The Hadad Statue is an 8th-century BC stele of King Panamuwa I , from the Kingdom of Bit-Gabbari in Sam'al . It is currently occupies a prominent position in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin .
41-658: The inscription was discovered in 1890 in a village north east of Sam’al , during the period of the 1888-1902 German Oriental Society expeditions led by Felix von Luschan and Robert Koldewey . The 34 line inscription is written in the Samalian language , considered to be on a dialect continuum between Phoenician and Aramaic. The translation of the stele: "I am Panamuwa, son of Qarli, king of Y’DY, who have erected this statue for Hadad in my eternal abode (burial chamber). The gods Hadad and El and Rašap and Rākib-El and Šamaš supported me. Hadad and El and Rākib-El and Šamaš and Rašap gave
82-443: A distinct variety of Old Aramaic . Attempts to establish a rigorous definition of "Aramaic" have led to a conclusion of Samalian as distinct from Aramaic, despite some shared features. The site of Pancarli Hoyuk is located about 1 km southeast of Zincirli. A new hieroglyphic Luwian inscription has been discovered here in 2006, and published in 2016. It bears 3 fragmented lines of hieroglyphic Luwian text. The inscription
123-415: A satellite state of Denyen and Assyria wanted to occupy this territory. Kilamuva might offer for Deyen to be a satellite state. Before this, he should defeat his greatest foe, Azitawadda. Assyrians won over Denyen and Sam'al in 825 BC. Sam'al became independent after the death of Shalmaneser III. There is an alternative opinion which states that Ya'udi and Sam'al were originally separate royal houses. Indeed,
164-566: A satellite state. The Kingdom of Ya'udi wanted to open a corridor between Assyria and Denyen. It was prevented by the unified Syrian forces. This unity had been dissolved in 825 BC. After the death of Shalmanezer III Denyen couldn't occupy Ya'udi but the Samalians could. Sam'al annexed Ya'udi and moved into the palace of Kilamuva. Sam’al’s friendly relationship with the Assyrian Empire probably started during Shalmaneser’s reign and continued into
205-400: A scepter of dominion. I cut off war and slander from the house of my father, and in my days also Y’DY ate and drank. In my days it was commanded throughout all my land to reconstruct ṬYRT and to reconstruct ZRRY and to build the villages of the dominion. Each one took his friend(?). Hadad and El and Rākib-El and Šamaš and ’Arqû-Rašap gave abundance. Greatness was granted to me and a sure covenant
246-692: Is an archaeological site located in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of modern Turkey 's Gaziantep Province . During its time under the control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (c. 700 BC) it was called, by them, Sam'al . It was founded at least as far back as the Early Bronze Age and thrived between 3000 and 2000 BC, and on the highest part of the upper mound was found a walled citadel of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000–1600 BC). Zinjirli Höyük
287-528: Is fragmentary, but nevertheless it appears to be of a royal character. Previously, all known inscriptions from this area were exclusively written in Northwest Semitic languages . According to the authors, the most probable conclusion is that PANCARLI inscription represents a ruler or a local king of the tenth or early ninth century BC. This inscription provides new information about the Early Iron Age of
328-542: Is located at the northern end of the Kara Su river valley. The site is situated on the western side of the valley at the base of the Amanus Mountains , and measures approximately 40 ha in area. Its location was on the overland route that connected Carchemish to the fertile Cilician plain and further on west to Anatolia. The city was protected by a double, almost circular wall with a diameter of 720 to 800 meters. Each of
369-655: The Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC, and instead paid tribute to Shalmaneser III. This battle was fought to the south in Syria around Hama. So Assyria did not pursue then its expansion to the Western areas. The campaign of Assyria in 825 BC occupied the vital territories of Sam'al, Quwê had been defeated, but it had been reorganised as Denyen . After the death of Shalmaneser III , Ya'udi again became independent. Some rulers of Sam'al had aggressive expansionist politics; others acceded to one of
410-517: The List of Neo-Hittite kings attests Y'adiya/Ya'udi and Sam'al as two separate royal houses, Ya'udi being the older of the two. Gabar, the founder of Ya'udi, and his successors became a member of the Assyrian satellites. The Kingdom of Sam'al was founded by Hayyanu and his successor was Ahabbu of Siri'laya (Zincirli) in 854 BC. This makes clear why Shalmaneser III lists Ya'udi (Bit-Gabbari) but not Sam'al as
451-562: The Pergamon Museum , Berlin , and Istanbul . Also found was the notable Victory stele of Neo-Assyrian ruler Esarhaddon celebrating his victory over Egyptian pharaoh Taharqa in 671 BC. Three royal inscriptions from Ya'udi or Sam'al are particularly informative for the history of the area. The earliest is from the reign of King Panammu I, the others later at 730 BC. Their language is known as Samalian or Ya'udic. Some scholars including P.-E. Dion and S. Moscati have advanced Samalian as
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#1732877319285492-705: The University of Chicago together with the Institute for Ancient Near Eastern Studies of the University of Tübingen began a new long-term excavation project at the site of Zincirli under the directorship of David Schloen and Virginia Herrmann. Eleven seasons of excavation were conducted ending in 2017. Finds included the Kuttamuwa stele , in the Samalian variant of Aramaic and dated c. 740 BC. A destroyed Middle Bronze Age II building
533-503: The 10th century BC. It had expanded from being a city state and gained territories from Carchemish, around Adana from Quwê and remained independent. It didn't become part of Cilicia . In 859 BC, Shalmaneser III moved westward with his army to Lutibu in Sam’al, where he fought a hostile coalition of kings including a ruler of Sam’al named Hayyanu, as well as Sapalulme of Patina (also known as Suppiluliuma (Pattin) ). And soon after, there
574-572: The 1902 excavation at Zincirli Höyük the Kilamuwa Stela (Zincirli 65), a 9th-century BC stele of King Kilamuwa (c. 840–810 BC) in Phoenician language was found at the entrance to Building J. It is written in an Old Aramaic form of the Phoenician alphabet. At the foundation of Gate E of the inner citadel five basalt lion statues were found buried in a pit that ranged as deep as 4.2 meters. The date of
615-612: The Assyrian period, and warehouses. The site of Sam'al was occupied in the Early Bronze Age III/IV (c. 2700–2100 BC). It may be speculated if the site was a trade center on the Anatolian Trade Network, bringing metals from Anatolia into the Near East. At least from c.1700 to 1650 BC Zincirli Höyük was a trading hub with the production of wine transported in a specific type of vessel, the globular flask, being part of
656-647: The Late Bronze Age. In 2020, the nearby site of Tilmen Höyük was "convincingly identified" with the ancient 'Zalpa' in the Annals of Ḫattušili I. There is also another ancient town of Zalpa, located at Zalpuwa to the north of Ḫattuša near the Black Sea. That northern Zalpa was mentioned in the Hittite "Queen of Kanesh" myth. Scholars were formerly unsure about the location of 'Zalpa' that Hattusili I destroyed, and thought it
697-401: The anti-Assyrian Syrian coalition. Assyrian sources are not clear regarding Sam'al. Ya'udi was one of Assyria's satellite states in the annals of Shalmaneser III. Though around 830 BC Azitawadda, king of Denyen , states Ya'udi is his satellite country – at the same time, Kilamuwa mentions on his stela that he hired Assyria against Denyen. Other sources from the same period mention Ya'udi as
738-418: The destruction of one of his kinsmen or one of his relatives or one of his kinswomen, or should any member of my house plot destruction, then may (the king) assemble his male relatives and may he stand (the accused plotter) in the middle. Indeed, (the aggrieved victim of the plot) will pronounce his oath: “Your brother has caused my destruction!” If (the accused) denies it and (the aggrieved) lifts up his hands to
779-513: The early years of Šamši-Adad V (824-811 BC). This brought prosperity to the kingdom by providing access to the huge volume of the imperial trade. Big construction projects are also dated to this period. At the end, in 717 BC, Assyria occupied the country under the rule of Sargon II . The site covers an area of about 40 hectares. It was visited by archaeologist Osman Hamdi Bey in 1882. In 1883 three German travelers collected and took photographs there. At that time orthostats were still visible at
820-5220: The future king’s) eyes be weary of him on account of his bow or his power or his words or his instigation, then you […] his right […]. But if you slay him in violence or in anger, or you issue a decree against him, or you incite a stranger to slay him, may the gods […] slay […]" The text of the inscription below is presented in George Albert Cooke's 1903 "Text-book of North-Semitic Inscriptions: Moabite, Hebrew, Phoenician, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene, Jewish". 2. 𐤒𐤌𐤅 · 𐤏𐤌𐤉̇ · 𐤀̇𐤋𐤄𐤅 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤅𐤀𐤋 · 𐤅𐤓𐤔𐤐 · 𐤅𐤓𐤊𐤁𐤀𐤋 · 𐤅𐤔𐤌𐤔 · 𐤅𐤍𐤕𐤍 · 𐤁𐤉𐤃𐤉 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤅𐤀𐤋 · 3. 𐤅𐤓𐤊𐤁𐤀𐤋 · 𐤅𐤔𐤌𐤔 · 𐤅𐤓𐤔𐤐 · 𐤇𐤈𐤓 · 𐤇𐤋𐤁𐤁𐤄 · 𐤅𐤒𐤌 · 𐤏𐤌𐤉 · 𐤓𐤔𐤐 · 𐤐𐤌𐤆 · 𐤀𐤇𐤆 · 4. 𐤁𐤉𐤃....𐤄̇𐤀 · 𐤐𐤋𐤇̇..· 𐤅𐤌𐤆 · 𐤀𐤔𐤀[𐤋 · 𐤌𐤍 · ]𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉 · 𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤅 · 𐤋𐤉 · 𐤅𐤔𐤍𐤌 · 𐤇̇𐤅𐤉𐤅 · 5. 𐤋̇. 𐤀𐤓𐤒 · 𐤔𐤏𐤓𐤉 · 𐤄𐤀𐤋 ·........................ 6. 𐤀𐤓𐤒 · 𐤇𐤈𐤉 𐤅𐤀𐤓𐤒 𐤔𐤌𐤉..................... 7. 𐤅𐤀𐤓𐤒 · ...........𐤀𐤆 · 𐤁̇.𐤓̇𐤕...𐤉̇𐤌𐤉 𐤅̇.....𐤉 · 𐤉𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤅 · 𐤀𐤓𐤒 · 𐤅𐤊𐤓𐤌 · 8. 𐤔𐤌 · 𐤉𐤔[𐤁].........𐤌̇ · 𐤐𐤍𐤌𐤅 · 𐤂𐤌 · 𐤉𐤔𐤁𐤕 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤌𐤔𐤁 · 𐤀𐤁𐤉 · 𐤅𐤍𐤕𐤍 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤁𐤉𐤃𐤉 9. 𐤇𐤈𐤓 · 𐤇𐤋[𐤁𐤁𐤄 ·]........𐤕 · 𐤇𐤓𐤁 · 𐤅𐤋𐤔𐤍 · 𐤌𐤍 · 𐤁𐤉𐤕 · 𐤀𐤁𐤉 · 𐤅𐤁𐤉𐤌𐤉 · 𐤂𐤌 · 𐤀𐤊𐤋 · 𐤅𐤔𐤕𐤀 · 𐤉̇𐤀̇𐤃̇𐤉 10. 𐤅𐤁𐤉𐤌𐤉 · 𐤉𐤕𐤌𐤓......𐤒̇𐤉 · 𐤋𐤍𐤑𐤁 · 𐤒̇𐤉𐤓̇𐤕 · 𐤅𐤋𐤍𐤑𐤁 · 𐤆𐤓𐤓𐤉 · 𐤅𐤋𐤁𐤍𐤉 · 𐤊𐤐𐤉𐤓𐤉 · 𐤇𐤋𐤁𐤁...𐤉̇𐤒𐤇 · 11. 𐤀𐤔 · 𐤓̇𐤏̇𐤉̇𐤄 · 𐤅̇𐤉𐤕̇𐤓̇ · 𐤄̇𐤃𐤃̇ · [𐤅]𐤀𐤋 𐤅𐤓𐤊𐤁𐤀𐤋 · 𐤅𐤔𐤌𐤔 · 𐤅𐤀𐤓𐤒𐤓𐤔𐤐 · 𐤅𐤊𐤁𐤓̇𐤅 · 𐤍𐤕𐤍𐤄 · 𐤋𐤉 · 𐤅𐤀𐤌̇𐤍̇ · .𐤊𐤓̇𐤕̇ 12. 𐤁𐤉 · 𐤅𐤁𐤉𐤌𐤉 · 𐤇𐤋𐤁𐤕...𐤕.𐤉̇𐤄𐤁 𐤋̇𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉 · 𐤅𐤌𐤕 · 𐤉𐤒𐤇𐤅 · 𐤌𐤍 · 𐤉𐤃𐤉 · 𐤅𐤌𐤄 · 𐤀𐤔𐤀𐤋 · 𐤌𐤍 · 𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉 · 𐤌𐤕 · 𐤉𐤕𐤓̇ 13. 𐤋𐤉 𐤅𐤀𐤓𐤒𐤅 · 𐤅...... · 𐤒𐤓𐤋 · 𐤀𐤋𐤄𐤉 · 𐤌𐤕 · 𐤐𐤋𐤅 · 𐤍𐤕𐤍 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤌𐤕 · 𐤋..𐤕̇𐤉 · 𐤒𐤓𐤍𐤉 · 𐤋𐤁𐤍𐤀 · 𐤅𐤁𐤇𐤋𐤁𐤁𐤕𐤉 · 14. 𐤍𐤕𐤍 · 𐤌𐤕 · 𐤄̇𐤃̇[𐤃 · ....𐤋]𐤁𐤍𐤀 · 𐤐𐤁𐤍𐤉𐤕 · 𐤌𐤕 · 𐤅[𐤄]𐤒𐤌𐤕 · 𐤍𐤑𐤁 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤆𐤍 · 𐤅𐤌𐤒𐤌 · 𐤐𐤍𐤌𐤅 · 𐤁𐤓 · 𐤒𐤓𐤋 · 𐤌𐤋𐤊 · 15. 𐤉𐤀𐤃𐤉 · 𐤏𐤌 · 𐤍𐤑𐤁 · 𐤇̇𐤃̇..𐤌𐤍 𐤌𐤍 · 𐤁𐤍𐤉 · 𐤉𐤀𐤇𐤆[· 𐤇𐤈]𐤓 · 𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤁 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤌𐤔𐤁𐤉 · 𐤅𐤉𐤎𐤏𐤃̇ · 𐤀𐤁𐤓𐤅 · 𐤅𐤉𐤆𐤁𐤇 · 16. 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤆𐤍̇....𐤉̇...𐤉̇..𐤍̇𐤔𐤉 · 𐤅𐤉𐤆𐤁𐤇 · .....𐤌 · ..𐤀 𐤉𐤆𐤁𐤇 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤅𐤉𐤆𐤊𐤓 · 𐤀𐤔𐤌 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤀𐤅 · 17. 𐤀 · 𐤐𐤀 · 𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 · [𐤕𐤀𐤊]𐤋̇ 𐤍̇𐤁̇𐤔 · 𐤐𐤍𐤌̇𐤅 · 𐤏𐤌𐤊 · 𐤅𐤕𐤔[𐤕𐤉 · 𐤍]𐤁𐤔 𐤐𐤍𐤌𐤅 𐤏𐤌𐤊 · 𐤏𐤃 𐤉𐤆𐤊𐤓 · 𐤍𐤁𐤔 · 𐤐𐤍𐤌𐤅 · 𐤏𐤌̇ 18. [𐤄]𐤃̇𐤃 · 𐤉̇.......𐤆𐤁𐤇𐤄̇ 𐤆𐤀 · 𐤐𐤕𐤊.....[𐤉]𐤓𐤒𐤉 · 𐤁𐤄 · 𐤔𐤉 · 𐤋𐤄𐤃𐤃 𐤅𐤋𐤀𐤋 · 𐤅𐤋𐤓𐤊𐤁𐤀𐤋 · 𐤅𐤋𐤔𐤌𐤔 19. 𐤍̇.[𐤐]𐤍̇𐤌̇𐤅̇...𐤁......𐤉 · 𐤒.𐤆𐤀 · 𐤐𐤁...𐤄 · 𐤅𐤄𐤅𐤔𐤁𐤕 · 𐤁𐤄 · 𐤀̇𐤋𐤄̇𐤉̇ · 𐤅𐤁𐤇𐤋𐤁𐤁𐤕𐤄̇ · 𐤇𐤍𐤀𐤕...... 20. 𐤍𐤕𐤍𐤅 · 𐤋𐤉 · 𐤆𐤓𐤏 · 𐤇𐤁𐤀 .......𐤉..𐤀̇𐤌... · 𐤁𐤍𐤉 · 𐤉𐤀𐤇𐤆 · 𐤇𐤈𐤓 · 𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤁 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤌𐤔𐤁𐤉̇ 𐤌̇𐤋𐤊...... 21. 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤉𐤀̇𐤃̇𐤉̇ · 𐤅𐤉𐤎𐤏𐤃 · 𐤀𐤁𐤓𐤅 · 𐤅̇𐤉𐤆̇𐤁̇𐤇̇ [· 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤆𐤍 · 𐤅𐤉𐤆𐤊]𐤓 · 𐤀𐤔𐤌 · 𐤐𐤍𐤌𐤅 · 𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 · 𐤕𐤀𐤊𐤋 · 𐤍𐤁𐤔 𐤐̇[𐤍]𐤌̇[𐤅] · 22. 𐤏𐤌 · 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤅𐤕𐤔𐤕𐤉 · 𐤍𐤁𐤔 · 𐤐𐤍𐤌𐤅 · 𐤏𐤌 · 𐤄[𐤃]𐤃 · 𐤄𐤀 · ............𐤇𐤄𐤍 · 𐤆𐤁𐤇𐤄 · 𐤅𐤀𐤋 · 𐤉𐤓𐤒𐤉 · 𐤁𐤄 𐤅𐤌𐤆 · 23. 𐤉𐤔𐤀𐤋 · 𐤀𐤋 · 𐤉𐤕𐤍 · 𐤋𐤄 𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤅𐤄𐤃𐤃 · 𐤇𐤓𐤀 · 𐤋𐤉̇𐤕𐤊̇𐤄..................𐤀𐤋 · 𐤉𐤕𐤍 · 𐤋𐤄 · 𐤋𐤀𐤊𐤋 · 𐤁𐤓̇𐤂̇𐤆 24. 𐤅𐤔𐤍𐤄 · 𐤋𐤌𐤍𐤏 · 𐤌𐤍𐤄 · 𐤁𐤋𐤉𐤋𐤀 · 𐤅𐤃̇𐤋𐤇̇ · 𐤍𐤕𐤍 · 𐤋𐤄 ..𐤉.............𐤀𐤉𐤇..𐤌𐤅𐤃𐤃𐤉 · 𐤌𐤅𐤌𐤕̇..𐤕̇𐤉 25. 𐤉𐤀𐤇𐤆 · 𐤇𐤈𐤓 · 𐤁𐤉𐤀𐤃[𐤉] · 𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤁 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤌𐤔𐤁𐤉 · 𐤅𐤉𐤌𐤋[𐤊 · ....𐤅𐤉𐤔𐤋]𐤇 · 𐤉𐤃𐤄 · 𐤁𐤇𐤓𐤁 · 𐤁.....𐤕̇𐤉 · 𐤀𐤅 · 26. 𐤇𐤌̇𐤎 · 𐤀𐤋 · 𐤉𐤄𐤓𐤂 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤁𐤓𐤂𐤆 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤀.....𐤀 · 𐤋̇...𐤉 · 𐤌̇𐤅̇𐤌𐤕 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤒𐤔𐤕𐤄 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤀𐤌𐤓𐤕𐤄 ·........ 27. 𐤇𐤄 · 𐤉𐤓𐤔𐤉 · 𐤔𐤇𐤕 · 𐤁𐤀𐤔𐤓 · 𐤇𐤃 · 𐤀𐤉𐤇𐤉𐤄 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤁𐤀𐤔𐤓 · 𐤇𐤃 · 𐤌𐤅𐤃𐤃𐤉𐤄 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤁𐤀𐤔𐤓 ·................. 28. 𐤇𐤃𐤄 · 𐤀𐤉𐤇𐤕[𐤄.........𐤉𐤓𐤔𐤉 · 𐤔𐤇𐤕 · 𐤉𐤂𐤍𐤁 𐤀𐤉𐤇𐤉𐤄 · 𐤆𐤊𐤓𐤉 · 𐤅𐤉𐤒𐤌 · 𐤅𐤕𐤄 · 𐤁𐤌𐤑𐤏𐤄 · 𐤌𐤕 · 𐤍𐤔𐤄 29. 𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 · 𐤀𐤇𐤊𐤌 · 𐤄𐤔𐤇𐤕 · 𐤅𐤄𐤍......𐤀 · 𐤉𐤃𐤉𐤄 · 𐤋𐤀𐤋𐤄 · 𐤀𐤁𐤄 · 𐤍𐤔𐤄 · 𐤉𐤀𐤌𐤓 · 𐤄𐤍 · 𐤀𐤌 · 𐤔𐤌𐤕 · 𐤀𐤌𐤓𐤕 · 𐤀𐤋 · 𐤁𐤐𐤌 · 30. 𐤆𐤓 · 𐤀𐤌𐤓 · 𐤒𐤌 · 𐤏𐤉𐤍𐤉 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤃𐤋𐤇 · 𐤀𐤅......𐤉 · 𐤁𐤐𐤌 · 𐤀𐤍𐤔𐤉 𐤑̇𐤓𐤉 · 𐤐𐤄̇𐤍𐤅 · 𐤆𐤊𐤓 · 𐤄𐤀 · 𐤋𐤕𐤂𐤌𐤓𐤅 · 𐤀𐤉𐤇𐤄 31. 𐤆𐤊𐤓𐤅 · 𐤐𐤋𐤊𐤕𐤔𐤄 · 𐤁𐤀𐤁𐤍𐤉 · 𐤅𐤄𐤍𐤅 𐤓.........𐤓̇𐤍 · 𐤀𐤉𐤇𐤕𐤄 𐤐𐤋𐤊𐤕𐤔𐤍𐤄 · 𐤁𐤀𐤁𐤍𐤉 · 𐤅𐤄𐤍𐤅̇ · 𐤋𐤅 · 𐤔𐤇𐤕 · 32. 𐤁𐤀𐤔𐤓𐤄 · 𐤅𐤕𐤋𐤏𐤉 · 𐤏𐤉𐤍𐤊 · 𐤁𐤀.𐤁𐤁̇.........𐤏𐤋 · 𐤒𐤔𐤕𐤄 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤂𐤁𐤓𐤕𐤄 · 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤀𐤌𐤓𐤕𐤄 · 33. 𐤀𐤅 · 𐤏𐤋 · 𐤍𐤃𐤁𐤄 · 𐤀𐤕 · 𐤐𐤀 · 𐤉𐤔𐤓𐤄 · 𐤁..𐤓.............𐤅 · 𐤕𐤄𐤓𐤂𐤄 · 𐤁𐤇𐤌. · [𐤀𐤅 · ] 𐤁𐤇𐤌𐤀 · 𐤀𐤅 · Sam%CA%BEal Zincirli Höyük
861-486: The god of his father and says on his oath: “If I have put these words in the mouth of a stranger, say that my eyes are fixed or fearful, or that I have put my words in the mouth of enemies!”—then if (the accused) is male, may his male relatives be assembled and may they pound him with stones; and if (the accused) is female, then may her kinswomen be assembled and may they pound her with stones. But if indeed ruin has struck him (a royal kinsman?) himself, then should your (i.e.,
SECTION 20
#1732877319285902-455: The main sources for historical data about this time period. The Aramean dynasty founder was king Gabbar, dated around 900 BC. Royal steles and stone tablets from the period of Panamuwa II are also important. Also the Kilamuwa scepter has been found here in 1943. It is a small gold object inscribed in a similar old type of Phoenician alphabet. The kingdom became a middle power at the end of
943-529: The night; and may terror be given to him. And may he not […] my kinsmen or relatives. Whoever of my house seizes the scepter in Y’DY and sits on my throne and reigns in my place, may he not stretch his hand with the sword against anyone(?) of my house, either out of anger or out of violence. May he not do murder, either out of wrath or out of […]. And may no one be put to death, either by his bow or by his word or by his command. But should (the future king’s) kinsman plot
984-582: The pit is unclear, though the excavators suggested the Middle Bronze age. The statues are in two different styles which the excavators placed as being from the late 10th century BC (Zincirli I) and c. 700 BC (Zincirli IV). These became known as the Sam'al lions . There were five excavation reports: The field diaries of the excavation were lost during World War II . In August 2006, the Oriental Institute of
1025-429: The place of Panamuwa, son of Qarli, king of Y’DY, with the statue—a burial chamber. Whoever of my sons (descendants) seizes the scepter, and sits on my throne, and maintains power, and sacrifices to this Hadad, […] an oath(?) and sacrifices this […] sacrifices to Hadad. Or, on the other hand, […] then he says: “May the soul (NBŠ) of Panamuwa eat with you and may the soul of Panamuwa drink with you.” May he remember eternally
1066-581: The predominantly Luwian area. The area flourished in the Iron Age (Iron IIA period), initially under Luwian -speaking Neo-Hittites , and the city soon had become a kingdom. In the 9th and 8th century BC it came under control of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and by the 7th century BC had become a directly ruled Assyrian province. The Aramean kingdom flourished here from the early 900s to 713 BC, with its capital at Zinjirli. Its native Samalian language name
1107-429: The scepter of dominion into my hands. Rašap supported me. So whatever I grasped with my hand […] and whatever I asked from the gods, they granted to me. The devastation(?) they restored. […] a land of barley […] a land of wheat and a land of garlic and a land of […]. Then […]. And […]. They cultivated the land and the vineyard. They dwelt there […]. I, Panamuwa, reigned on the throne of my father. Hadad gave into my hands
1148-525: The scepter, and sits on my throne, and reigns over Y’DY, and maintains his power, and sacrifices to this Hadad, and does not remember the name of Panamuwa—who does not say: “May the soul of Panamuwa eat with Hadad, and may the soul of Panamuwa drink with Hadad”; then […] his sacrifice. May he (i.e., Hadad) not look favorably upon it, and whatever he asks, may Hadad not grant him. As for Hadad, may his wrath be poured out on him and may he not give to him to eat because of his rage; and may he withhold sleep from him in
1189-440: The soul of Panamuwa with Hadad. May he give this his sacrifice to Hadad. May he (i.e., Hadad) look favorably upon it. May it be a tribute for Hadad and for El and for Rākib-El and Šamaš and Rašap. I am Panamuwa […] a house for the gods of this city. I built it and I caused the gods to dwell in it. During my reign, I allotted the gods a resting place. And they gave to me a seed of the bosom. […] whoever of my sons (descendants) seizes
1230-557: The surface. It was excavated in 1888, 1890, 1891, 1894 and 1902 during expeditions led by Felix von Luschan and Robert Koldewey . Each of the expeditions was supported by the German Orient Committee, except for the fourth (1894), which was financed with monies from the Rudolf-Virchow-Stiftung and private donors. They found a walled heavily fortified teardrop-shaped citadel accessed by the outer citadel gate, which
1271-451: The time of Kilamuwa. Multiple important historical inscriptions have been found in this area. They include at least seven inscriptions, as listed at the link above, including the Kuttamuwa stele found in 2008. The German excavations on the citadel recovered large numbers of relief-carved orthostats , along with inscriptions in Aramaic , Phoenician , and Akkadian . These are on exhibit in
Hadad Statue - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-583: The trade centered in the nearby ancient Syrian region of Mamma. Zincirli is located only 9 km north of Tilmen Höyük , possibly the capital of the Zalpa/Zalwar kingdom, which eventually became one of the twenty vassal small states of the Yamhad kingdom based on Aleppo . New excavations revealed a monumental complex in the Middle Bronze Age II (ca. 1800–1700 BC), and another structure (Complex DD) that
1353-442: The two walls, made of air-dried clay bricks, was over three meters thick with the distance between them being seven meters. The walls had around 100 guard towers around, and three entrances. The residential area was located within the city walls. On the citadel of Samal there were several palaces of Bit-hilani type, i.e. with an entrance decorated with wooden columns and a transverse main room. The citadel also contained palaces from
1394-646: Was Yādiya or Ya'diya . The Assyrians knew it as Sam'al, and in Aramaic it was known as Ya'udi , or Yaudi). This was a middle power of the Middle-East in the early first millennium BC. A dynasty of eleven Aramean kings ruled this city state, that was formerly Luwian. Its location was near the Nur Mountains . The monumental inscription of Kilamuwa, the fifth king of the dynasty, is the earliest inscription that provides us with historical information. Four more of these kings have also left inscriptions later. These are
1435-441: Was actually a large broadroom temple from Middle Bronze Age II, lasting roughly from 1800 to 1650 BC, destroyed in mid- to late 17th century BC based on 10 radiocarbon dates. Additional samples later produced a radiocarbon date of c. 1632–1610 BC for the destruction. The archaeological site of Zincirli was not abandoned after Hattusili I 's sack sometime around 1632 to 1610 BC, as there is recent evidence of Hittite occupation during
1476-528: Was also a battle near Alimus (Aliṣir/Alimush), the fortified city of the same Sapalulme the Patinean, where Shalmaneser again fought an anti-Assyrian coalition. Again, kings from Sam’al, Patina, Bit-Adini, Karkemiš, and others were members of this coalition. Shalmaneser defeated them. Hayyanu, king of Sam'al was again taking part, and later he was forced to pay tribute to Shalmaneser at the city of Dabigu along with others of these kings. Hayyanu didn't participate in
1517-454: Was concluded with me. In the days when I gained dominion, a gift-offering(?) was given to the gods; they took the land from my hand. Whatever I asked from the gods of the land, they gave to me. The gods of the land delighted in me, the son of Qarli. Then Hadad gave the land for my […]. He singled me out to build and during my dominion, Hadad […] gave me the land to build. So I have built the land. I have erected this statue of Hadad and have built
1558-460: Was destroyed in the mid to late 17th century BC, maybe by Hititte king Hattusili I . This event was recently radiocarbon-dated to sometime between 1632 and 1610 BC, during the late Middle Bronze Age II (ca. 1700–1600 BC). Excavations by Chicago-Tubingen Expedition revealed that the bit-hilani palace of Hilani I in Zincirli (believed by the early German excavators to be from Iron Age Sam'al period)
1599-546: Was found at Area 2 on the eastern citadel. it is nearby and on the same stratigraphic level as the bit-hilani palace located by early excavators. That palace was present only in its stone foundations as the area was clear for construction of the Neo-Assyrian governors residence (Palace G) of the 7th century BC. With the redating of the bit-hilani structure there is not a complete lack of monumental construction in Iron Age II until
1640-465: Was in the north. The site was thought to have been abandoned during the Hittite and Mitanni periods, but excavations in 2021 season showed evidence of occupation during the Late Bronze Age in Hittite times (ca. 1600–1180 BC). The Iron Age II town of Zincirli was founded about 900 BC, according to the inscription of Kilamuwa. The name of Gabbar suggests that he was an Aramaean chieftain seizing power in
1681-632: Was surrounded by the as yet unexcavated town and a further enormous 2.5 kilometer long double fortification wall with three gates (most notably the southern city gate) and 100 bastions. Finds from the excavations are held in the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and the Istanbul Archaeology Museum . The Louvre holds a carved orthostat and two sphinx protomes and some minor sculptures are held at museums in Adana and Gaziantep. During