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73-462: "HadCRUT" stands for Had ley Centre/ C limatic R esearch U nit T emperature. The data is provided on a grid of boxes covering the globe, with values provided for only those boxes containing temperature observations in a particular month and year. Interpolation is not applied to infill missing values. The first version of HadCRUT initially spanned the period 1881–1993, and this was later extended to begin in 1850 and to be regularly updated to

146-529: A case could be made to change the relevant law. The journalist's report as published in The Times on 28 January portrayed this as an ICO decision that the university "broke the law by refusing to hand over its raw data for public scrutiny" but the ICO "could not prosecute those involved because the complaint was made too late." The university promptly wrote to the ICO objecting to the damaging statement having been made to

219-556: A function s : [ a , b ] → R {\displaystyle s:[a,b]\to \mathbb {R} } such that f ( x i ) = s ( x i ) {\displaystyle f(x_{i})=s(x_{i})} for i = 1 , 2 , … , n {\displaystyle i=1,2,\dots ,n} (that is, that s {\displaystyle s} interpolates f {\displaystyle f} at these points). In general, an interpolant need not be

292-537: A function that is always positive may have an interpolant with negative values, and whose inverse therefore contains false vertical asymptotes . More generally, the shape of the resulting curve, especially for very high or low values of the independent variable, may be contrary to commonsense; that is, to what is known about the experimental system which has generated the data points. These disadvantages can be reduced by using spline interpolation or restricting attention to Chebyshev polynomials . Linear interpolation uses

365-430: A functional that represents the entire family of interpolants satisfying those constraints, including those that are discontinuous or partially defined. These functionals identify the subspace of functions where the solution to a constrained optimization problem resides. Consequently, TFC transforms constrained optimization problems into equivalent unconstrained formulations. This transformation has proven highly effective in

438-416: A given function by another function from some predetermined class, and how good this approximation is. This clearly yields a bound on how well the interpolant can approximate the unknown function. If we consider x {\displaystyle x} as a variable in a topological space , and the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} mapping to a Banach space , then

511-957: A good approximation, but there are well known and often reasonable conditions where it will. For example, if f ∈ C 4 ( [ a , b ] ) {\displaystyle f\in C^{4}([a,b])} (four times continuously differentiable) then cubic spline interpolation has an error bound given by ‖ f − s ‖ ∞ ≤ C ‖ f ( 4 ) ‖ ∞ h 4 {\displaystyle \|f-s\|_{\infty }\leq C\|f^{(4)}\|_{\infty }h^{4}} where h max i = 1 , 2 , … , n − 1 | x i + 1 − x i | {\displaystyle h\max _{i=1,2,\dots ,n-1}|x_{i+1}-x_{i}|} and C {\displaystyle C}

584-439: A journalist without first consulting the university. It described the misrepresentation by the press and requested retraction or clarification of the alleged breaches. The ICO declined to retract, but clarified that its investigation under Section 50 had not been completed and no decision notice had been issued. It said that "The fact that the elements of a section 77 offence may have been found here, but cannot be acted on because of

657-405: A linear function for each of intervals [ x k , x k+1 ]. Spline interpolation uses low-degree polynomials in each of the intervals, and chooses the polynomial pieces such that they fit smoothly together. The resulting function is called a spline. For instance, the natural cubic spline is piecewise cubic and twice continuously differentiable. Furthermore, its second derivative is zero at

730-607: A source which has explicitly refused to give permission for release could have some damaging consequences for the UK in international research collaborations." In May 2008 David Holland, an electrical engineer from Northampton , made a FOI request for all emails to and from Keith Briffa about the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4); formal review exchanges had already been published. The University of East Anglia (UEA) information policy and compliance manager (IPCM) refused

803-631: A statement by Phil Jones that he was working to release the raw data in a systematic way, and was writing to all the National Meteorological Organisations requesting their agreement to waive confidentiality. In mid October CRU issued a statement on data availability, describing how National Metereological Services (NMSs) and scientists had given or sold them data with written or verbal agreements that it must only be used for academic purposes, and not passed onto third parties. There were difficulties in separating out raw data, some of which

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876-415: Is In words, the error is proportional to the square of the distance between the data points. The error in some other methods, including polynomial interpolation and spline interpolation (described below), is proportional to higher powers of the distance between the data points. These methods also produce smoother interpolants. Polynomial interpolation is a generalization of linear interpolation. Note that

949-405: Is a common way to approximate functions. Given a function f : [ a , b ] → R {\displaystyle f:[a,b]\to \mathbb {R} } with a set of points x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ∈ [ a , b ] {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}\in [a,b]} one can form

1022-422: Is a constant. Gaussian process is a powerful non-linear interpolation tool. Many popular interpolation tools are actually equivalent to particular Gaussian processes. Gaussian processes can be used not only for fitting an interpolant that passes exactly through the given data points but also for regression; that is, for fitting a curve through noisy data. In the geostatistics community Gaussian process regression

1095-420: Is a type of estimation , a method of constructing (finding) new data points based on the range of a discrete set of known data points. In engineering and science , one often has a number of data points, obtained by sampling or experimentation , which represent the values of a function for a limited number of values of the independent variable . It is often required to interpolate ; that is, estimate

1168-440: Is also known as Kriging . Other forms of interpolation can be constructed by picking a different class of interpolants. For instance, rational interpolation is interpolation by rational functions using Padé approximant , and trigonometric interpolation is interpolation by trigonometric polynomials using Fourier series . Another possibility is to use wavelets . The Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula can be used if

1241-541: Is in the public interest. From 1978 onwards, the Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies back to 1850, based on instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes. Beginning in 1991, Phil Jones of CRU discussed data with Warwick Hughes (later of

1314-429: Is linear interpolation (sometimes known as lerp). Consider the above example of estimating f (2.5). Since 2.5 is midway between 2 and 3, it is reasonable to take f (2.5) midway between f (2) = 0.9093 and f (3) = 0.1411, which yields 0.5252. Generally, linear interpolation takes two data points, say ( x a , y a ) and ( x b , y b ), and the interpolant is given by: This previous equation states that

1387-428: Is quick and easy, but it is not very precise. Another disadvantage is that the interpolant is not differentiable at the point x k . The following error estimate shows that linear interpolation is not very precise. Denote the function which we want to interpolate by g , and suppose that x lies between x a and x b and that g is twice continuously differentiable. Then the linear interpolation error

1460-423: Is the field values that are conserved (not the integral of the field). Apart from linear interpolation, area weighted interpolation can be considered one of the first mimetic interpolation methods to have been developed. The Theory of Functional Connections (TFC) is a mathematical framework specifically developed for functional interpolation . Given any interpolant that satisfies a set of constraints, TFC derives

1533-663: Is the third major revision of this dataset, combining the CRUTEM3 land surface air temperature dataset with the HadSST2 sea surface temperature dataset. First published in 2006, this initially spanned the period 1850–2005, but has since been regularly updated to 2012. Its spatial grid boxes are 5° of latitude and longitude. A more complete statistical model of uncertainty was introduced with this revision, including estimates of measurements errors, biases due to changing exposure and urbanisation , and uncertainty due to incomplete coverage of

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1606-512: The Climatic Research Unit email controversy which began in November 2009. The UK Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) came into effect in 2005, and FOI requests were made to the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA) for the raw data from weather stations used in developing instrumental temperature record datasets , for copies of agreements under which the raw data

1679-553: The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) required release of raw data even though permissions had not been obtained or in one instance had been refused, and on 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw temperature data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. Interpolation In the mathematical field of numerical analysis , interpolation

1752-852: The New Zealand Climate Science Coalition ). From 2002 onwards, Jones received requests from Stephen McIntyre for instrumental raw data (McIntyre became prominent in contrarian disputes over the methodology of paleoclimate hockey stick graphs shown in the IPCC Third Assessment Report of 2001). Jones says that at first he tried to meet McIntyre's requests, but he soon became inundated with requests that he could not fulfill due to time or confidentiality constraints, and began refusing requests. The new UK Freedom of Information Act came into effect in 2005, and in February of that year Jones discussed with fellow climate researchers

1825-567: The displacement interpolation problem used in transportation theory . Multivariate interpolation is the interpolation of functions of more than one variable. Methods include nearest-neighbor interpolation , bilinear interpolation and bicubic interpolation in two dimensions, and trilinear interpolation in three dimensions. They can be applied to gridded or scattered data. Mimetic interpolation generalizes to n {\displaystyle n} dimensional spaces where n > 3 {\displaystyle n>3} . In

1898-512: The Climatic Research Unit for this raw data. On 12 August 2009 CRU announced that they were seeking permission to waive these restrictions, and on 24 November 2009 the university stated that over 95% of the CRU weather station temperature data set had already been available for several years, with the remainder to be released when permissions were obtained. In a decision announced on 27 July 2011

1971-627: The Deputy Information Commissioner told a journalist that this indicated an offence under section 77 of the FOIA, but prosecution was time-barred by statute of limitations . Newspapers misrepresented this as a decision in relation to raw data, and the issue was discussed by the House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry, which found there had been a lack of openness. The ICO decision published on 7 July 2010 stated that this potential offence had not been investigated as it

2044-595: The FOI Act, and said that the Deputy Information Commissioner's comments had been incorrectly reported as referring to such data. In its inquiry report, the Science and Technology Select Committee criticised the ICO, which it said had made "a statement to the press that went beyond that which it could substantiate", and recommended that it should develop procedures to check its public comments, and "swiftly correct any mis-statements or misinterpretations of such statements". While there

2117-527: The ICO about the FOIA requests which Jonathan Jones and Don Keiller had made before the email controversy had begun, the university argued that the data was publicly available from the Met organisations, and the lack of agreement exempted the remaining data. In its decision released on 23 June 2011, the ICO stated that the data was not easily available and there was insufficient evidence that disclosure would have an adverse effect on international relations. The ICO required

2190-409: The ICO issued new guidance to universities, taking into account issues raised in relation to the CRU information requests. This describes exceptions and exemptions to protect research, including allowance for internal exchange of views between academics and researchers, leaving formulation of opinions on research free from external scrutiny. It notes the benefits of actively disclosing information when it

2263-557: The basis functions leads to ill-conditioning. This is completely mitigated by using splines of compact support, such as are implemented in Boost.Math and discussed in Kress. Depending on the underlying discretisation of fields, different interpolants may be required. In contrast to other interpolation methods, which estimate functions on target points, mimetic interpolation evaluates the integral of fields on target lines, areas or volumes, depending on

HadCRUT - Misplaced Pages Continue

2336-639: The confidentiality agreements from McIntyre and his readers at the Climate Audit blog. On 24 July Jonathan A. Jones of the University of Oxford made a FOIA request for the data that Jones had sent to Webster, the UEA refused this request on 14 August. Don Keiller of Anglia Ruskin University in Cambridge then made a similar FOIA request, UEA refused this on 11 September 2009. On 12 August 2009, Nature News published

2409-498: The culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics ”. The ICO decision on Holland's requests published on 7 July 2010 concluded that the Environmental Information Regulations (EIR) applied rather than the equivalent FOIA, and the university had failed to provide responses within the correct time, but as Holland was content not to proceed with his complaint, no further action

2482-566: The current year/month in near real-time . HadCRUT4 was introduced in March 2012. It "includes the addition of newly digitised measurement data, both over land and sea, new sea-surface temperature bias adjustments and a more comprehensive error model for describing uncertainties in sea-surface temperature measurements". Overall, the net effect of HadCRUT4 versus HadCRUT3 is an increase in the average temperature anomaly , especially around 1950 and 1855, and less significantly around 1925 and 2005. HadCRUT3

2555-581: The data points. The interpolation error is proportional to the distance between the data points to the power n . Furthermore, the interpolant is a polynomial and thus infinitely differentiable. So, we see that polynomial interpolation overcomes most of the problems of linear interpolation. However, polynomial interpolation also has some disadvantages. Calculating the interpolating polynomial is computationally expensive (see computational complexity ) compared to linear interpolation. Furthermore, polynomial interpolation may exhibit oscillatory artifacts, especially at

2628-521: The disclosure of requested information. Mr Holland's FOI requests were submitted in 2007/8, but it has only recently come to light that they were not dealt with in accordance with the Act. The legislation requires action within six months of the offence taking place, so by the time the action came to light the opportunity to consider a prosecution was long gone." The ICO was looking into other investigations time-barred by statute of limitations restrictions to see if

2701-476: The domain of digital signal processing, the term interpolation refers to the process of converting a sampled digital signal (such as a sampled audio signal) to that of a higher sampling rate ( Upsampling ) using various digital filtering techniques (for example, convolution with a frequency-limited impulse signal). In this application there is a specific requirement that the harmonic content of the original signal be preserved without creating aliased harmonic content of

2774-463: The elapsed time, is a very serious matter. The ICO is not resiling from its position on this", and that "Errors like this are frequently made in press reports and the ICO cannot be expected to correct them, particularly when the ICO has not itself referred to penalties or sanctions in its own statement." In its submission to the Science and Technology Select Committee, the university denied allegations that it had refused to release raw data in breach of

2847-417: The end points (see Runge's phenomenon ). Polynomial interpolation can estimate local maxima and minima that are outside the range of the samples, unlike linear interpolation. For example, the interpolant above has a local maximum at x ≈ 1.566, f ( x ) ≈ 1.003 and a local minimum at x ≈ 4.708, f ( x ) ≈ −1.003. However, these maxima and minima may exceed the theoretical range of the function; for example,

2920-405: The end points. The natural cubic spline interpolating the points in the table above is given by In this case we get f (2.5) = 0.5972. Like polynomial interpolation, spline interpolation incurs a smaller error than linear interpolation, while the interpolant is smoother and easier to evaluate than the high-degree polynomials used in polynomial interpolation. However, the global nature of

2993-429: The globe by observations of temperature was included, as was a version with the variance adjusted to remove artificial changes arising from changing numbers of observations. HadCRUT1 was the first version of this dataset. Although not initially referred to as HadCRUT1, this name was introduced later to distinguish it from subsequent versions. First published in 1994, this initially spanned the period 1881–1993, but

HadCRUT - Misplaced Pages Continue

3066-543: The globe by observations of temperature. HadCRUT2 was the second major version of this dataset, combining the CRUTEM2 land surface air temperature dataset with the HadSST sea surface temperature dataset. First published in 2003, this initially spanned the period 1856–2001, but was subsequently updated to end in 2005. Its spatial grid boxes are 5° of latitude and longitude. An estimate of uncertainty due to incomplete coverage of

3139-412: The interpolant has to go exactly through the data points is relaxed. It is only required to approach the data points as closely as possible (within some other constraints). This requires parameterizing the potential interpolants and having some way of measuring the error. In the simplest case this leads to least squares approximation. Approximation theory studies how to find the best approximation to

3212-539: The last 157 years. Access to weather station temperature records was often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes. From the 1990s onwards the unit received requests for this weather station temperature data from people who hoped to independently verify the impact of various adjustments, and after the UK Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) came into effect in 2005, there were Freedom of Information requests to

3285-452: The line integral gives the electric potential difference at the endpoints of the integration path. Mimetic interpolation ensures that the error of estimating the line integral of an electric field is the same as the error obtained by interpolating the potential at the end points of the integration path, regardless of the length of the integration path. Linear , bilinear and trilinear interpolation are also considered mimetic, even if it

3358-414: The linear interpolant is a linear function . We now replace this interpolant with a polynomial of higher degree . Consider again the problem given above. The following sixth degree polynomial goes through all the seven points: Substituting x = 2.5, we find that f (2.5) = ~0.59678. Generally, if we have n data points, there is exactly one polynomial of degree at most n −1 going through all

3431-723: The more general issue of emails suggesting that attempts to circumvent the legislation had been considered, and a lack of openness, the ICO would "now consider whether further action is appropriate to secure future compliance." In an opinion piece, Edward Acton , Vice-Chancellor of the UEA, commended legislation in the US where "the FOI distinguishes between recorded factual material necessary to validate research findings, which must be disclosed, and ‘preliminary analyses, drafts of scientific papers, plans for future research, peer reviews [and] communications with colleagues’, which are exempted." In September 2011

3504-442: The number of data points is infinite or if the function to be interpolated has compact support. Sometimes, we know not only the value of the function that we want to interpolate, at some points, but also its derivative. This leads to Hermite interpolation problems. When each data point is itself a function, it can be useful to see the interpolation problem as a partial advection problem between each data point. This idea leads to

3577-692: The objective of filling gaps in available information "to establish the past record of climate over as much of the world as possible, as far back in time as was feasible, and in enough detail to recognise and establish the basic processes, interactions, and evolutions in the Earth's fluid envelopes and those involving the Earth's crust and its vegetation cover". Through the 1970s the unit worked on interpreting documentary historical records. From 1978 onward CRU began production of its gridded data set of land air temperature anomalies based on instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around

3650-467: The original signal above the original Nyquist limit of the signal (that is, above fs/2 of the original signal sample rate). An early and fairly elementary discussion on this subject can be found in Rabiner and Crochiere's book Multirate Digital Signal Processing . The term extrapolation is used to find data points outside the range of known data points. In curve fitting problems, the constraint that

3723-566: The original. The resulting gain in simplicity may outweigh the loss from interpolation error and give better performance in calculation process. This table gives some values of an unknown function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} . Interpolation provides a means of estimating the function at intermediate points, such as x = 2.5. {\displaystyle x=2.5.} We describe some methods of interpolation, differing in such properties as: accuracy, cost, number of data points needed, and smoothness of

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3796-434: The potential implications of the Act for McIntyre's requests. In 2007 he told colleagues that, having seen what McIntyre's Climate Audit blog was doing, UEA had been turning down FOIA requests associated with the blog. The scientists concerned saw such requests as disrupting the time available for their work, and those making them as nitpicking to suit an agenda rather than trying to advance scientific knowledge. Late in 2008,

3869-664: The problem is treated as "interpolation of operators". The classical results about interpolation of operators are the Riesz–Thorin theorem and the Marcinkiewicz theorem . There are also many other subsequent results. Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit featured in press discussions of disputes over access to data from instrumental temperature records , particularly during

3942-502: The public authority within defined time limits, and failure to comply can be taken to court. In addition, Section 77 makes it an offence to intentionally destroy or conceal information which has been requested. In response to a Sunday Times journalist who persistently asked why the ICO was not prosecuting under Section 77, Deputy Information Commissioner Graham Smith replied on 22 January 2010 that "The FOI Act makes it an offence for public authorities to act so as to prevent intentionally

4015-521: The raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. A 2008 FOI request by David Holland for emails discussing work on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was refused by the university. In November 2009 he alleged that CRU emails posted online discussed deleting the emails he had requested: in January 2010

4088-502: The remainder would be released when permissions were given. The university worked closely with the Met Office , which sent requests to National Meteorological Organisations for agreement to waive confidentiality on raw instrumental data, as CRU had announced on 12 August 2009. Some gave full or conditional agreement, others failed to respond, and the request was explicitly refused by Trinidad and Tobago and Poland . In discussions with

4161-718: The request. Holland appealed to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) about the UEA's refusals of FOI requests he had made for emails to and from Briffa about the IPCC AR4 report. On 23 November 2009, after the start of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , he wrote to the Commissioner explaining in detail the relevance of the alleged CRU emails to his case. In one of these sent in May 2008, Jones asked others to delete emails discussing AR4 with Briffa. ICO decisions are enforced under Section 50 by notices defining steps to be taken by

4234-400: The resulting interpolant function. The simplest interpolation method is to locate the nearest data value, and assign the same value. In simple problems, this method is unlikely to be used, as linear interpolation (see below) is almost as easy, but in higher-dimensional multivariate interpolation , this could be a favourable choice for its speed and simplicity. One of the simplest methods

4307-491: The slope of the new line between ( x a , y a ) {\displaystyle (x_{a},y_{a})} and ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} is the same as the slope of the line between ( x a , y a ) {\displaystyle (x_{a},y_{a})} and ( x b , y b ) {\displaystyle (x_{b},y_{b})} Linear interpolation

4380-651: The solution of differential equations . TFC achieves this by constructing a constrained functional (a function of a free function), that inherently satisfies given constraints regardless of the expression of the free function. This simplifies solving various types of equations and significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of methods like Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). TFC offers advantages over traditional methods like Lagrange multipliers and spectral methods by directly addressing constraints analytically and avoiding iterative procedures, although it cannot currently handle inequality constraints. Interpolation

4453-408: The type of field (scalar, vector, pseudo-vector or pseudo-scalar). A key feature of mimetic interpolation is that vector calculus identities are satisfied, including Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem . As a result, mimetic interpolation conserves line, area and volume integrals. Conservation of line integrals might be desirable when interpolating the electric field , for instance, since

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4526-418: The university stated that over 95% of the CRU climate data set had already been available for several years, with the remainder to be released when permissions were obtained. In a decision announced on 27 July 2011 the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) required release of raw data even though permissions had not been obtained or in one instance had been refused, and on 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of

4599-424: The university to release the data covered by the FOIA request within 35 calendar days. On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request. The data are available for download from Met Office website and from CRU. The university remained concerned "that the forced release of material from

4672-531: The university's FOI managers took advice from the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) on exceptions allowing refusal of requests. McIntyre complained that data denied to him had been sent to Peter Webster at the Georgia Institute of Technology , who was working on a joint publication with Jones, and between 24 and 29 July 2009 the university received 58 FOI requests for raw data or details of

4745-405: The value of that function for an intermediate value of the independent variable. A closely related problem is the approximation of a complicated function by a simple function. Suppose the formula for some given function is known, but too complicated to evaluate efficiently. A few data points from the original function can be interpolated to produce a simpler function which is still fairly close to

4818-480: The world. In 1986 sea temperatures were added to form a synthesis of data which was the first global temperature record, demonstrating unequivocally that the globe has warmed by almost 0.8 °C over the last 157 years. From 1989 this work proceeded in conjunction with the Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research , and their work demonstrated global warming of almost 0.8 °C over

4891-547: Was prima facie evidence of a breach of Section 77 of the FOI Act, it would "be premature, without a thorough investigation affording each party the opportunity to make representations, to conclude that UEA was in breach of the Act." It called for a full investigation by the Muir Russell inquiry or by the Information Commissioner to resolve this issue, and accepted that the six month statute of limitations restriction

4964-442: Was insufficient and should be reviewed. On the general issue of information requests, the committee said that information not covered by the exclusions provided by the FOIA should have been disclosed, and "in future information, including data and methodology, should be published proactively on the internet wherever possible." It blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests, and said it had “found ways to support

5037-529: Was needed. Regarding the question of whether there had been a breach of section 77 of the FOIA or its equivalent in the EIR, the ICO stated "Although the emails referred to above indicated prime facie evidence of an offence, the Commissioner was unable to investigate because six months had passed since the potential offence was committed, a constraint placed on the legislation by the Magistrates Court Act 1980." On

5110-495: Was obtained from meteorology institutions , and also for email correspondence relating to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report . In many cases the raw data which CRU had obtained from National Meteorological Organisations was subject to restrictions on redistribution: on 12 August 2009 CRU announced that they were seeking permission to waive these restrictions, and on 24 November 2009

5183-512: Was subject to charges made by NMSs, and "These data are not ours to provide without the full permission of the relevant NMSs, organizations and scientists." They hoped to obtain consents and to publish all the data jointly with the Met Office. On 24 November 2009, four days after the start of the Climatic Research Unit email controversy , the university stated that over 95% of the CRU climate data set had already been available for several years, and

5256-481: Was subsequently extended to span 1856–2002. HadCRUT1 at first combined two sea surface temperature datasets (MOHSST for 1881–1981 and GISST for 1981–1993) with an earlier land surface air temperature dataset from the Climatic Research Unit . The land surface air temperature dataset was replaced in 1995 with the newly published CRUTEM1 dataset. Its spatial grid boxes are 5° of latitude and longitude. The Climatic Research Unit had as an early priority

5329-526: Was time-barred. As Holland was content not to proceed with his complaint against the university, no further action was needed, but the ICO would "consider whether further action is appropriate to secure future compliance." In September 2011 the ICO issued new guidance to universities. This described exceptions and exemptions to protect research, including allowance for internal exchange of views between academics and researchers free from external scrutiny, as well as commending actively disclosing information when it

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