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57-535: Haarlemmerplein , with the Haarlemmerpoort or Willemspoort city gate, is a square located at the western end of the neighbourhood. On the north side there used to be a timber storage area, which is why this part is called Haarlemmer Houttuinen (Haarlemmer Timberyards). With the construction of the railway line between Singelgracht and Central Station through the Haarlemmer Houttuinen in 1878 this became

114-540: A cast iron platform roof spanning approximately 40 metres. Since 1997, the station building, underground passages, metro station, and the surrounding area have been undergoing major reconstruction and renovation works to accommodate the North-South Line metro route, which was opened on 22 July 2018. Amsterdam Centraal has the second longest railway platform in the Netherlands with a length of 695 metres. Due to

171-727: A conflict regarding criminal law in the Dutch East Indies . Thorbecke returned to being leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. In 1868, he formed the Van Bosse-Fock cabinet, but did not take part in the cabinet himself. Three years later, after this cabinet had collapsed over foreign policy, the 73-year-old Thorbecke did not hesitate to start his third term. In December 1871 however, he fell ill and never fully recovered. Thorbecke died at his home in The Hague on 4 June 1872, at

228-472: A couple of coffeeshops located on Haarlemmerstraat. 52°22′54″N 4°53′20″E  /  52.381703°N 4.888852°E  / 52.381703; 4.888852 Amsterdam Centraal railway station Amsterdam Centraal station ( Dutch : Station Amsterdam Centraal [staːˈɕɔn ˌɑmstərˈdɑm sɛnˈtraːl] ; abbreviation : Asd) is the largest railway station in Amsterdam , North Holland ,

285-427: A secluded life in his study. Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of William I , Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with Aanteekening op de grondwet , literally "Annotation on

342-573: A vain attempt to amend the constitution in the so-called Voorstel der Negenmannen ("Proposition of the Nine Men"). Four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848 , William II agreed to the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of this committee on 17 March. The changes were in large part created by Thorbecke and based on his earlier constitutional writings. The draft constitution

399-855: Is a terminus station on many historical railway lines in the Netherlands: the Amsterdam–Rotterdam railway (1839), also known as the Oude Lijn , via Haarlem , Leiden and The Hague (Den Haag); the Den Helder–Amsterdam railway (1865), also known as the Staatslijn K , from Den Helder to Amsterdam via Alkmaar and Uitgeest ; the Amsterdam-Zutphen railway (1874), also known as the Oosterspoorweg , via Hilversum , Amersfoort and Apeldoorn ;

456-488: Is located at Haarlemmerstraat 75, and is the former headquarters of the Dutch West India Company . The Posthoornkerk, a church by architect Pierre Cuypers , is located further down the street at numbers 124-126. Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk are known for the great quality and diversity of their shops, boutiques and restaurants, and were voted "best shopping street of The Netherlands" in 2011. There are also

513-441: Is only accessible with an OV-chipkaart smart card, the national fare system for public transport in the Netherlands. Disposable cards for one-hour, one-day or multiple-day use are available at ticket machines in the metro station hall. As of 2018, the following metro services call at Centraal Station: Tram services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided from two tram stations on Stationsplein (Station Square), situated in front of

570-438: Is the northern terminus of Amsterdam Metro routes 51, 53, 54, and stop for 52 operated by municipal public transport operator GVB . It is also served by a number of GVB tram and ferry routes as well as local and regional bus routes operated by GVB, Connexxion and EBS . Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1889. It features a Gothic , Renaissance Revival station building and

627-670: The Amsterdam-Elten railway (1856), also known as the Rhijnspoorweg , via Utrecht and Arnhem ; and the Amsterdam-Schiphol railway (1986), also known as the Westtak Ringspoorbaan . As of December 2014, Amsterdam Centraal is served by 8 international rail routes and 22 national rail routes. From Amsterdam Central Station, one can travel by train to most major destinations in the Netherlands and surrounding countries. In

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684-580: The Council of Ministers becoming more powerful than the king. The amended constitution also granted individual rights to residents and citizens of the kingdom. This made the constitution one of the more progressive at the time. Thorbecke is generally considered a founding father of the modern political system of the Netherlands. Thorbecke was born in Zwolle . His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina

741-519: The Nachtnet night service. Amsterdam Centraal metro station (called Centraal Station on the Amsterdam Metro system) opened in 1980. It is the terminus station of three routes: Line 51 (Amsterdam Centraal - Isolatorweg ), Line 53 (Amsterdam Centraal - Gaasperplas ), and Line 54 (Amsterdam Centraal - Gein ). In July 2018, the new Line 52 ( Noord Station - Zuid Station ) opened. The metro station

798-474: The Netherlands . A major international railway hub, it is used by 192,000 passengers a day, making it the second busiest railway station in the country after Utrecht Centraal and the most visited Rijksmonument of the Netherlands. National and international railway services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided by NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen) , the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Centraal

855-527: The Rijksmuseum , of which the construction had begun in 1876. It features a palace -like, Gothic / Renaissance Revival facade, with two turrets and many ornamental details and stone reliefs referring to the capital city's industrial and commercial importance. A royal waiting room for the Dutch monarchy (one of three in active use in the country today) was also included in the design. Cuypers' station reflects

912-547: The dunes near Velsen , which had become available as a result of the excavation of the North Sea Canal . The islands together are known as Stationseiland (Station Island). Like many other structures in Amsterdam, the station was built on wooden piles (8,687 pieces). The construction of the station was delayed because of the instability of the soil, which set back the completion of the work by several years. The station building

969-412: The romantic nationalistic mood in the late nineteenth-century Netherlands , with its many decorative elements glorifying the nation's economic and colonial power at the time. As with the Rijksmuseum , the station's overall architecture reminded many contemporaries of medieval cathedrals. For that reason, as well as for the fact that it became increasingly clear that the national government wanted

1026-414: The 1990s, a new signaling post was built on the western side of the station. In addition, the number of tracks on that side was expanded in order to increase capacity in the direction of Sloterdijk station . In 1996, a third, 'centre roof' designed by Jan Garvelink, architect at Holland Rail Consult, was built between the two existing roofs, whereby all platforms at the station were now covered. Since 1997,

1083-474: The 2024 timetable, the station will be served by the following train series: IC 77 IC 35 ICE 43 National rail services at the station are provided by NS , the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. NS offers four types of rail service from Amsterdam Centraal: Intercity Direct operating on the HSL-Zuid high-speed rail line, long-distance Intercity services, local Sprinter services, and

1140-556: The Amsterdam municipal council. In the first proposal, the station would be situated between the Leidseplein and the Amstel river. In the other, it would be built in the open harbour front allowing for the station to be connected to the existing main lines in the area to the west and the south, but also to a projected new northern line. Cuypers' design of the station building in many ways strongly resembled his other architectural masterpiece,

1197-467: The Entree plan, the station has had two indoor bicycle parking station and two station bicycle parking stations around the station since 2023. After moving both car traffic and bus traffic from the station square to the rear of the station, the municipality has further reduced the large number of bicycles parked on the street around the station with the construction of these two large station bicycle parkings at

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1254-666: The Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers , thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands . Thorbecke's first cabinet passed several acts of particular importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850, and the Municipality Act in the following year. Despite these successes, Thorbecke's reforms faced increasing resistance, and he was criticised for his haughtiness and his strained relationship with

1311-541: The King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted from politics to economics. Despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the Catholics. One of Thorbecke's first acts in his second term was the abolition of the governmental departments for religious affairs. Other notable achievements include the construction of several canals, several acts on healthcare,

1368-494: The King. In 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore its episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, Protestant clergymen, and conservative notables opposed this in the anti-papal Aprilbeweging ("April Movement"). Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state , was accused of Catholic sympathies, and he was forced to resign. Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of

1425-638: The Law and the State"). The work managed to gain some attention, and Thorbecke became professor of Political Science at Ghent University the following year, a position he was forced to resign from due to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the Leiden University , where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living

1482-508: The UK). However, the launch was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . The inauguration of juxtaposed controls in the station subsequently took place on 26 October 2020. From 2017 there will be further reconstruction works at the station. A number of platforms will be widened making use of the tracks which do not currently have platforms. This means that alterations will be made in the tunnels under

1539-627: The age of 74. Hated by some (he was not a man of concessions), he is nowadays considered a towering figure in Dutch parliamentary history. There are three statues of Thorbecke (one in Amsterdam, one in The Hague and one in Zwolle), and a room in the Dutch parliament building is named after him. Thorbecke wrote many articles on history and several newspaper articles (especially in the Journal de La Haye ) on topics of

1596-664: The building of the Central Station in front of the open harbour was forced through by the railway department of the Ministry of Transport in The Hague , and the Home Secretary, Thorbecke . Finally, the plan made its way through the Amsterdam municipal council by a narrow majority. Construction works started in 1882. The station is built on three interconnected artificial islands in the IJ lake. These islands were created with sand taken from

1653-527: The bus station commenced in 2003, opened in 2009 and finished in 2014. It includes the construction of a fourth station roof and a station hall with space for shops and restaurants. It replaces 5 small bus stations and several isolated bus stops across the Station Island. With all buses eventually moving to the new bus station on the north side, the Station Island should only be accessible to pedestrians, cyclists and trams. The three passenger tunnels underneath

1710-601: The city centre side of the station. Free-of-charge ferry services from Amsterdam Centraal to the borough of Amsterdam North across the IJ lake depart from the quay on the northern side of the station at the De Ruijterkade . Just behind the station is the EYE Film Institute Netherlands , easily accessible with a free ferry. Due to the completion of the Stationseiland project and the implementation of

1767-471: The city centre which included the realignment of streets and the filling up of canals. The waterways would soon be replaced by tramways and cars as the primary modes of transport in the city. In 1920, the East Wing of the station (the lower end of the building) was demolished and replaced by "The East", a postal service building designed by Cuypers' son Joseph. A second, narrower and longer but similar roof on

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1824-509: The constitution". The climax of this series was Over het hedendaags staatsburgerschap , literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable. On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected to the House of Representatives for South Holland . In the House, he developed into the leader of the liberal opposition and, later that year, joined forces with eight like-minded members in

1881-426: The decorations for the trusses and the gable ends. On 15 October 1889, the station was officially opened, drawing large numbers of crowds. The visitors were charged 0.25 guilders to see the station; in the first two days after the opening, several dozens of thousands paid. The opening of the central station marked the city's transition from a waterfront city to an inland city, spurring further redevelopment activities in

1938-471: The full length (track 15); and one bay platform with two tracks (tracks 1/2). Platforms 2-15 have an A-side (to the west) and a B-side (to the east). This means that there are 21 places where a train can be positioned for passenger access, with scissors crossings in the middle enabling trains to pass each other. Track 1 terminates short of the western end of the station building, which fronts track 2. Tracks 3, 6, 9, and 12 have no platform. Amsterdam Centraal

1995-464: The lake side of the station and call at all main entertainment areas in Amsterdam's city centre, including Leidseplein and Rembrandtplein . EBS (part of Egged ) regional bus services depart from a new bus station on the IJ lake side of the station (beyond platform 15). This can be reached from the main central walkway via escalators. Connexxion bus services depart from the Kamperbrug bus stops on

2052-435: The length, each platform may serve two trains, while one embarks from side "a" of a platform and the other, from side "b". Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Pierre Cuypers , who is also known for his design of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. While Cuypers was the principal architect, it is believed that he focused mostly on the decoration of the station building and left the structural design to railway engineers. The station

2109-659: The municipal tax reform in 1865 and the Secondary Education Act in May 1863. The latter would later prove to be one of his governmental masterpieces. In addition to the gymnasium , the new Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) school type would provide education to some hundreds of thousands of students between 1864 and 1974. As a result of a reform in 1968, the HBS was succeeded by the school types like HAVO and Atheneum . The cabinet collapsed on 10 February 1866 and Thorbecke resigned after

2166-424: The north side of the station was completed in 1922. In the 1950s, a pedestrian tunnel was created between the station and the road in front of it, which terminated inside the station. With the construction of the metro tunnel in the late 1970s, both the pedestrian tunnel and the road in front of the station disappeared. In the early 1980s, the central hall and middle tunnel were considerably widened and modernized. In

2223-413: The northern boundary. In the 1970s, a traffic thoroughfare was built alongside the railway, for which a large part of the Haarlemmer Houttuinen and part of the buildings on the north facade of Haarlemmerplein were demolished. This caused the square to lose its cohesion. Since a new block on the north facade was finished in 2012, the square is once again complete. The West-Indisch Huis (West India House)

2280-568: The opposition in the House of Representatives. He pleaded for neutrality in the Crimean War , and opposed the religious nature of the Primary Education Act in 1857. The collapse of the conservative cabinet in 1862 brought Thorbecke back into power. On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as Minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers. Thorbecke's relationship with

2337-411: The platforms again. Furthermore, the eastern tunnel will be made wider, based on the example of the middle tunnel. The old railway bridges to the east of the station will also be replaced. Amsterdam Centraal has 15 tracks, 11 of which are alongside a platform : four island platforms with tracks along the full length on both sides (tracks 4/5, 7/8, 10/11, 13/14); one side platform with one track along

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2394-582: The sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy a decent education. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam , where he lived until 1806, and attended a Latin school back in Zwolle until 1814. Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam , studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820. Shortly after taking his doctorate, Thorbecke

2451-590: The station has been continuously undergoing reconstruction works because of the development of the North-South Line of the Amsterdam Metro , which was originally planned to be completed in 2014. Due to several setbacks, some at the Amsterdam Centraal building site, the line was fully completed in 2018. Construction works at the station include a renovation of the station building, including the reconstruction of original station features which had disappeared over

2508-542: The station is via the central metro hall. The bicycle parking has space for 7,000 bicycles. There is no space for cargo bikes, fat bikes and scooters. Construction started in the summer of 2018 and was completed after more than four years. During this period, the water from the Open Havenfront was pumped away and part of the Prins Hendrikkade, with the former Prins Hendrikplantsoen, was excavated. The storage facility

2565-410: The station to be built at the city's waterfront effectively separating the city from the IJ lake , the plan was highly controversial. In his book on the history of city, Amsterdam historian Geert Mak writes that: Almost all of Amsterdam's own experts and others involved thought this to be a catastrophic plan, 'the most disgusting possible attack on the beauty and glory of the capital'. Nevertheless,

2622-565: The station were upgraded and provided with convenience stores and kiosks. In addition, two new passageways were created enabling the hosting of larger retail stores, geared towards passengers who have more time to spend at the station. On 4 February 2020, the Minister of Infrastructure and Water Management , Cora van Nieuwenhuizen , and the UK Transport Secretary , Grant Shapps , announced that juxtaposed controls would be established in

2679-614: The station's main entrance. Tram routes 2, 12, 13 and 17 call on the west side ( Westzijde , Platform B) of the square, the other routes call on the east side ( Oostzijde , Platform-A). As of July 2018, GVB city bus routes 18, 21 and 22 and 48 depart from the new bus platform G on the lake side of the station ( IJzijde or 'IJ side'). Night bus services operate daily, starting around midnight and running until around 6 AM. From Monday to Thursday, night buses run once per hour. On Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, they run twice per hour. As of December 2014, all night buses depart from platform G on

2736-519: The station, whereby cyclists have to park their bicycles in the sheds and no longer on the street. The Stationsplein Bicycle Parking, the largest bicycle shed in Amsterdam, opened on 26 January 2023 at Central Station. The bicycle shed is located under the water of the Open Havenfront, between Stationsplein and Prins Hendrikkade . The main entrance is at the Martelaarsgracht . Access to and from

2793-584: The station. According to the announcement, starting from 30 April 2020, Eurostar passengers travelling to the UK would clear exit checks from the Schengen Area as well as UK entry checks (conducted by the UK Border Force ) in the station before boarding their train (without having to disembark at Brussels-South station , go through the juxtaposed controls there, and re-board the train before continuing their journey to

2850-470: The years, a redevelopment of the Stationsplein (Station Square), and a new bus station on the north side of the station. In 2000, the new western passenger tunnel opened replacing the main tunnel in the centre of the station which was shut down enabling the construction of the new metro line. In 2004, platforms 10-15 were extended to accommodate international high-speed rail services. Construction works for

2907-520: Was a Dutch liberal statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. Thorbecke is best known for heading the commission that drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands in 1848, amidst the liberal democratic revolutions of 1848 . The new constitution transformed the country from an absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy, with the States General and

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2964-569: Was born in the Lower Saxon Osnabrück . Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the anti-British policies of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education of Johan Rudolph and his younger brother. Johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of

3021-462: Was built by contractor Philipp Holzmann . The new central station replaced Amsterdam Willemspoort Station, which had closed in 1878, as well as the temporary Westerdok Station used from 1878 to 1889. The idea for a central station came from Johan Rudolph Thorbecke , then the Netherlands Minister of the Interior and responsible for the national railways, who, in 1884, laid two proposals before

3078-721: Was built in the construction pit, after which the water returned. Above the storage facility there are now jetties for tour boats . On 22 February 2023, the IJboulevard Bicycle Parking was also completed and put into use on the north side of Central Station, which was built in the water of the IJ and will be located under the new IJboulevard along the De Ruijterkade (construction started in March 2021). 4,000 bicycles can be parked here. Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872)

3135-474: Was completed in 1884, but the commission to Cuypers did not include the roofwork of the platforms. Therefore, the station did not yet feature its distinctive station roof. This roof, consisting of 50 curved trusses and a span of almost 45 meters (147 ft 8 in), was designed by L.J. Eijmer, a civil engineer with the private railroad company Staatsspoorwegen . The roof was manufactured by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby , England . Cuypers did design

3192-545: Was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at Göttingen , in 1824, published his treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte . He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism , and developed emotionally and spiritually. Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam , where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about

3249-640: Was somewhat reluctantly approved by the States General, and was proclaimed on 3 November 1848. The new constitution established civil rights and parliamentary competences, and introduced direct election of members of the House of Representatives and ministerial responsibility , thus limiting the power of the King and turning the country into a complete constitutional monarchy. Despite initial reluctance, William III appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, and his first cabinet took office on 13 November. In this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of

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