter cones , tuff cones , and cinder cones . Stratocones are large cone-shaped volcanoes made up of lava flows , explosively erupted pyroclastic rocks, and igneous intrusives that are typically centered around

2205-477: The southwest rift zone of Haleakalā make up the large lava deposits of the Ahihi Kina`u/La Perouse Bay area of South Maui. Contrary to popular belief, Haleakalā crater is not volcanic in origin. It formed when the headwalls of two large erosional valleys merged at the summit of the volcano. These valleys formed the two large gaps — Koʻolau on the north side and Kaupō on the south — on either side of

2254-441: The summit tends to vary between about 40 and 60 °F (4 and 16 °C) and, especially given the thin air and the possibility of dehydration at that elevation, the walking trails can be more challenging than one might expect. This is aggravated by the fact that trails lead downhill from parking areas into the crater. Because of this, hikers are faced with a difficult return ascent after potentially descending 2000 ft or more to

2303-584: The surface of basaltic lava flows by the escape of gas and clots of molten lava through cracks or other openings in the crust of a lava flow. Volcano warning schemes of the United States#USGS Volcano Warning Scheme for the United States In October 2006, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) adopted a nationwide alert system for characterizing the level of unrest and eruptive activity at volcanoes. The system

2352-467: The volcano summit to create a crater-like basin. Haleakalā, also known as East Maui Volcano, was previously thought to have last erupted around 1790, based largely on comparisons of maps made during the voyages of La Perouse and George Vancouver . However, in 1999, the U.S. Geological Survey published in a column that radiocarbon dating indicated that the last eruption was more likely to have taken place sometime between 1480 and 1600. These last flows from

2401-400: The zone of highest hazard and nine being the zone of lowest hazard. For example, the summits and rift zones of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes are rated Hazard Zone 1. Using this same scale, preliminary estimates of lava-flow hazard zones on Maui made in 1983 by the U.S. Geological Survey rated the summit and southwest rift zone of Haleakalā as Hazard Zone 3. The steep, downslope areas of

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