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49-508: Hacker was a naval architect and American motorboat designer. His major design and engineering accomplishments include the invention of the "V"-hull design and the floating biplane for the Wright brothers . The company was known for its runabouts , utilities, commuters, and tenders . Hacker was born in Detroit , Michigan on May 24, 1877. For four years, while working at his father's business as

98-474: A boat-builder from Silver Bay, on Lake George, New York, acquired the Hacker-Craft name with the aim of revitalizing the company's historic legacy. Morgan Marine made significant structural and engineering modifications. The use of new technologies, unavailable to Hacker, allowed for improvements of the boats in a few subtle but important ways. Where Hacker had used 110 hp (82 kW) engines, Morgan Marine

147-438: A bookkeeper, he attended night school and took a correspondence course in order to become an accredited marine designer. Once qualified (at the age of 22) he set about solving a number of problems that inhibited speed and performance in motor boats. Pleasure boats of the 1900 era were narrow, round bottomed launches that plowed through the water instead of planing over it as boats do nowadays. Hacker's first major task in boat design

196-521: A devastating effect on the pleasure-boat market. In 1935 Hacker took on a business partner, John Mcready, who quickly assumed day-to-day control of the company. Meanwhile, Hacker focused on designing boats in what was to become his golden period: he was responsible for a remarkable number of racing winners including El Lagarto (which won the Gold Cup in 1933, 1934 and 1935), Scotty , Scotty Too , My Sweetie , Miss Pepsi —all record breakers. In all, Hacker

245-412: A liquid surface a floating body has 6 degrees of freedom in its movements, these are categorized in either translation or rotation. Longitudinal stability for longitudinal inclinations, the stability depends upon the distance between the center of gravity and the longitudinal meta-center. In other words, the basis in which the ship maintains its center of gravity is its distance set equally apart from both

294-399: A new option for materials to consider as well as ship orientation. When the strength of the structure is considered the acts of ship collision are considered in the way that the ships structure is altered. Therefore, the properties of materials are considered carefully as applied material on the struck ship has elastic properties, the energy absorbed by the ship being struck is then deflected in

343-610: A substitute for the more precise terms used today. A vessel was, and still is described as having a ‘fair’ shape. The term ‘fair’ is meant to denote not only a smooth transition from fore to aft but also a shape that was ‘right.’ Determining what is ‘right’ in a particular situation in the absence of definitive supporting analysis encompasses the art of naval architecture to this day. Modern low-cost digital computers and dedicated software , combined with extensive research to correlate full-scale, towing tank and computational data, have enabled naval architects to more accurately predict

392-403: Is an engineering discipline incorporating elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety engineering as applied to the engineering design process , shipbuilding , maintenance, and operation of marine vessels and structures. Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation (classification) and calculations during all stages of

441-494: Is being applied to predict the response of a floating body in a random sea. Due to the complexity associated with operating in a marine environment, naval architecture is a co-operative effort between groups of technically skilled individuals who are specialists in particular fields, often coordinated by a lead naval architect. This inherent complexity also means that the analytical tools available are much less evolved than those for designing aircraft, cars and even spacecraft. This

490-514: Is designed with panels shaped in a rectangular form consisting of steel plating supported on four edges. Combined in a large surface area the Grillages create the hull of the ship , deck, and bulkheads while still providing mutual support of the frames. Though the structure of the ship is sturdy enough to hold itself together the main force it has to overcome is longitudinal bending creating a strain against its hull, its structure must be designed so that

539-444: Is due primarily to the paucity of data on the environment the marine vehicle is required to work in and the complexity of the interaction of waves and wind on a marine structure. A naval architect is an engineer who is responsible for the design, classification, survey, construction, and/or repair of ships, boats, other marine vessels, and offshore structures, both commercial and military, including: Some of these vessels are amongst

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588-563: Is now run as part of the H1 Unlimited season. First run in 1904, it is the oldest trophy in motorsports. Starting in 1904, the Gold Cup consist of three heats, and starting in 1918 the heat distance was 30 statute miles. In 1963 the number of heats was increased to four, but the total distance was reduced to 60 statute miles. In 1976, the Unlimited Racing Commission adopted a winner-take-all format for all its races including

637-418: Is only present when a freely floating body is in still water, when other conditions are present the magnitude of which these forces shifts drastically creating the swaying motion of the body. The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the body, in other words, the mass of the body is equal to the mass of the water displaced by the body. This adds an upward force to the body by the amount of surface area times

686-620: The Minute Man , Thunderbird , El Lagarto , Bootlegger , Peerless , Dolphin , Kitty Hawk , Tempo VI , the Belle Isle Bear Cats , Lockpat II , and My Sweetie . In 1911, Hacker designed and installed two floats on the Wright Brothers' biplane so that it could take off and land on water. This was the first use of twin floats on an aircraft. In the same year he designed Kitty Hawk , the first successful step hydroplane that exceeded

735-551: The APBA Gold Cup. In 1981 the total number of heats was reduced to three with the total distance being reduced to 45 statute miles. Since 1983 the Gold Cup has been competed at various total distances ranging from 36 statute miles to 52.5 statute miles. The driver with the most Gold Cup victories is Chip Hanauer , with 11 victories. Dave Villwock is second, with 10, and Bill Muncey is third, with eight. Source: Notes: 1960: Heat 1A completed. Second half of first heat

784-512: The Detroit Launch and Power Company. Coincidentally, this was the same day on which the first ever Model T Ford automobile was produced by his friend, Henry Ford . Hacker's designs led to many advances that today's boat owners take for granted. His combination of design flair and engineering brilliance led him to create the shape and style that was to become the signature look of American speedboats. The names of his designs include Pardon Me ,

833-603: The United States are accredited with Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering programs. The United States Naval Academy is home to one of the most knowledgeable professors of Naval Architecture; CAPT. Michael Bito, USN. APBA Gold Cup The APBA Gold Cup (originally known simply as the Gold Cup , a speedboat race) is an American hydroplane boat race, named for the American Power Boat Association . It

882-448: The ability to bring together the often-conflicting demands of the various design constraints to produce a product which is fit for the purpose. In addition to this leadership role, a naval architect also has a specialist function in ensuring that a safe, economic, environmentally sound and seaworthy design is produced. To undertake all these tasks, a naval architect must have an understanding of many branches of engineering and must be in

931-433: The aft and forward section of the ship. While a body floats on a liquid surface it still encounters the force of gravity pushing down on it. In order to stay afloat and avoid sinking there is an opposed force acting against the body known as the hydrostatic pressures. The forces acting on the body must be of the same magnitude and same line of motion in order to maintain the body at equilibrium. This description of equilibrium

980-446: The approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirements. The word "vessel" includes every description of watercraft , mainly ships and boats , but also including non-displacement craft, WIG craft and seaplanes , used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water . The principal elements of naval architecture are detailed in the following sections. Hydrostatics concerns

1029-537: The area displaced in order to create an equilibrium between the surface of the body and the surface of the water. The stability of a ship under most conditions is able to overcome any form or restriction or resistance encountered in rough seas; however, ships have undesirable roll characteristics when the balance of oscillations in roll is two times that of oscillations in heave, thus causing the ship to capsize. Structures involves selection of material of construction, structural analysis of global and local strength of

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1078-444: The bow could rise and block the driver's view. By reworking the bottom design, Morgan ensured that the boat would remain more level in the water. In 1983, (the relaunch of the "Modern Classics" and reset of hull numbers starting at 000), significant additional improvements were made to modernize the boats while retaining their classic look. Many of the original jigs had been lost, and, where necessary, they made new sand castings for

1127-530: The company appointed Thailand-based Classic Boats Lifestyle, Ltd. (CBL) as an official stocking dealer. In 2019, a Hacker Craft boat appeared in a season two episode of Netflix's Ozark. In 2021 the company appointed Maryland-based Tomes Landing Marina and Wisconsin-based Pandora Boat Company as official stocking dealers. In 2021 the company relocated its corporate offices, production and restoration operations from Ticonderoga to Queensbury, NY. Naval architect Naval architecture , or naval engineering ,

1176-527: The company from William Morgan. In 2008 George Badcock's Erin Investments acquired a majority interest in the company from Robert Wagemann. Subsequently, the company opened a 32,000-square-foot production facility in Ticonderoga , moving production there from Silver Bay in order to increase capacity. In 2011 Erin Investments attained complete ownership of the company. In addition to the new production facility,

1225-472: The company's headquarters campus on Lake George, also the site of a full service marina, was upgraded, with a new showroom capable of displaying four boats. The headquarters offices and all storage and service buildings were repaired/refurbished. The campus was landscaped and parking areas upgraded. In 2011 Hacker-Craft were seen in TV and catalog shoots for Marks & Spencer (UK), Tommy Hilfiger and Nautica. In 2011

1274-422: The conditions to which the vessel is subjected while at rest in water and to its ability to remain afloat. This involves computing buoyancy , displacement , and other hydrostatic properties such as trim (the measure of the longitudinal inclination of the vessel) and stability (the ability of a vessel to restore itself to an upright position after being inclined by wind, sea, or loading conditions). While atop

1323-616: The custom designed Neiman Marcus Edition Hacker-Craft was selected as a “fantasy gift” in the legendary Neiman Marcus Christmas Book catalog. In 2012 a partnership with Tommy Bahama resulted in a custom designed model, the Tommy Bahama Edition Hacker-Craft (TBE). In 2015 the company introduced a limousine yacht tender, and appointed the Sierra Boat Company, on Lake Tahoe, Nevada, and Wawasee Boat Company, of Syracuse, Indiana, as an authorized representative. In 2017

1372-666: The firm. The boats, called Belle Isle Bear Cats , proved popular with prominent owners like J.W. Packard and Henry Ford. The company was thriving and in 1921, Hacker decided it was time to open a satellite facility in Mount Clemens, Michigan . Two years later, he moved the entire boat building operation from Detroit to Mount Clemens. The boat works on the Clinton River in Mount Clemens continued to expand, and by 1928 they provided 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m) of floor space for

1421-485: The forefront of high technology areas. He or she must be able to effectively utilize the services provided by scientists, lawyers, accountants, and business people of many kinds. Naval architects typically work for shipyards , ship owners, design firms and consultancies, equipment manufacturers, Classification societies , regulatory bodies ( Admiralty law ), navies , and governments. A small majority of Naval Architects also work in education, of which only 5 universities in

1470-503: The handcrafting of fine mahogany runabouts. That year the influential "Pageant of Progress" reported that the Hacker Boat Company employed sixty-eight men with demand growing rapidly. Sales for that year were $ 450,000 (about $ 5,000,000 2009 USD). Along with a handful of others, such as Gar Woods and Chris-Crafts , Hacker's gleaming mahogany runabouts captured the public imagination with their elegant design and breakneck speed and in

1519-567: The hardware. While retaining most of the traditional craftsmanship, Morgan made several significant improvements over the old plans, as concessions to the advancement of technology: dual exhausts, rather than the original single exhaust, for enhanced engine performance; the use of stainless steel fittings and hardware throughout so that pitting was no longer a problem; state-of-the-art epoxy encapsulation and bonding techniques; triple planked bottoms completely encased in epoxy; double planked sides and deck saturated in epoxy; 25% more frames ; double

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1568-484: The largest (such as supertankers ), most complex (such as aircraft carriers ), and highly valued movable structures produced by mankind. They are typically the most efficient method of transporting the world's raw materials and products. Modern engineering on this scale is essentially a team activity conducted by specialists in their respective fields and disciplines. Naval architects integrate these activities. This demanding leadership role requires managerial qualities and

1617-431: The life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction , trials , operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved. Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair ). Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage-control rules and

1666-466: The material is disposed as much forward and aft as possible. The principal longitudinal elements are the deck, shell plating, inner bottom all of which are in the form of grillages, and additional longitudinal stretching to these. The dimensions of the ship are in order to create enough spacing between the stiffeners in prevention of buckling. Warships have used a longitudinal system of stiffening that many modern commercial vessels have adopted. This system

1715-547: The material used. When steel or aluminium is used this involves welding of the plates and profiles after rolling , marking, cutting and bending as per the structural design drawings or models, followed by erection and launching . Other joining techniques are used for other materials like fibre reinforced plastic and glass-reinforced plastic . The process of construction is thought-out cautiously while considering all factors like safety, strength of structure, hydrodynamics, and ship arrangement. Each factor considered presents

1764-411: The number of floor timbers ; up to 18 coats of varnish; the use of renewable-resourced Honduras mahogany; new improved steering for more maneuverability; and laminated windshields with either blue or green tints. The product line consisted of three models: 26 foot Gentleman's Racer; 26 foot and 30 foot triple-cockpit Runabout. Each could be customized to the buyer’s wishes. In 2004 Robert Wagemann bought

1813-485: The opposite direction, so both ships go through the process of rebounding to prevent further damage. Traditionally, naval architecture has been more craft than science. The suitability of a vessel's shape was judged by looking at a half-model of a vessel or a prototype. Ungainly shapes or abrupt transitions were frowned on as being flawed. This included rigging, deck arrangements, and even fixtures. Subjective descriptors such as ungainly , full , and fine were used as

1862-407: The performance of a marine vehicle. These tools are used for static stability (intact and damaged), dynamic stability, resistance, powering, hull development, structural analysis , green water modelling, and slamming analysis. Data are regularly shared in international conferences sponsored by RINA , Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) and others. Computational Fluid Dynamics

1911-510: The process quickly became the must-have play thing for the rich and famous. In 1930 the King of Siam ordered a custom-built 40-foot (12 m) Landau-top runabout powered with an 800 horsepower (600 kW) Packard engine. Only four authorized dealers offered Hacker boats to the public during this period. The company did most of its business through factory direct orders from the customer, and excelled in custom-built craft. The Great Depression had

1960-445: The same distance between them as the frames and beams. This system works by spacing out the transverse members that support the longitudinal by about 3 or 4 meters, with the wide spacing this causes the traverse strength needed by displacing the amount of force the bulkheads provide. Arrangements involves concept design , layout and access, fire protection , allocation of spaces, ergonomics and capacity . Construction depends on

2009-444: The then-unthinkable speed of over 50 mph (80 km/h) and was then the fastest boat in the world. There followed a succession of Kitty Hawks , each building on the success of its predecessor and in the process breaking four sea-speed records. In 1914, Hacker moved to Detroit and the Hacker Boat Company opened at 323 Crane Avenue. His runabout designs for Gregory's Belle Isle Boat & Engine Company were soon to bring success to

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2058-466: The transom and a strut was used to position the propeller shaft. The boat also featured Hacker's revolutionary "V"-hull design, which produced stunning speed and efficiency at low horsepower. In 1904, he designed Au Revoir , the fastest boat in the world at the time, and on August 12, 1908, building on this success, he founded the Hacker Boat Company in Detroit, upon purchasing and renaming an existing firm,

2107-403: The vessel, vibration of the structural components and structural responses of the vessel during motions in seaway . Depending on type of ship, the structure and design will vary in what material to use as well as how much of it. Some ships are made from glass reinforced plastics but the vast majority are steel with possibly some aluminium in the superstructure. The complete structure of the ship

2156-457: Was abandoned when Gale V crashed in Heat 1B. By rule, two heats were required to be completed for an official meeting for series championship purposes. Round abandoned and cancelled by APBA because of high winds. 2008: Heats 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B completed. Round abandoned after crash in Heat 3A and high winds, declared No Contest by APBA. American Boat Racing Association (now H1 Unlimited) declared

2205-463: Was able to power these hulls with 350 hp (260 kW) or 454 hp (339 kW) Crusader engines that could exceed 50 miles per hour. To accommodate these improved engines, Morgan Marine had to make the supports stronger than those used in the original designs. Morgan's biggest accomplishment, however, was improving the handling of the Hacker Crafts. If the old Hackers were run at top speeds,

2254-629: Was commissioned by property tycoon George Whitell to build what was to be one of his masterpieces and is now a national historic treasure, a 55 ft (17 m) commuter called Thunderbird , which was commemorated on a postage stamp in 2007 by the U.S. Postal Service . In 1952, Hacker Boat was awarded a government contract for the construction of 25 ocean-going picket boats for the U.S. Navy and 112 40-foot-plus (12 m) crash boats, 20 ft (6.1 m) sedan utility boats, and target boats. Hacker's designs included patrol boats, air-sea rescue boats, and cruisers. In 1959 William Morgan of Morgan Marine,

2303-471: Was responsible for over twenty water speed records, five Gold Cup winners, four President's Race winners and numerous other speed trials and racing victories. In Mount Clemens, Hacker Boat Company rebounded from the Depression with popular "utility" Hacker-Craft runabouts priced for the ordinary consumer. In 1935, the 17-foot (5.2 m) utility could be purchased for $ 975 ($ 13,000 2009 USD). In 1939 Hacker

2352-463: Was to try to solve the problem of "squatting", which occurred with all the canoe-stern shaped powerboats of the 1900s. His theory was that if his boats were going to go fast, they would have to "plane" rather than plow through the water, but the tendency to plane was considered an unsafe mode that was to be avoided. Nonetheless, he built a test craft to prove his new theories—a 30-foot (9.1 m) runabout. The boat's propeller and rudder were mounted under

2401-648: Was widely used in early merchant ships such as the SS Great Eastern , but later shifted to transversely framed structure another concept in ship hull design that proved more practical. This system was later implemented on modern vessels such as tankers because of its popularity and was then named the Isherwood System . The arrangement of the Isherwood system consists of stiffening decks both side and bottom by longitudinal members, they are separated enough so they have

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