Misplaced Pages

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132-595: Harold Charles " Hal " Turner (born March 15, 1962) is an American political commentator and convicted felon from North Bergen , New Jersey . Turner's viewpoints typically encompass Holocaust denial and white supremacy , and have included calls for assassination of government officials. In August 2010, he was convicted for making threats against three federal judges with the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals , for which he spent two years in prison. Turner has sporadically hosted The Hal Turner Show , usually on shortwave radio station WBCQ , since 2002, as well as

264-401: A magistrates' court , respectively). The Trials for Felony Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will. 4 c. 114) allowed persons indicted for felonies to be represented by counsel or attorney. A person being prosecuted for this was called a prisoner , though increasingly "accused" or "defendant" was preferred. A felony ( Verbrechen , a word also translated in less technical contexts as simply "crime")

396-500: A white ethnostate . White nationalists say they seek to ensure the survival of the white race and the cultures of historically white states . They hold that white people should maintain their majority in majority-white countries, maintain their political and economic dominance, and that their cultures should be foremost in these countries. Many white nationalists believe that miscegenation , multiculturalism , immigration of nonwhites and low birth rates among whites are threatening

528-598: A 4 January 1848 speech to the Senate regarding the issue of whether or not to annex the entirety of Mexico after the Mexican-American war , John C. Calhoun of South Carolina said, "I know further, sir, that we have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of

660-548: A Chinese is proud of his yellow skin, a Japanese of his brown skin, and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee-coloured. Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all. And any man who tries to stigmatize the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm   ... I reject, in conscience, the idea that Australia should or ever can become

792-466: A common term of parole agreements is to avoid association with other felons. In some neighborhoods with high rates of felony conviction, this creates a situation in which many felons live under a constant threat of being arrested for violating parole. Banks may refuse to issue loans to felons, and a felony conviction may prevent employment in banking or finance. In some states, restoration of those rights depends on repayment of various fees associated with

924-642: A corresponding blog , which has changed URLs frequently and has spread hoaxes and fake news . Turner was born in Jersey City and raised in Union City and from age five in Ridgefield Park , where he attended Ridgefield Park High School . Prior to working on radio, Turner worked as a driver and a salesman. Identifying himself as "Hal from North Bergen", Turner became notable in American conservative circles as

1056-549: A fair hearing if the trial was conducted in the same city where the judges worked. A mistrial was declared on March 10. In August 2010, his third trial began and on August 31, after three days of testimony, the jury found Turner guilty. On 21 December 2010, he was sentenced to 33 months in prison. Upon completion of his sentence, he was barred from participating in Internet or satellite radio programming for three years. In his sentencing memorandum, U.S. Attorney Patrick J. Fitzgerald made

1188-599: A federal United States district court to apply to have their record expunged. At present the only relief that an individual convicted of a felony in federal court may receive is a presidential pardon , which does not expunge the conviction, but rather grants relief from the civil disabilities that stem from it. In the law of Cameroon, a felony is a crime for which the maximum sentence is more than 10 years, or death . Felonies are distinguished from misdemeanors (maximum sentence from 10 days to 10 years) and offenses (not exceeding 10 days). While lesser crimes are tried before

1320-489: A felony receives a sentence of one year or less. Some individual states classify crimes by other factors, such as seriousness or context. In the United States, a felony is a crime that is punishable by death or more than one year in prison . Under common law, felonies were crimes punishable by either death, forfeiture of property , or both. While felony charges remain serious, concerns of proportionality (i.e., that

1452-428: A forcible felony in some jurisdictions including Illinois and Florida. In many parts of the United States, a felon can experience long-term legal consequences persisting after the end of their imprisonment . The status and designation as a "felon" is considered permanent and is not extinguished upon sentence completion even if parole , probation or early release was given. The status can be cleared only by

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1584-734: A former counterterrorism expert at the Department of Homeland Security , the term was used to appear more credible while also avoiding negative stereotypes about white supremacists. Modern members of racist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan generally favor the term and avoid self-describing as white supremacist. Some sociologists have used white nationalism as an umbrella term for a range of white supremacist groups and ideologies, while others regard these movements as distinct. Analysis suggests that two groups largely overlap in terms of membership, ideology, and goals. Civil rights groups have described

1716-406: A frequent caller to and supporter of WABC radio talk show hosts Bob Grant and Sean Hannity . Turner parlayed this fame into a role as the northern New Jersey coordinator for Patrick J. Buchanan 's 1992 presidential campaign. Turner claims he established a friendship with Sean Hannity, on whose radio program he had once been a frequent presence. In 2008, while Hannity and Malik Zulu Shabazz of

1848-401: A large tract of land, thirteen miles (19 km) from the city center, known as Meadowlands (that the government had purchased in 1953). Meadowlands became part of a new planned Black city called Soweto . The Sophiatown slum was destroyed by bulldozers, and a new White suburb named Triomf (Triumph) was built in its place. This pattern of forced removal and destruction was to repeat itself over

1980-409: A magistrate's court, felonies must be tried before a high court ( tribunal de grande instance ). The drafters of the bilingual Cameroonian penal code of 1967 based their work on French law and Nigerian law . In the case of felonies, they chose to set the threshold for felonies much higher than under either French law (five years) or Nigerian law (three years). This had the effect of greatly reducing

2112-409: A man gives up his fief". Blackstone refutes the misconception that felony simply means an offense punishable by death, by demonstrating that not every felony is capital, and not every capital offense is a felony. However he concedes that "the idea of felony is indeed so generally connected with that of capital punishment, that we find it hard to separate them; and to this usage the interpretations of

2244-435: A method of defending the health and safety of school children presently being endangered through his politically-correct indoctrination into deadly, disease-ridden sodomite lifestyles. He went on to provide Ash's personal information, including his address. Fourteen months later, on June 2, 2009, Turner posted on his blog Let me be the first to say this plainly: These judges deserve to be killed. Their blood will replenish

2376-575: A multi-racial society and survive. He was the last leader of either the Labour or Liberal party to support it. The Parliament of Canada passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 to bar all Chinese from coming to Canada with the exception of diplomats, students, and those granted special permission by the Minister of Immigration. Chinese immigration to Canada had already been heavily regulated by

2508-469: A new system of classifying crimes as either "arrestable" and "non-arrestable" offenses (according to which a general power of arrest was available for crimes punishable by five years' imprisonment or more). Arrestable offenses were abolished in 2006, and today crimes are classified as indictable or summary offenses, the only distinction being the mode of trial (by jury in the Crown Court or summarily in

2640-503: A notice stating that the site had been taken down by Turner's family, directing interested parties to a blog for the Family of Hal Turner, with entries by his mother. On July 28, 2009, in the case of United States v. Turner in Chicago, Turner pleaded not guilty to threatening to kill three federal appellate judges there and then sought his release from custody, saying he had been an informant for

2772-529: A paid informant for the FBI. In December 2009, The Record published an investigative report on Turner's "complex" relationship with the FBI and Federal U.S. Marshal Service , noting that all parties broke off contact at several points. Turner's information led to the arrests of the Hutaree militia, with Turner's FBI handler serving as the prosecution's witness. Michael A. Orozco, Turner's lawyer said, "I don't think he

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2904-501: A rally which he called a "rally against violence". He characterized the rally as both "pro-white" and "against violence". The victim's mother chose not to attend the rally. In response, local residents, including political and religious leaders, organized a number of "Unity Rallies" with a tolerance theme. When the rally occurred on November 19, 2005, Turner and the National Vanguard attracted approximately 50 demonstrators, compared to

3036-444: A reaction to a perceived decline in the essence of American identity as European, Anglo-Protestant and English-speaking. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 had opened entry to the US to immigrants other than traditional Northern European and Germanic groups , and as a result it would significantly, and unintentionally, alter the demographic mix in the US. The slogan "white power"

3168-533: A relatively trivial offense such as stealing a bar of chocolate is a felony." The 1997 Act, modeled on the English Criminal Law Act 1967 , introduced the category of "arrestable offense" for those with penalties of five years' imprisonment or greater. The 1937 Constitution declares that the parliamentary privilege , which protects Oireachtas members from arrest traveling to or from the legislature, does not apply to " treason , felony, and breach of

3300-694: A secret agreement had been made to allow China to physically take U.S. land, in the event of a U.S. default. The story created "hundreds of identical Internet replications" according to Snopes . Turner stated that in December 2006 and January 2007 individuals who identified themselves as members of the group Anonymous took Turner's website offline, costing him thousands of dollars in bandwidth bills. On January 19, 2007, Turner sued 4chan , eBaum's World , 7chan, Abjects IRC network, and other websites for copyright infringement . On January 22, 2007, he lost his plea for an injunction. In February 2007 4chan responded to

3432-476: A successful appeal or executive clemency . However, felons may qualify for restoration of some rights after a certain period of time has passed. The consequences felons experience in most states include: Additionally, many job applications and rental applications ask about felony history (a practice forbidden in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ), and answering dishonestly can be grounds for rejection of

3564-410: A variety of religious and non-religious beliefs, including various denominations of Christianity , generally Protestant , although some specifically overlap with white nationalist ideology ( Christian Identity , for example, is a family of white supremacist denominations), Germanic neopaganism (e.g. Wotanism ) and atheism . Most white nationalists define white people in a restricted way. In

3696-606: A wide variety of mutually influencing groups of a radically ethnocentric character which have emerged, especially in the English-speaking world , since World War II . These loose networks use a variety of mystical, occult or religious approaches in a defensive affirmation of white identity against modernity , liberalism , immigration , multiracialism , and multiculturalism . Some are neo-fascist , neo-Nazi or Third Positionist ; others are politicised around some form of white ethnic nationalism or identity politics , and

3828-466: Is defined in the Strafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code, StGB) as an unlawful act ( rechtswidrige Tat ) that is punishable with a minimum of one year's imprisonment. A misdemeanor ( Vergehen ) is any other crime punishable by imprisonment with a minimum of less than one year or by fine. However, in some cases a severe version of a misdemeanor may be punished with imprisonment of more than one year, yet

3960-506: Is often called a 'white' New Zealand." One case of a well known opponent of non-European immigration to New Zealand is that of white supremacist Lionel Terry who, after traveling widely to South Africa, British Columbia and finally New Zealand and publishing a book highly critical of capitalism and Asian immigration, shot and killed an elderly Chinese immigrant in Wellington . Terry was convicted of murder in 1905 and sentenced to death, but

4092-490: Is one of 38 people housed in Communication Management Unit in the prison Terre Haute with terrorists, like John Walker Lindh , and fears for his life once fellow prisoners find out he was a government informant. During his incarceration, Turner declared bankruptcy, and his wife filed for divorce. In August 2011, Turner filed an appeal for his conviction. He claimed that the government "failed to substantiate

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4224-675: The Dred Scott v. Sandford decision that free blacks descended from slaves could not hold United States citizenship even if they had been born in the country. Major changes to this racial requirement for US citizenship did not occur until the years following the American Civil War . In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed to grant birthright citizenship to black people born in

4356-572: The Boer War still constituting a political factor for sections of the white populace. Once South Africa's status as a republic was attained, Hendrik Verwoerd called for improved relations and greater accord between the two groups. He claimed that the only difference now was between those who supported apartheid and those who stood in opposition to it. The ethnic divide would no longer be between white Afrikaans-speakers and English-speakers, but rather White and Black South Africans. Most Afrikaners supported

4488-631: The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 which required Chinese immigrants to pay a fifty dollar fee to enter the country (the fee was increased to one hundred dollars in 1900 and to five hundred dollars in 1903). Groups such as the Asiatic Exclusion League , which had formed in Vancouver , British Columbia , on 12 August 1907 under the auspices of the Trades and Labour Council, pressured Parliament to halt Asian immigration. The Exclusion League's stated aim

4620-491: The Dominion of New Zealand by requiring all potential immigrants not of British or Irish parentage to apply in writing for a permit to enter the country. The Minister of Customs had the discretion to determine whether any applicant was "suitable". Prime Minister William Massey asserted that the act was "the result of a deep seated sentiment on the part of a huge majority of the people of this country that this Dominion shall be what

4752-667: The Holocaust , said in a speech in 1937: "The next decades do in fact not mean some struggle of foreign politics which Germany can overcome or not   ... but a question of to be or not to be for the white race   ..." As the Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg said on 29 May 1938 on the Steckelburg in Schlüchtern : "It is however certain that all of us share the fate of Europe, and that we shall regard this common fate as an obligation, because in

4884-509: The New Black Panther Party were debating Barack Obama 's association with Jeremiah Wright , Shabazz asked Hannity if he should "be judged by (his) promotion and association with Hal Turner". Hannity began to say that he didn't know Turner, but then said he was someone he had banned from his radio program ten years before. Turner subsequently gave an account of their association on his website, in which he said of Hannity's response: "I

5016-571: The Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 and the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 before parliament rose for its first Christmas recess. The Immigration Restriction Act limited immigration to Australia and required a person seeking entry to Australia to write out a passage of 50 words dictated to them in any European language , not necessarily English , at the discretion of an immigration officer. Barton argued in favour of

5148-579: The Reunited National Party under Malan won the South African general election against the more moderate United Party and implemented the segregationist social system known as apartheid . The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959 established homelands (sometimes pejoratively referred to as Bantustans ) for ten different black African tribes. The ultimate goal of the National Party

5280-467: The United States , where the felony–misdemeanor distinction is still widely applied, the federal government defines a felony as a crime punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year. If punishable by exactly one year or less, it is classified as a misdemeanor. The classification is based upon a crime's potential sentence, so a crime remains classified as a felony even if a defendant convicted of

5412-873: The first elections following the Federation of Australia in 1901, was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration, reflecting the attitudes of the Australian Workers' Union and other labor organizations at the time, upon whose support the Labor Party was founded. The first Parliament of Australia quickly moved to restrict immigration to maintain Australia's "British character", passing

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5544-421: The one-drop rule . Since the second half of the 20th century, attempts to categorize humans by race have become increasingly seen as largely pseudoscientific. The White Australia policy was semi-official government policy in Australia until the mid twentieth century. It restricted non-white immigration to Australia and gave preference to British migrants over all others. The Barton government , which won

5676-468: The "Germanic Order" in 1918, and those who wanted to join the Order in 1917 had to sign a special "blood declaration of faith" concerning their lineage: "The signer hereby swears to the best of his knowledge and belief that no Jewish or coloured blood flows in either his or in his wife's veins, and that among their ancestors are no members of the coloured races." Heinrich Himmler , one of the main perpetrators of

5808-572: The 100 counter-demonstrators. Turner called for the attacker to be charged with a hate crime , but the case resulted in the perpetrator being indicted as an adult with two felony counts: assault and attempted assault instead. On April 12, 2006, Turner had a physical altercation with Jaime Vazquez, a former Jersey City deputy mayor and a member of the Jersey City Council, who was the Jersey City Commissioner of Veterans Affairs at

5940-424: The 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, the government implemented a policy of "resettlement", to force people to move to their designated "group areas". Millions of people were forced to relocate during this period. These removals included people relocated due to slum clearance programs, labour tenants on White-owned farms, the inhabitants of the so-called "black spots", areas of Black owned land surrounded by White farms,

6072-519: The 50,000 Blacks it contained, both in terms of its sheer vibrancy and its unique culture. Despite a vigorous African National Congress protest campaign and worldwide publicity, the removal of Sophiatown began on 9 February 1955 under the Western Areas Removal Scheme. In the early hours, heavily armed police entered Sophiatown to force residents out of their homes and load their belongings onto government trucks. The residents were taken to

6204-558: The Anglophone white South African population to perceive that the British government had abandoned them. The more conservative Anglophones gave support to Verwoerd; others were troubled by the severing of ties with Britain and remained loyal to the Crown . They were acutely displeased at the choice between British and South African nationality. Although Verwoerd tried to bond these different blocs,

6336-717: The Aryan Herrenvolk ("Aryan master race") explicitly excluded the vast majority of Slavs , regarding the Slavs as having dangerous Jewish and Asiatic influences. The Nazis, because of this, declared Slavs to be Untermenschen . Hitler described Slavs as "a mass of born slaves who feel the need of a master". Hitler declared that because Slavs were subhumans that the Geneva Conventions were not applicable to them, and German soldiers in World War II were thus permitted to ignore

6468-607: The Common Roll of Cape Province in 1953. Instead of voting for the same representatives as white South Africans , they could now only vote for four White representatives to speak for them. Later, in 1968, the Coloureds were disenfranchised altogether. In the place of the four parliamentary seats, a partially elected body was set up to advise the government in an amendment to the Separate Representation of Voters Act . During

6600-536: The Criminal Law Act, 1997, such that the law previously applied to misdemeanors was extended to all offenses. Minister Joan Burton , introducing the bill in the Seanad , said "The distinction has been eroded over many years and in today's conditions has no real relevance. Today, for example, serious offenses such as fraudulent conversion and obtaining property by false pretenses are classified as misdemeanors whereas

6732-424: The FBI surfaced in 2008 after unidentified hackers claimed on Turner's website's forums that they had read email correspondences between him and an FBI agent, apparently his handler . This led to a discussion on a neo-Nazi website on January 10, 2008, in which Turner revealed that he was quitting political work, ending his radio show and separating "from the 'pro-White' movement". The FBI has declined to comment on

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6864-446: The FBI. The judge gave Turner ten days "to produce concrete evidence of Turner's help to the FBI or federal marshals." On August 11, Turner was denied bail again. The judge cited the fact that Turner, from his prison cell, recorded and posted on the internet a telephone conversation that included the names of his arresting FBI agents. The judge said that Turner's act "tells me something about the disposition of Mr. Turner." His lawyer said

6996-654: The Geneva Conventions in regard to Slavs. Hitler called Slavs "a rabbit family" meaning they were intrinsically idle and disorganized. Nazi Germany's propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels had media speak of Slavs as primitive animals who were from the Siberian tundra who were like a "dark wave of filth". The Nazi notion of Slavs being inferior was part of the agenda for creating Lebensraum ("living space") for Germans and other Germanic people in Central and Eastern Europe that

7128-518: The Group Areas Act. Some 40,000 White people were also forced to move when land was transferred from "White South Africa" into the Black homelands. Before South Africa became a republic, politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the chiefly Afrikaans -speaking pro-republic conservative and the largely English-speaking anti-republican liberal sentiments, with the legacy of

7260-572: The Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race." Following the defeat of the Confederate States of America and the abolition of slavery in the United States at the end of the American Civil War , the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded as an insurgent group with the goal of maintaining

7392-540: The New Australian Movement founded New Australia , a white supremacist utopian socialist settlement in 1893. Its founder, William Lane , intended the settlement to be based on a "common-hold" instead of a commonwealth, life marriage, teetotalism , communism and a brotherhood of Anglophone white people and the preservation of the "colour-line". The colony was officially founded as Colonia Nueva Australia and comprised 238 adults and children. In July 1893,

7524-722: The Saints and referring specifically to the admixture of Europeans and non-European migrants, commenting that racially mixed countries "are no longer nations." Two days later in Vienna, he clarified that he was talking about cultures and not about race. Laura Barrón-López of PBS described his ideology as white nationalist. White nationalists of the American alt-right and the European identitarian movements enthusiastically support Orbán's policies. Some have personally migrated there and collaborated with

7656-529: The South to the Midwest and West. The second KKK called for strict morality and better enforcement of prohibition . Its rhetoric promoted anti-Catholicism and nativism. Some local groups took part in attacks on private houses and carried out other violent activities. The violent episodes were generally in the South. The second KKK was a formal fraternal organization , with a national and state structure. At its peak in

7788-684: The Southern racial system throughout the Reconstruction Era . The creation of this group was able to instill fear in African Americans while, in some cases, filling white Americans with pride in their race and reassurance in the fact that they will stay 'on top'. The message they gave to people around them was that, even though the Confederate States did not exist anymore, the same principle remained in their minds: whites were superior. Although

7920-590: The US , but it specifically excluded untaxed Indians , because they were separate nations. However, citizenship for other non-whites born in the US was not settled until 1898 with United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 169 U.S. 649 , which concluded with an important precedent in its interpretation of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This racial definition of American citizenship has had consequences for perceptions of American identity. In

8052-699: The United Kingdom ), and forfeiture for felony was abolished by the Forfeiture Act 1870 . Consequently, the distinction between felony and misdemeanor became increasingly arbitrary. The surviving differences consisted of different rules of evidence and procedure, and the Law Commission recommended that felonies be abolished altogether. This was done by the Criminal Law Act 1967 , which set the criminal practice for all crimes as that of misdemeanor and introduced

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8184-582: The United States was William Luther Pierce , who founded the National Alliance in 1974. In the United States a movement calling for white separatism emerged in the 1980s. Leonard Zeskind has chronicled the movement in his book Blood and Politics , in which he argues that it has moved from the "margins to the mainstream". During the 1980s the United States also saw an increase in the number of esoteric subcultures within white nationalism. According to Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke , these movements cover

8316-600: The United States, it often—though not exclusively—implies European ancestry of non-Jewish descent. Some white nationalists draw on 19th-century racial taxonomy . White nationalist Jared Taylor has argued that Jews can be considered "white", although this is controversial within white nationalist circles. Many white nationalists oppose Israel and Zionism , while some, such as William Daniel Johnson and Taylor, have expressed support for Israel and have drawn parallels between their ideology and Zionism. Other white nationalists such as George Lincoln Rockwell exclude Jews from

8448-494: The announcement was made, Turner has had difficulties finding a host for his website. He alleged that his website has been the target of denial of service attacks, and subsequently filed a pro se lawsuit. On April 4, 2008, Turner encouraged violence against Lexington, Massachusetts , school superintendent Paul Ash for establishing a new curriculum supporting homosexuals . On his website, he stated: I advocate parents using FORCE AND VIOLENCE against Superintendent Paul B. Ash as

8580-471: The application or termination of employment if the lie is discovered after hire. Convicted felons may not be eligible for certain professional licenses or bonds, while hiring them may raise the cost of an employer's insurance. It is broadly legal to discriminate against felons in hiring and leasing decisions (although a blanket ban on renting to felons may violate federal housing law ), so felons can face barriers to finding both jobs and housing. Moreover,

8712-633: The bill: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the Englishman and the Chinaman." The passage chosen for the test could often be very difficult, so that even if the test was given in English, a person was likely to fail. The test enabled immigration officials to exclude individuals on the basis of race without explicitly saying so. Although the test could theoretically be given to any person arriving in Australia, in practice it

8844-432: The charge" and asked to be released pending the appeal. In July 2009 the Connecticut case was handed to a division of the state court that handles more serious matters. In early February 2011, Turner appeared in a Hartford court for the Connecticut v. Turner pre-trial hearing on three counts of inciting injuries to persons. The three felony counts Turner faced each carried one to 10 years in prison. In late February 2011,

8976-404: The crime itself remains considered a misdemeanor. The same applies for a milder version of a felony that is punished with imprisonment less than a year. An attempt to commit a felony is itself a crime, whereas an attempt to commit a misdemeanor is a crime only if specifically prescribed as such by law. In Irish law the distinction between felony and misdemeanor was abolished by section 3 of

9108-445: The defense would use "Turner's background as an FBI informant" and argue that he was "trained by the FBI" as "an agent provocateur " to incite people. In late October 2009 Turner was freed on $ 500,000 bond, and was ordered not to use a computer or any device that can access the Internet. His trial started on November 30, 2009, and ended on December 4, 2009, with the defense opting not to call any witnesses. After two hours of deliberation,

9240-483: The definition but include Turks , who are a transcontinental ethnicity. White nationalist definitions of race are derived from the fallacy of racial essentialism, which presumes that people can be meaningfully categorized into different races by biology or appearance. White nationalism and white supremacy view race as a hierarchy of biologically discrete groups. This has led to the use of often contradictory obsolete racial categories such as Aryanism , Nordicism , or

9372-452: The descendants of the Germanic Goths . However the Nazi regime continued to classify Croats as "subhuman" in spite of the alliance. Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán stated in 2018 that "we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed: we do not want our own colour, traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others." In 2022, he stated that "we do not want to become peoples of mixed-race," praising The Camp of

9504-471: The effects of a crime upon its specific victims or society generally. The reform of harsh felony laws that had originated in Great Britain was deemed "one of the first fruits of liberty" after the United States became independent. Felonies may include but are not limited to the following: Some offenses, though similar in nature, may be felonies or misdemeanors depending on the circumstances. For example,

9636-412: The end of March 2019 that he had run out of funds to keep the show on WBCQ and WRMI. An associated fundraising appeal was a success, and Turner expanded his broadcast to a daily show. Turner has a history of making threats against various public figures. In 2005, Turner publicized the names of three federal court judges who handled lawsuits involving Matt Hale , a white supremacist convicted of soliciting

9768-463: The end the very existence of White people depends on the unity of the European continent." At the same time Nazi Party subdivided white people into groups, viewing the Nordics as the " master race " ( Herrenvolk ) above groups like Alpine and Mediterranean peoples. Slavic peoples, such as Russians and Poles, were considered Untermenschen (subhumans) instead of Aryan. Adolf Hitler 's conception of

9900-662: The families of workers living in townships close to the homelands, and "surplus people" from urban areas, including thousands of people from the Western Cape (which was declared a "Coloured Labour Preference Area") who were moved to the Transkei and Ciskei homelands. The best-publicised forced removals of the 1950s occurred in Johannesburg , when 60,000 people were moved to the new township of Soweto , an abbreviation for South Western Townships. Until 1955, Sophiatown had been one of

10032-458: The federal government reported that e-mails "show it appears Turner plans to pursue judicial and law-enforcement officials after he's released from prison." On February 2, Turner wrote "when I get out, I'm gonna go after some 'problems' and take care of them in a manner that will be horrific." On March 25, 2011, Turner appeared in Hartford asking the court to be allowed to change his attorney, telling

10164-565: The felon's arrest, processing, and prison stay, such as restitution to victims, or outstanding fines. The primary means of restoring civil rights that are lost as a result of a felony conviction are executive clemency and expungement . For state law convictions, expungement is determined by the law of the state. Many states do not allow expungement, regardless of the offense, though felons can seek pardons and clemency, potentially including restoration of rights. Federal law does not have any provision for persons convicted of federal felonies in

10296-491: The few urban areas where Blacks were allowed to own land, and was slowly developing into a multiracial slum. As industry in Johannesburg grew, Sophiatown became the home of a rapidly expanding black workforce, as it was convenient and close to town. It could also boast the only swimming pool for Black children in Johannesburg. As one of the oldest black settlements in Johannesburg, Sophiatown held an almost symbolic importance for

10428-501: The first KKK is considered to be one of the factors which led to the emergence of the second KKK. The second KKK was founded in Atlanta, Georgia , in 1915 and, starting in 1921, it adopted a modern business system of recruiting. The organization grew rapidly nationwide at a time of prosperity. Reflecting the social tensions of urban industrialization and vastly increased immigration, its membership grew most rapidly in cities and spread out of

10560-608: The first incarnation of the KKK was focused on maintaining the Antebellum South , its second incarnation in the 1915-1940s period was much more oriented towards white nationalism and American nativism, with slogans such as "One Hundred Percent Americanism" and "America for Americans", in which "Americans" were understood to be white and Protestant. The 1915 film The Birth of a Nation is an example of an allegorical invocation of white nationalism during this time, and its positive portrayal of

10692-422: The first ship left Sydney, Australia for Paraguay, where the government was keen to get white settlers, and had offered the group a large area of good land. The settlement had been described as a refuge for misfits, failures and malcontents of the left wing of Australian democracy. Notable Australian individuals who joined the colony included Mary Gilmore , Rose Summerfield and Gilbert Stephen Casey . Summerfield

10824-429: The following comment: For years, Turner has engaged in a campaign of intimidation against public officials and private citizens alike. Even Turner's arrest in this case failed to deter him. Turner continued his tactics by using intimidation against a key witness in the government's case against him. All the while, Turner has displayed defiance and no regret for his actions. Turner remains utterly incapable of acknowledging

10956-625: The genuine fear experienced by his innumerable victims – that is, except when he is the victim of a perceived threat. Turner has committed a serious crime, engaged in witness intimidation, lied repeatedly under oath, and has shown no regret whatsoever. After his conviction, Turner was incarcerated in the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn , and was later moved to the Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute . In May, he sent letters to The Jersey Journal saying he

11088-405: The great distance usually necessitated a stopover in either Japan or Hawaii . These regulations came at a time when Canada was accepting massive numbers of immigrants (over 400,000 in 1913 alone—a figure that remains unsurpassed to this day), almost all of whom came from Europe . This piece of legislation has been called the " continuous journey regulation ". The Thule Society developed out of

11220-645: The home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race." Another (ALP) Leader of the Labor Party from 1960 to 1967 Arthur Calwell supported the White European Australia policy. This is reflected by Calwell's comments in his 1972 memoirs, Be Just and Fear Not , in which he made it clear that he maintained his view that non-European people should not be allowed to settle in Australia. He wrote: I am proud of my white skin, just as

11352-544: The homelands, not of the nation as a whole, and were expected to exercise their political rights only in the homelands. Accordingly, the three token parliamentary seats that had been reserved for White representatives of black South Africans in Cape Province were scrapped. The other three provinces— Transvaal , the Orange Free State , and Natal —had never allowed any Black representation. Coloureds were removed from

11484-404: The illegal manufacture, distribution or possession of controlled substances may be a felony, although possession of small amounts may be only a misdemeanor . Possession of a deadly weapon may be generally legal, but carrying the same weapon into a restricted area such as a school may be viewed as a serious offense, regardless of whether there is intent to use the weapon. Additionally, driving under

11616-402: The influence in some US states may be a misdemeanor if a first offense, but a felony on subsequent offenses. In much of the United States, all or most felonies are placed into one of various classes according to their seriousness and their potential punishment upon conviction. The number of classifications and the corresponding crimes vary by state and are determined by the legislature. Usually,

11748-647: The judge, "I have no confidence in his ability to defend me." The judge reluctantly allowed him to change his private attorney for a public defender citing Turner's unusually bad year. On April 7, with a public defender at his side, Turner pleaded not guilty and the case will go to trial. In July 2011, Turner's public defender asked for the case to be dismissed, saying Turner's statements were free speech and that Connecticut courts did not have jurisdiction because his threats were made in New Jersey. Prosecutor Thomas Garcia responded that Turner himself wrote that his intent behind

11880-531: The jury announced it was deadlocked. Three days later the judge declared a mistrial , and a retrial was set for March 1, 2010. This second trial, overseen by Western District of Louisiana judge Donald Walter , was moved from the Northern District of Illinois to the Eastern District of New York : since the prosecution was to call the three judges to the stand, the defense felt that Turner would not get

12012-419: The law do now conform." The death penalty for felony could be avoided by pleading benefit of clergy , which gradually evolved to exempt everybody (whether clergy or not) from that punishment for a first offense, except for high treason and offenses expressly excluded by statute. During the 19th century criminal law reform incrementally reduced the number of capital offenses to five (see Capital punishment in

12144-530: The lawsuit. In April 2007, the judge asked the parties to submit information to schedule proceedings. However, Turner failed to respond. Mail from the court to Turner was returned as "Undeliverable". The judge dismissed the case in December 2007. Turner was a paid informant for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for several years, supplying information about right-wing groups to federal agents. The original allegations that Turner acted as an informant for

12276-409: The legislature also determines the maximum punishment allowable for each felony class; doing so avoids the necessity of defining specific sentences for every possible crime. For example: Some felonies are classified as forcible or violent, typically because they contain some element of force or a threat of force against a person and are subject to additional penalties. Burglary is also classified as

12408-479: The maintenance of our White Australia Policy to continue as an integral portion of the British Empire. We intend to keep this country white and not allow its peoples to be faced with the problems that at present are practically insoluble in many parts of the world. At the beginning of World War II , Prime Minister John Curtin (ALP) expressed support for White Australia policy: "This country shall remain forever

12540-480: The matter. The Southern Poverty Law Center and the Anti-Defamation League reported on the emails that "a neo-Nazi Website had posted material reportedly found by the hackers, including alleged exchanges between himself and law enforcement agents which indicated that Turner had been providing information to them." On July 28, 2009, in a Chicago courtroom, Turner's defense lawyer said that Turner worked as

12672-489: The mid-1920s, the organization claimed to include about 15% of the nation's eligible population, approximately 4 to 5 million men. Internal divisions, criminal behavior by leaders, and external opposition brought about a collapse in membership, which had dropped to about 30,000 by 1930. It faded away in the 1940s. Starting in the 1960s, white nationalism grew in the US as the conservative movement developed in mainstream society. Samuel P. Huntington argues that it developed as

12804-659: The murder of a federal judge. Turner posted the judges' names and addresses on his Web site. On December 6, 2006, Turner announced on his website: We may have to ASSASSINATE some of the people you elect on Nov. 7! This could be your LAST ELECTION CHANCE, to save this Republic ... Sorry to have to be so blunt, but the country is in mortal danger from our present government and our liberty is already near dead because of this government. If you are too stupid to turn things around with your vote, there are people out here like me who are willing to turn things around with guns, force and violence. We hope our method does not become necessary Since

12936-619: The next few years, and was not limited to people of African descent. Forced removals from areas like Cato Manor (Mkhumbane) in Durban , and District Six in Cape Town , where 55,000 coloured and Indian people were forced to move to new townships on the Cape Flats , were carried out under the Group Areas Act 1950. Ultimately, nearly 600,000 coloured, Indian and Chinese people were moved in terms of

13068-523: The notion of unanimity of White people to ensure their safety. Anglophone white South Africans voters were divided. Many had opposed a republic, leading to a majority "no" vote in Natal . Later, however, some of them recognized the perceived need for White unity, convinced by the growing trend of decolonization elsewhere in Africa, which left them apprehensive. Harold Macmillan 's " Wind of Change " pronouncement lead

13200-449: The number of felonies under Cameroonian law. It also reduced the number of crimes that were subject to trial by jury in the courts of East Cameroon at that time. Sir William Blackstone wrote in the 18th century that felony "comprises every species of crime, which occasioned at common law the forfeiture of lands or goods". The word felony was feudal in origin, denoting the value of a man's entire property: "the consideration for which

13332-437: The official Hudson County Republican Party recognized by the state and national party. According to news reports, Hudson County Republican officials have stated that Turner's party is a "paper corporation with little or no membership". In response to an October 7, 2005, assault against a white student by a Black student at Kingston High School , Turner, working with the white nationalist group National Vanguard , organized

13464-536: The officials. Two weeks later, Turner was re-arrested on June 24, 2009, at his New Jersey home for making threats against the judges of the United States Court of Appeals in Chicago . When he was arrested, FBI officials seized 200 rounds of ammunition as well as three handguns and one shotgun. In the federal case, Turner was denied bail. On June 30, 2009, the website for Turner's blog was shut down and replaced with

13596-618: The other, or both interchangeably. White nationalists claim that culture is a product of race, and advocate for the self-preservation of white people. White nationalists seek to ensure the survival of the white race, and the cultures of historically white nations. They hold that white people should maintain their majority in mainly-white countries, maintain their dominance of its political and economic life, and that their culture should be foremost. Many white nationalists believe that miscegenation , multiculturalism , mass immigration of non-whites and low birth rates among whites are threatening

13728-411: The peace ". The 1996 Constitutional Review Group recommended replacing "felony" with "serious criminal offence". White nationalism White nationalism is a type of racial nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that white people are a race and seeks to develop and maintain a white racial and national identity . Many of its proponents identify with the concept of

13860-536: The political party Jobbik . Following the example of anti-Chinese poll taxes enacted by California in 1852 and by Australian states in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s, John Hall 's government passed the Chinese Immigration Act 1881. This imposed a £10 tax per Chinese person entering the Colony of New Zealand , and permitted only one Chinese immigrant for every 10 tons of cargo. Richard Seddon 's government increased

13992-434: The program The Right Perspective . Turner left the program in 2002, citing artistic differences. In 2002, Turner became a solo host, purchasing a time slot on shortwave radio station WBCQ , over which he broadcast for approximately four years. On WBCQ on March 22, 2004, he left the show "after harshly criticizing his supporters, listeners, and WBCQ." The show lacked financial support and Turner had health problems, leading to

14124-441: The punishment fits the crime) have since prompted legislatures to require or permit the imposition of less serious punishments, ranging from lesser terms of imprisonment to the substitution of a jail sentence or even the suspension of all incarceration contingent upon a defendant's successful completion of probation . Standards for measurement of an offense's seriousness include attempts to quantitatively estimate and compare

14256-573: The sentence was commuted to life incarceration in New Zealand psychiatric institutions. A Department of External Affairs memorandum in 1953 stated: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians—indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia." In Paraguay ,

14388-563: The show in July 2008 and resumed broadcasting it in April 2009 as the Turner Radio Network. In August 2008 his website also closed. Although he retained a blog , it was shut down by his host, Google 's Blogger , for violations of terms of service . In February 2009, Turner posted an article on his blog entitled: "FEDS GRANT EMINENT DOMAIN AS COLLATERAL TO CHINA FOR U.S. DEBTS!" claiming that

14520-635: The subsequent ballot illustrated only a minor swell of support, indicating that a great many Anglophones remained apathetic and that Verwoerd had not succeeded in uniting the White population in South Africa. The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 was a denaturalization law passed during the apartheid era of South Africa that changed the status of the inhabitants of the Bantustans (Black homelands) so that they were no longer citizens of South Africa. The aim

14652-423: The tax to £100 per head in 1896, and tightened the other restriction to only one Chinese immigrant for every 200 tons of cargo. The Immigration Restriction Act of 1899 prohibited the entry of immigrants who were not of British or Irish parentage and who were unable to fill out an application form in "any European language". The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 aimed to further limit Asian immigration into

14784-597: The temporary closure of his website and show. In the 2000 US congress election , Turner sought the Republican Party nomination for election to the United States Congress from New Jersey's 13th congressional district. He received 18.6% of the vote, losing to Theresa de Leon. Turner has identified himself as the "Chairman of the Republican Party of Hudson County, NJ Corp," a group which has no connection to

14916-438: The term delict is used to describe serious offenses, a category similar to common law felony. In other nations, such as Germany, France, Belgium, and Switzerland, more serious offenses are described as 'crimes', while 'misdemeanors' or 'delicts' (or délits ) are less serious. In still others, such as Brazil and Portugal, 'crimes' and 'delicts' are synonymous (more serious) and are opposed to contraventions (less serious). In

15048-400: The term "white nationalism" is simply a "rebranding", and ideas such as white pride exist solely to provide a sanitized public face for "white supremacy", which white nationalists allegedly avoid using because of its negative connotations, and that most white nationalist groups promote racial violence. According to Merriam-Webster , the first documented use of the term "white nationalist"

15180-676: The time. The North Bergen Reporter quoted Turner as saying "(t)he illegal immigrants are breaking the law, and people like me should break the law as well by shooting them down." In response, Vazquez picketed with a sign reading "Hal Turner — shoot me! Racists and bigots like you are cowards." This was followed by a physical confrontation, during which Vazquez suffered a back injury and a fractured wrist. Turner and Vazquez later filed criminal charges against each other. On July 16, 2006 North Bergen Municipal Court Judge Joseph Romano found both men to be equally credible and thus neither criminally liable. In 2002, Turner started broadcasting, but quit

15312-500: The tree of liberty. A small price to pay to assure freedom for millions. The next day Turner posted information on how to find Chief Judge Frank Easterbrook and Judges Richard Posner and William J. Bauer . On June 3, 2009, Turner was arrested in New Jersey and charged with inciting injury to two politicians in Connecticut and a state ethics official. The warrant issued was for inciting his website's readers to "take up arms" against

15444-548: The two terms as functionally interchangeable. Ryan Lenz of the Southern Poverty Law Center has said "there is really no difference", and Kristen Clarke of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law has said "There is no defensible distinction that can be drawn between white supremacy, white nationalism or white separatism in society today." News reports will sometimes refer to a group or movement by one term or

15576-568: The white race, and some argue that it amounts to white genocide . Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington described white nationalists as arguing that the demographic shift in the United States towards non-whites would bring a new culture that is intellectually and morally inferior. White nationalists claim that this demographic shift brings affirmative action , immigrant ghettos and declining educational standards. Most American white nationalists say immigration should be restricted to people of European ancestry. White nationalists embrace

15708-525: The white race. Analysts describe white nationalism as overlapping with white supremacism and white separatism . White nationalism is sometimes described as a euphemism for, or subset of, white supremacism, and the two have been used interchangeably by journalists and analysts. White separatism is the pursuit of a "white-only state", while supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to nonwhites and should dominate them, taking ideas from social Darwinism and Nazism . Critics argue that

15840-423: The writing was to "foment direct action" against the lawmakers "personally." In September 2011, Turner asked Judge Carl J. Schuman for permission to represent himself after disagreeing with his public defender, John Stawicki, about defense strategy. Judge Schuman agreed, but Stawicki remained as stand-by counsel. That same week jury selection began. On September 16, 2011, after three hours of deliberation, Turner

15972-654: Was "to keep Oriental immigrants out of British Columbia." The Canadian government also attempted to restrict immigration from British India by passing an order-in-council on 8 January 1908. It prohibited immigration of persons who "in the opinion of the Minister of the Interior" did not "come from the country of their birth or citizenship by a continuous journey and or through tickets purchased before leaving their country of their birth or nationality." In practice, this applied only to ships that began their voyages in India , because

16104-514: Was 1951, to refer to a member of a militant group which espouses white supremacy and racial segregation . Merriam-Webster also notes usage of the two-word phrase as early as 1925. According to Dictionary.com , the term was first used in the title of a 1948 essay by South African writer and ecologist Thomas Chalmers Robertson titled Racism Comes to Power in South Africa: The Threat of White Nationalism . According to Daryl Johnson,

16236-579: Was a racist. He was doing a lot of those things at the behest of the FBI." On October 7, 2015, Turner returned to radio for the weekly, two hour Hal Turner Show , broadcast on shortwave radio station WBCQ and over the internet. For a time in 2015, Turner promoted another broadcast over "Superstation 95," a pirate radio station in the New York City area. The show aired until February 1, 2017, and then resumed on July 5, 2017, eventually adding two more shortwave affiliates, WRMI and WWCR . Turner stated at

16368-653: Was championed by the National Party starting in 1914, when it was established as a political party to represent Afrikaners after the Second Boer War by J. B. M. Hertzog in 1914. It articulated a policy promoting white "civilised labour" above African " swart gevaar ," and some radical nationalist movements such as the Afrikaner Broederbond , D. F. Malan 's Purified National Party , and Oswald Pirow 's New Order openly sympathized with Nazi Germany. In 1948,

16500-625: Was found not guilty of "felony inciting injury to people and misdemeanor threatening." After hugging his family, Turner was "escorted back into custody" to continue serving his sentence in the federal case. Turner was released from prison on October 5, 2012. Felon In many common law jurisdictions , such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, crimes are no longer classified as felonies or misdemeanors. Instead, serious crimes are classified as indictable offences , and less serious crimes as summary offences . In some civil law jurisdictions, such as Italy and Spain,

16632-519: Was given selectively on the basis of race. This test was later abolished in 1958. Australian Prime Minister Stanley Bruce supported the White Australia policy, and made it an issue in his campaign for the 1925 Australian federal election . It is necessary that we should determine what are the ideals towards which every Australian would desire to strive. I think those ideals might well be stated as being to secure our national safety, and to ensure

16764-478: Was initiated during World War II under Generalplan Ost , millions of Germans and other Germanic settlers would be moved into conquered territories of Eastern Europe, while the original Slavic inhabitants were to be exterminated and enslaved. Nazi Germany's ally the Independent State of Croatia rejected the common conception that Croats were primarily a Slavic people and claimed that Croats were primarily

16896-573: Was popularized by American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell , who used the term in a debate with Stokely Carmichael of the Black Panther Party after Carmichael issued a call for " black power ". Rockwell advocated a return to white control of all American institutions, and violently opposed any minority advancement. He rejected the Nazi idea of " master race ", however, and accepted all white European nationalities in his ideology, including Turks . One influential white nationalist in

17028-471: Was quite disappointed when Sean Hannity at first tried to say he didn't know me. In fact, Sean does know me and we were quite friendly a few years ago." Phil Boyce , Program Director of WABC, disputed the account, which described a friendship developing between Turner and Hannity in 1993, three years before Hannity was actually hired at WABC. Turner became a talk radio host, joining fellow regular callers Frank from Queens and John from Staten Island to start

17160-568: Was the mother of León Cadogan , a noted Paraguayan ethnologist. Due to poor management and a conflict over the prohibition of alcohol, the government of Paraguay eventually dissolved New Australia as a cooperative. Some colonists founded communes elsewhere in Paraguay but others returned to Australia or moved to England. As of 2008 , around 2,000 descendants of the New Australia colonists still lived in Paraguay. In South Africa , white nationalism

17292-414: Was to ensure that white South Africans came to make up the majority of the de jure population. The Naturalization Act of 1790 (1  Stat.   103 ) provided the first rules to be followed by the United States government in granting national citizenship. This law limited naturalization to immigrants who were "free white persons" of "good moral character." In 1856, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in

17424-442: Was to move all Black South Africans into one of these homelands (although they might continue to work in South Africa as " guest workers " ), leaving what was left of South Africa (about 87 percent of the land area) with what would then be a White South African majority, at least on paper. As the homelands were seen by the apartheid government as embryonic independent nations, all Black South Africans were registered as citizens of

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