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88-545: The Hafler Trio is an English conceptual , performance and sound art collaborative project. It was originally a duo formed in the early 1980s by Andrew McKenzie and Chris Watson . The third person in the 'trio' was a fictional scientist named Dr. Edward Moolenbeek. The Hafler Trio became the solo project of McKenzie (although often working with guest artists) with a strong focus on dadaesque sound art works and multimedia work. His recordings often having carefully and elaborately designed packaging. Chris Watson went on to

176-414: A work of art as conceptual it is important not to confuse what is referred to as "conceptual" with an artist's "intention". The French artist Marcel Duchamp paved the way for the conceptualists, providing them with examples of prototypically conceptual works — the readymades , for instance. The most famous of Duchamp's readymades was Fountain (1917), a standard urinal-basin signed by the artist with

264-585: A blood test that detects hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ). If HBsAg is present, a second test – usually done on the same blood sample – that detects the antibody for the hepatitis B core antigen (anti- HBcAg ) can differentiate between acute and chronic infection. People who are high-risk whose blood tests negative for HBsAg can receive the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent future infection. The CDC , WHO , USPSTF , AASLD , and ACOG recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis C infection. These populations include people who are: For people in

352-422: A broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe  liver failure . The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by  constitutional symptoms  that are typically self-limiting. Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to

440-466: A critically regarded career as a field recording artist and sound engineer . Since, Andrew M. McKenzie's Hafler Trio project has seen the release of numerous albums and CDs in experimental musical styles ranging from electronic , cut-up , ambient , environmental soundscape, musique concrète , electro-acoustic , and audio-montage as cinema for the ears from 1982 to present, each of which use graphic design and text for contextual juxtaposition with

528-593: A different meaning when employed by Joseph Kosuth and by the English Art and Language group, who discarded the conventional art object in favour of a documented critical inquiry, that began in Art-Language: The Journal of Conceptual Art in 1969, into the artist's social, philosophical, and psychological status. By the mid-1970s they had produced publications, indices, performances, texts and paintings to this end. In 1970 Conceptual Art and Conceptual Aspects ,

616-408: A distaste for illusion. However, by the end of the 1960s it was certainly clear that Greenberg's stipulations for art to continue within the confines of each medium and to exclude external subject matter no longer held traction. Conceptual art also reacted against the commodification of art; it attempted a subversion of the gallery or museum as the location and determiner of art, and the art market as

704-455: A higher level of detail, allowing visualization and characterize such structures as vessels and tumors within the liver. Unlike steatosis and cirrhosis, no imaging test is able to detect liver inflammation (i.e. hepatitis) or fibrosis. Liver biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test that is able to assess inflammation and fibrosis of the liver. Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral antigens (such as

792-492: A variety of mechanisms, including direct cell damage , disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes. Some drugs such as paracetamol exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as isoniazid cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary by person. There are wide variations in the mechanisms of liver injury and latency period from exposure to development of clinical illness. Many types of drugs can cause liver injury, including

880-611: Is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2–20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15–20% of cases. In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of coagulopathy (abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness ). Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis

968-498: Is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease . This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from alcoholic steatosis (least severe, most reversible), alcoholic hepatitis , cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible). Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics. The most important risk factors for

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1056-608: Is attributable to a variety of causes, some of which are not typically seen in adults. Congenital or perinatal infection with the hepatitis viruses, toxoplasma , rubella , cytomegalovirus , and syphilis can cause neonatal hepatitis. Structural abnormalities such as biliary atresia and choledochal cysts can lead to cholestatic liver injury leading to neonatal hepatitis. Metabolic diseases such as glycogen storage disorders and lysosomal storage disorders are also implicated. Neonatal hepatitis can be idiopathic , and in such cases, biopsy often shows large multinucleated cells in

1144-413: Is best understood in the case of hepatitis B and C. The viruses do not directly activate apoptosis (cell death). Rather, infection of liver cells activates the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to an inflammatory response which causes cellular damage and death, including viral-induced apoptosis via the induction of the death receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Depending on

1232-425: Is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguished by the pattern of liver enzyme abnormalities; specifically, in alcoholic steatohepatitis AST>ALT with ratio of AST:ALT>2:1 while in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ALT>AST with ratio of ALT:AST>1.5:1. Liver biopsies show identical findings in patients with ASH and NASH, specifically,

1320-412: Is considered immune from the virus via either prior infection and recovery or prior vaccination. In the case of hepatitis B, blood tests exist for multiple virus antigens (which are different components of the virion particle ) and antibodies. The combination of antigen and antibody positivity can provide information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and

1408-583: Is instead strongly associated with metabolic syndrome , obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes , and hypertriglyceridemia. Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis , which additionally involves liver cell death, liver inflammation and possible fibrosis. Factors accelerating progression from NAFLD to NASH are obesity, older age, non-African American ethnicity, female gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher ALT or AST level, higher AST/ALT ratio, low platelet count, and an ultrasound steatosis score . In

1496-612: Is mainly sexually transmitted , but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood . Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users . Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B. Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization . Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis. Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy. There

1584-455: Is no specific treatment for NASH; physical activity, a healthy diet , and weight loss are recommended. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system . A liver transplant may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure. Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In

1672-571: Is recognized as the third most common cause of liver disease in the United States. Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain human leukocyte antigens involved in the immune response. As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating auto-antibodies may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include

1760-516: Is sometimes (as in the work of Robert Barry , Yoko Ono , and Weiner himself) reduced to a set of written instructions describing a work, but stopping short of actually making it—emphasising the idea as more important than the artifact. This reveals an explicit preference for the "art" side of the ostensible dichotomy between art and craft , where art, unlike craft, takes place within and engages historical discourse: for example, Ono's "written instructions" make more sense alongside other conceptual art of

1848-748: Is the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis: histopathologic analysis is able to reveal the precise extent and pattern of inflammation and fibrosis . Biopsy is typically not the initial diagnostic test because it is invasive and is associated with a small but significant risk of bleeding that is increased in people with liver injury and cirrhosis. Blood testing includes liver enzymes , serology (i.e. for autoantibodies), nucleic acid testing (i.e. for hepatitis virus DNA/RNA), blood chemistry , and complete blood count . Characteristic patterns of liver enzyme abnormalities can point to certain causes or stages of hepatitis. Generally, AST and ALT are elevated in most cases of hepatitis regardless of whether

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1936-514: Is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury, and paracetamol toxicity the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe. Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are another important cause of hepatitis; these are the most common causes of drug-induced hepatitis in Korea. The United States–based Drug Induced Liver Injury Network linked more than 16% of cases of hepatotoxicity to herbal and dietary supplements. In

2024-974: Is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E). Hepatitis A and hepatitis E behave similarly: they are both transmitted by the fecal–oral route , are more common in developing countries, and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis B , hepatitis C , and hepatitis D are transmitted when blood or mucous membranes are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions. Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. Kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts. Many families who do not have safe drinking water or live in unhygienic homes have contracted hepatitis because saliva and blood droplets are often carried through

2112-474: Is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis). In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus. Since widespread screening of blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently. Parasites can also infect

2200-506: Is typically the result of various complications including cerebral edema , gastrointestinal bleeding , sepsis , respiratory failure , or kidney failure . Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms. As

2288-428: The analgesic paracetamol; antibiotics such as isoniazid, nitrofurantoin , amoxicillin-clavulanate , erythromycin , and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ; anticonvulsants such as valproate and phenytoin ; cholesterol-lowering statins ; steroids such as oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids ; and highly active anti-retroviral therapy used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS . Of these, amoxicillin-clavulanate

2376-402: The hepatitis A vaccine . Those at high risk and in need of screening include: The presence of anti-hepatitis A IgG in the blood indicates past infection with the virus or prior vaccination. The CDC , WHO , USPSTF , and ACOG recommend routine hepatitis B screening for certain high-risk populations. Specifically, these populations include people who are: Screening consists of

2464-445: The hepatitis B surface or core antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA. In early infection (i.e. within 1 week), IgM antibodies are found in the blood. In late infection and after recovery, IgG antibodies are present and remain in the body for up to years. Therefore, when a patient is positive for IgG antibody but negative for IgM antibody, he

2552-688: The infinitesimals of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – quantities which could not actually exist except conceptually. The current incarnation (As of 2013 ) of the Isouian movement, Excoördism, self-defines as the art of the infinitely large and the infinitely small. In 1961, philosopher and artist Henry Flynt coined the term "concept art" in an article bearing the same name which appeared in the proto- Fluxus publication An Anthology of Chance Operations . Flynt's concept art, he maintained, devolved from his notion of "cognitive nihilism", in which paradoxes in logic are shown to evacuate concepts of substance. Drawing on

2640-607: The sensitive but less specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) , smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) . Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as nitrofurantoin , hydralazine , and methyldopa ), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr virus , or measles ). Autoimmune hepatitis can present anywhere within

2728-408: The syntax of logic and mathematics, concept art was meant jointly to supersede mathematics and the formalistic music then current in serious art music circles. Therefore, Flynt maintained, to merit the label concept art , a work had to be a critique of logic or mathematics in which a linguistic concept was the material, a quality which is absent from subsequent "conceptual art". The term assumed

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2816-700: The 1980s and particularly 1990s to date that derive from the conceptual art movement of the 1960s and 1970s. These subsequent initiatives have included the Moscow Conceptualists , United States neo-conceptualists such as Sherrie Levine and the Young British Artists , notably Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin in the United Kingdom . Hepatitis Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue . Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of

2904-538: The Hafler Trio Hit Again! (collaboration with Nurse with Wound ), Snuff (with Willem De Ridder ), Soundtrack to Brion Gysin 's ' Dreamachine ' (which included detailed historical documentation and instructions for use), a substantial 2-part collaboration with Autechre , and most recently a three part collaboration with Jónsi Birgisson of Sigur Rós . 2009 saw the shutdown of the Brainwashed h3o website,

2992-548: The United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek hêpar ( ἧπαρ ), meaning "liver", and -itis ( -ῖτις ), meaning "inflammation". Hepatitis has

3080-701: The United States, herbal and dietary supplements – unlike pharmaceutical drugs – are unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration . The National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox Archived 2019-07-24 at the Wayback Machine database for consumers to track all known prescription and non-prescription compounds associated with liver injury. Exposure to other hepatotoxins can occur accidentally or intentionally through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. The industrial toxin carbon tetrachloride and

3168-510: The application of cybernetics to art and art pedagogy, "The Construction of Change" (1964), was quoted on the dedication page (to Sol LeWitt) of Lucy R. Lippard 's seminal Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object from 1966 to 1972 , Ascott's anticipation of and contribution to the formation of conceptual art in Britain has received scant recognition, perhaps (and ironically) because his work

3256-440: The conceptual artists used language in place of brush and canvas, and allowed it to signify in its own right. Of Lawrence Weiner's works Anne Rorimer writes, "The thematic content of individual works derives solely from the import of the language employed, while presentational means and contextual placement play crucial, yet separate, roles." The British philosopher and theorist of conceptual art Peter Osborne suggests that among

3344-448: The concerns of the conceptual art movement, while they may or may not term themselves "conceptual artists". Ideas such as anti-commodification, social and/or political critique, and ideas/information as medium continue to be aspects of contemporary art, especially among artists working with installation art , performance art , art intervention , net.art , and electronic / digital art . Neo-conceptual art describes art practices in

3432-470: The culmination of a cascade of events that began with injury. In the case of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis , this cascade is initiated by changes in metabolism associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid dysregulation. In alcoholic hepatitis , chronic excess alcohol use is the culprit. Though the inciting event may differ, the progression of events is similar and begins with accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) and their breakdown products in

3520-735: The development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake. Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol). Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure. Many chemical agents, including medications, industrial toxins, and herbal and dietary supplements, can cause hepatitis. The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure. Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through

3608-605: The early conceptualists were the first generation of artists to complete degree-based university training in art. Osborne later made the observation that contemporary art is post-conceptual in a public lecture delivered at the Fondazione Antonio Ratti, Villa Sucota in Como on July 9, 2010. It is a claim made at the level of the ontology of the work of art (rather than say at the descriptive level of style or movement). The American art historian Edward A. Shanken points to

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3696-456: The early stages (as with NAFLD and early NASH), most patients are asymptomatic or have mild right upper quadrant pain, and diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests . As the disease progresses, symptoms typical of chronic hepatitis may develop. While imaging can show fatty liver, only liver biopsy can demonstrate inflammation and fibrosis characteristic of NASH. 9 to 25% of patients with NASH develop cirrhosis. NASH

3784-403: The essence of painting, and ought to be removed. Some have argued that conceptual art continued this "dematerialization" of art by removing the need for objects altogether, while others, including many of the artists themselves, saw conceptual art as a radical break with Greenberg's kind of formalist Modernism. Later artists continued to share a preference for art to be self-critical, as well as

3872-504: The essential, formal nature of each medium. Those elements that ran counter to this nature were to be reduced. The task of painting, for example, was to define precisely what kind of object a painting truly is: what makes it a painting and nothing else. As it is of the nature of paintings to be flat objects with canvas surfaces onto which colored pigment is applied, such things as figuration , 3-D perspective illusion and references to external subject matter were all found to be extraneous to

3960-634: The example of Roy Ascott who "powerfully demonstrates the significant intersections between conceptual art and art-and-technology, exploding the conventional autonomy of these art-historical categories." Ascott, the British artist most closely associated with cybernetic art in England, was not included in Cybernetic Serendipity because his use of cybernetics was primarily conceptual and did not explicitly utilize technology. Conversely, although his essay on

4048-509: The fictitious Dr. Edward Moolenbeek, Steven Stapleton of Nurse With Wound , Adi Newton of Clock DVA , Z'EV , Fluxus artist Willem de Ridder , David Tibet (of Current 93 ), Genesis P-Orridge , Annie Sprinkle , Jónsi Birgisson (of Sigur Rós ), Michael Gira (of Swans and Angels of Light ), Chloe Vevrier , Erla Þórarinsdóttir, Blixa Bargeld , Netochka Nezvanova , Hilmar Örn Hilmarsson , Jóhann Jóhannsson , John Lacey of COUM Transmissions , and Autechre among many others. McKenzie

4136-564: The first and most important things they questioned was the common assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects . Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, in popular usage, particularly in the United Kingdom, "conceptual art" came to denote all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture . One of

4224-466: The first dedicated conceptual-art exhibition, took place at the New York Cultural Center . Conceptual art emerged as a movement during the 1960s – in part as a reaction against formalism as then articulated by the influential New York art critic Clement Greenberg . According to Greenberg Modern art followed a process of progressive reduction and refinement toward the goal of defining

4312-425: The following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Metabolic causes include prescription medications, toxins (most notably alcohol ), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . Autoimmune and genetic causes of hepatitis involve genetic predispositions and tend to affect characteristic populations. Viral hepatitis

4400-426: The infectivity of the virus. The most apparent distinguishing factor between alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a history of excessive alcohol use. Thus, in patients who have no or negligible alcohol use, the diagnosis is unlikely to be alcoholic hepatitis. In those who drink alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there

4488-498: The inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain. Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease. Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women. Extensive damage and scarring of

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4576-416: The likelihood of transmission to others. Hepatitis A causes an acute illness that does not progress to chronic liver disease. Therefore, the role of screening is to assess immune status in people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, as well as in people with known liver disease for whom hepatitis A infection could lead to liver failure. People in these groups who are not already immune can receive

4664-553: The liver ( cirrhosis ), liver failure , and liver cancer . Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus hepatovirus A , B , C , D , and E . Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation , including cytomegalovirus , Epstein–Barr virus , and yellow fever virus . Other common causes of hepatitis include heavy alcohol use , certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases , and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B

4752-544: The liver , variable degrees of fibrosis and Mallory bodies . Diagnosis of hepatitis is made on the basis of some or all of the following: a person's signs and symptoms, medical history including sexual and substance use history, blood tests, imaging , and liver biopsy . In general, for viral hepatitis and other acute causes of hepatitis, the person's blood tests and clinical picture are sufficient for diagnosis. For other causes of hepatitis, especially chronic causes, blood tests may not be useful. In this case, liver biopsy

4840-420: The liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum IgE (though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections). Of the protozoans , Trypanosoma cruzi , Leishmania species, and the malaria -causing Plasmodium species all can cause liver inflammation. Another protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica , causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses. Of

4928-477: The liver as in shock, heart failure, or vascular insufficiency. The condition is most often associated with heart failure but can also be caused by shock or sepsis . Blood testing of a person with ischemic hepatitis will show very high levels of transaminase enzymes ( AST and ALT ). The condition usually resolves if the underlying cause is treated successfully. Ischemic hepatitis rarely causes permanent liver damage. Hepatitis can also occur in neonates and

5016-400: The liver cells in a process called steatosis . This initially reversible process overwhelms the hepatocyte 's ability to maintain lipid homeostasis leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate and are broken down in the setting of an oxidative stress response . Over time, this abnormal lipid deposition triggers the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) resulting in

5104-454: The liver over time defines cirrhosis , a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded. This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg swelling). Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy , esophageal varices , hepatorenal syndrome , and liver cancer . Causes of hepatitis can be divided into

5192-482: The liver tissue. This disease is termed giant cell hepatitis and may be associated with viral infection, autoimmune disorders, and drug toxicity. The specific mechanism varies and depends on the underlying cause of the hepatitis. Generally, there is an initial insult that causes liver injury and activation of an inflammatory response, which can become chronic, leading to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis . The pathway by which hepatic viruses cause viral hepatitis

5280-499: The liver, which can lead to cirrhosis. In Wilson's disease, excess amounts of copper accumulate in the liver and brain, causing cirrhosis and dementia. When the liver is involved, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson's disease tend to present as hepatitis in the neonatal period or in childhood. Hemochromatosis typically presents in adulthood, with the onset of clinical disease usually after age 50. Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) results from reduced blood flow to

5368-540: The liver. Genetic causes of hepatitis include alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency , hemochromatosis , and Wilson's disease . In alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, a co-dominant mutation in the gene for alpha-1-antitrypsin results in the abnormal accumulation of the mutant AAT protein within liver cells, leading to liver disease. Hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease are both autosomal recessive diseases involving abnormal storage of minerals. In hemochromatosis, excess amounts of iron accumulate in multiple body sites, including

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5456-441: The many factors that influenced the gravitation toward language-based art, a central role for conceptualism came from the turn to linguistic theories of meaning in both Anglo-American analytic philosophy , and structuralist and post structuralist Continental philosophy during the middle of the twentieth century. This linguistic turn "reinforced and legitimized" the direction the conceptual artists took. Osborne also notes that

5544-568: The organ. Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases: Both drug-induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause. Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever, serositis (inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and suppression of bone marrow activity . Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death ,

5632-403: The owner and distributor of art. Lawrence Weiner said: "Once you know about a work of mine you own it. There's no way I can climb inside somebody's head and remove it." Many conceptual artists' work can therefore only be known about through documentation which is manifested by it, e.g., photographs, written texts or displayed objects, which some might argue are not in and of themselves the art. It

5720-420: The person shows any symptoms. The degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis. Ultrasound , CT , and MRI can all identify steatosis (fatty changes) of the liver tissue and nodularity of the liver surface suggestive of cirrhosis. CT and especially MRI are able to provide

5808-464: The planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art. Tony Godfrey, author of Conceptual Art (Art & Ideas) (1998), asserts that conceptual art questions the nature of art, a notion that Joseph Kosuth elevated to a definition of art itself in his seminal, early manifesto of conceptual art, Art after Philosophy (1969). The notion that art should examine its own nature

5896-459: The presence of polymorphonuclear infiltration, hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis in the form of ballooning degeneration , Mallory bodies , and fibrosis around veins and sinuses. The purpose of screening for viral hepatitis is to identify people infected with the disease as early as possible, even before symptoms and transaminase elevations may be present. This allows for early treatment, which can both prevent disease progression and decrease

5984-401: The primary drivers of the initial innate response and create a cytokine environment that results in the recruitment of CD4 T-helper and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells . Type I interferons are the cytokines that drive the antiviral response. In chronic Hepatitis B and C, natural killer cell function is impaired. Steatohepatitis is seen in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease and is

6072-523: The production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF that cause liver cell injury and death. These events mark the transition to steatohepatitis and in the setting of chronic injury, fibrosis eventually develops setting up events that lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Microscopically, changes that can be seen include steatosis with large and swollen hepatocytes ( ballooning ), evidence of cellular injury and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), evidence of inflammation in particular in zone 3 of

6160-524: The pseudonym "R.Mutt", and submitted for inclusion in the annual, un-juried exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in New York (which rejected it). The artistic tradition does not see a commonplace object (such as a urinal) as art because it is not made by an artist or with any intention of being art, nor is it unique or hand-crafted. Duchamp's relevance and theoretical importance for future "conceptualists"

6248-461: The reasons why the term "conceptual art" has come to be associated with various contemporary practices far removed from its original aims and forms lies in the problem of defining the term itself. As the artist Mel Bochner suggested as early as 1970, in explaining why he does not like the epithet "conceptual", it is not always entirely clear what "concept" refers to, and it runs the risk of being confused with "intention". Thus, in describing or defining

6336-605: The recordings, as well as having a diverse but concrete philosophical and sometimes quasi-religious framework to place them in. Despite the name, The Hafler Trio is essentially the work of one man, Andrew M. McKenzie, born in Scotland in 1963 and whose family moved to Newcastle upon Tyne shortly after. McKenzie released his first 7" single at the age of 16, having formed a post-punk rock group named Flesh. There have been numerous members and collaborators alongside Andrew M. McKenzie, including Cabaret Voltaire co-founder Chris Watson ,

6424-452: The renunciation of conventional CD releases, almost all internet activity, and the exclusive concentration on methods of "complementary education" and related disciplines referenced by and developed in tandem with the work of The Hafler Trio since its inception, under the umbrella of Simply Superior. The website, simplysuperior.org, became the only official source of information about The Hafler Trio and related matters. In 2017, Andrew McKenzie

6512-791: The rise of Modernism with, for example, Manet (1832–1883) and later Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968). The first wave of the "conceptual art" movement extended from approximately 1967 to 1978. Early "concept" artists like Henry Flynt (1940– ), Robert Morris (1931–2018), and Ray Johnson (1927–1995) influenced the later, widely accepted movement of conceptual art. Conceptual artists like Dan Graham , Hans Haacke , and Lawrence Weiner have proven very influential on subsequent artists, and well-known contemporary artists such as Mike Kelley or Tracey Emin are sometimes labeled "second- or third-generation" conceptualists, or " post-conceptual " artists (the prefix Post- in art can frequently be interpreted as "because of"). Contemporary artists have taken up many of

6600-400: The risk for cirrhosis, and the risk for liver cancer is increased by about 1% for each year of the disease. Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other autoimmune diseases . Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis , both of which can also lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of

6688-399: The skin and whites of the eyes ( jaundice ), poor appetite , vomiting , tiredness , abdominal pain , and diarrhea . Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own , progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure . Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of

6776-713: The spectrum from asymptomatic to acute or chronic hepatitis to fulminant liver failure. Patients are asymptomatic 25–34% of the time, and the diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests. Some studies show between 25% and 75% of cases present with signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis. As with other autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis usually affects young females (though it can affect patients of either sex of any age), and patients can exhibit classic signs and symptoms of autoimmunity such as fatigue, anemia, anorexia, amenorrhea , acne, arthritis, pleurisy , thyroiditis , ulcerative colitis , nephritis , and maculopapular rash . Autoimmune hepatitis increases

6864-569: The strength of the immune response, the types of immune cells involved and the ability of the virus to evade the body's defense, infection can either lead to clearance (acute disease) or persistence (chronic disease) of the virus. The chronic presence of the virus within liver cells results in multiple waves of inflammation , injury and wound healing that over time lead to scarring or fibrosis and culminate in hepatocellular carcinoma . People with impaired immune response are at greater risk of developing chronic infection. Natural killer cells are

6952-520: The time. Language was a central concern for the first wave of conceptual artists of the 1960s and early 1970s. Although the utilisation of text in art was in no way novel, only in the 1960s did the artists Lawrence Weiner , Edward Ruscha , Joseph Kosuth , Robert Barry , and Art & Language begin to produce art by exclusively linguistic means. Where previously language was presented as one kind of visual element alongside others, and subordinate to an overarching composition (e.g. Synthetic Cubism ),

7040-434: The time. Acute hepatitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Bartonella henselae , Borrelia burgdorferi , salmonella species, brucella species and campylobacter species. Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from mycobacteria species, Tropheryma whipplei , Treponema pallidum , Coxiella burnetii , and rickettsia species. Excessive alcohol consumption

7128-619: The water and blood-borne illnesses spread quickly in unsanitary settings. Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically. Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. Infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection. Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection. Hepatitis C

7216-467: The wild mushroom Amanita phalloides are other known hepatotoxins. Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and

7304-606: The worms, the cestode Echinococcus granulosus , also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic hydatid cysts . The liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in pyogenic liver abscesses , acute hepatitis, or granulomatous (or chronic) liver disease. Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of

7392-482: Was already a potent aspect of the influential art critic Clement Greenberg 's vision of Modern art during the 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists such as Art & Language , Joseph Kosuth (who became the American editor of Art-Language ), and Lawrence Weiner began a far more radical interrogation of art than was previously possible (see below ). One of

7480-640: Was also part of Whitehouse along with Steven Stapleton and William Bennett for their first live performance. In addition to the 6-part retrospective set released by The Grey Area of Mute Records titled The Golden Hammer (including many early LPs and EPs such as The Sea Org , "Bang" – An Open Letter , Three Ways of Saying Two , All That Rises Must Converge , Seven Hours Sleep , A Thirsty Fish and more), CD releases include: Intoutof , A Bag of Cats , Mastery of Money , How to Reform Mankind , with several notable stand-out collaborations: One Dozen Economical Stories by Peter Greenaway , Nurse With Wound and

7568-452: Was interviewed by the Data.Wave webzine. In 2004, Andrew announced that he was suffering from diagnosed hepatitis B and autoimmune hepatitis . Both of these conditions require drugs which McKenzie has stated he cannot afford. Conceptual art In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of

7656-529: Was later acknowledged by US artist Joseph Kosuth in his 1969 essay, Art after Philosophy , when he wrote: "All art (after Duchamp) is conceptual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually". In 1956 the founder of Lettrism , Isidore Isou , developed the notion of a work of art which, by its very nature, could never be created in reality, but which could nevertheless provide aesthetic rewards by being contemplated intellectually. This concept, also called Art esthapériste (or "infinite-aesthetics"), derived from

7744-556: Was too closely allied with art-and-technology. Another vital intersection was explored in Ascott's use of the thesaurus in 1963 telematic connections:: timeline , which drew an explicit parallel between the taxonomic qualities of verbal and visual languages – a concept that would be taken up in Joseph Kosuth's Second Investigation, Proposition 1 (1968) and Mel Ramsden's Elements of an Incomplete Map (1968). Proto-conceptualism has roots in

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