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36-534: In 1596 the Haarlem City council decided to start a library, or librije as it was then called. This was a collection of books attached by chain to a lessenaar , an elongated lectern that held the books below on a shelf. The chain was long enough so that the reader could select a book from below to read while standing. This collection was kept in the Sint-Bavokerk , where it probably came from (all church property

72-453: A tikkun or Chumash (reference books used to check the reading). In some synagogues, this table may resemble a large lectern. The Hebrew term for this article of furniture is amud ( Hebrew : עמוד ). In traditional yeshivas and some synagogues, students and members of the congregation may use small desks called shtenders ( Yiddish : שטענדער ). These closely resemble conventional lecterns, and indeed, one shtender may be used as

108-466: A compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and laws , ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community. Within each religion, these sacred texts are revered as authoritative sources of guidance, wisdom, and divine revelation . They are often regarded as sacred or holy, representing the core teachings and principles that their followers strive to uphold. According to Peter Beal,

144-399: A corpus of religious texts from the "canonical" literature. At its root, this differentiation reflects the sects and conflicts that developed and branched off over time, the competitive "acceptance" of a common minimum over time and the "rejection" of interpretations, beliefs, rules or practices by one group of another related socio-religious group. The earliest reference to the term "canon" in

180-505: A definitive canon". While the term scripture is derived from the Latin scriptura , meaning "writing", most sacred scriptures of the world's major religions were originally a part of their oral tradition , and were "passed down through memorization from generation to generation until they were finally committed to writing", according to Encyclopaedia Britannica . In Islam , the Sunnah are

216-665: A lectern by the hazzan leading the service. Each study group in a yeshivah may have its own shtender and in some older synagogues individual members of the congregation may have their own shtenders . Traditional shtenders frequently incorporate a locker under the desktop where prayer books and study material may be locked when not in use, and many feature a footrest for comfort during extended study sessions or standing prayers. Some older synagogues have large collections of shtenders . In Islam , lecterns are often used when studying in Islamic seminaries or reading and learning

252-466: A religious community. The terms sacred text and religious text are not necessarily interchangeable in that some religious texts are believed to be sacred because of the belief in some theistic religions such as the Abrahamic religions that the text is divinely or supernaturally revealed or divinely inspired , or in non-theistic religions such as some Indian religions they are considered to be

288-467: A religious text, has origins as early as 2150 BCE, and stands as one of the earliest literary works that includes various mythological figures and themes of interaction with the divine. The Rigveda , a scripture of Hinduism , is dated 1500 BCE. It is one of the oldest known complete religious texts that has survived into the modern age. There are many possible dates given to the first writings which can be connected to Talmudic and Biblical traditions,

324-448: A slanted top, on which documents or books are placed as support for reading aloud, as in a scripture reading, lecture , or sermon . A lectern is usually attached to a stand or affixed to some other form of support. To facilitate eye contact and improve posture when facing an audience, lecterns may have adjustable height and slant. People reading from a lectern, called lectors , generally do so while standing. The word has its origins in

360-549: A text "having [religious] authority and often collected into an accepted canon". In modern times, this equation of the written word with religious texts is particular to the English language , and is not retained in most other languages, which usually add an adjective like " sacred " to denote religious texts. Some religious texts are categorized as canonical, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical. The term "canon"

396-573: Is a fragment of the Book of Psalms , or psalterium , from the 11th century. At what time the collection moved to the city hall itself is uncertain, but this probably happened after 1625, when the collection was expanded with the library of the Commanderij van St. Jan , when all of their property reverted to the state. The first printed catalog of the Haarlem library dates from 1672 and is 35 pages long. By that time

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432-550: Is derived from the Greek word " κανών ", "a cane used as a measuring instrument". It connotes the sense of "measure, standard, norm, rule". In the modern usage, a religious canon refers to a "catalogue of sacred scriptures" that is broadly accepted to "contain and agree with the rule or canon of a particular faith", states Juan Widow. The related terms such as "non-canonical", "extracanonical", "deuterocanonical" and others presume and are derived from "canon". These derived terms differentiate

468-463: Is derived from the ratification, enforcement , and its use across generations. Some religious texts are accepted or categorized as canonical , some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical. "Scripture" (or "scriptures") is a subset of religious texts considered to be "especially authoritative", revered and "holy writ", "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to

504-653: The 1920s, however, the term was being used in a broader sense; for example, in reference to a memorial service in Carnegie Hall , it was stated that "the lectern from which the speakers talked was enveloped in black." Lecterns are frequently also referred to as podiums , a word which can also refer to an elevated platform upon which a lectern is placed, derived from the Latin root pod- , meaning 'feet'. Lecterns used in academia—generally in seminar rooms and lecture theatres—may have certain features that common lecterns lack, based on

540-692: The Haarlem lending libraries, the Centrale Bibliotheek , moved to the Doelenplein on the Gasthuisstraat in 1974. The history of this location is older than the collection itself. In 1512 the property was bought for target practise by the Haarlem schutterij . In 1562 the current L-shaped building was finished, and the Civic Guard was painted near the steps in the front by Hendrik Gerritsz Pot in 1630. Through

576-522: The Qur'an while sitting on the floor, called rehal . The name " rehal " ultimately derives from the Arabic word rahl ( رَحْل ) meaning " camel saddle ", referring to the resemblance of the unfolded lectern to a saddle. Lecterns are used in political debates on stage, as well as for political speeches. Notable instances of these lecterns include the several types of American Presidential lecterns , of which

612-451: The Spanish enemy came here to treat us the same way as Naarden We withstood him, fighting bravely But from hunger we had to give up Across from this former entrance is the main entrance to an extension that opened in 1974. Between these doorways are the bicycle racks on one side and two older buildings on the other side. One was the workspace used for repairing weapons, and the other

648-461: The central tenets of their eternal Dharma . In contrast to sacred texts, many religious texts are simply narratives or discussions pertaining to the general themes, interpretations, practices, or important figures of the specific religion. In some religions (e.g. Christianity ), the canonical texts include a particular text ( Bible ) but is "an unsettled question", according to Eugene Nida . In others ( Hinduism , Buddhism ), there "has never been

684-424: The collection was managed by the teachers of the Latin school (today a High School called Stedelijk Gymnasium Haarlem , and still located next to City Hall). The access to the books was still far from public. In 1821 the city appointed the first Librarian, Abraham de Vries . He set about establishing an impressive collection of Haarlem historical books, and was especially fond of Costeriana ; material relating to

720-435: The congregation. Lecterns are often made of wood. They may be either fixed in place or portable. A lectern differs from a pulpit , the latter being used for sermons though, especially historically, many pulpits include a built in lectern, for example Siena Cathedral Pulpit (Nicola Pisano, 1268). Churches that have both a lectern and a pulpit will often place them on opposite sides. The lectern will generally be smaller than

756-589: The context of "a collection of sacred Scripture" is traceable to the 4th-century CE. The early references, such as the Synod of Laodicea , mention both the terms "canonical" and "non-canonical" in the context of religious texts. One of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn of ancient Sumer , a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh from Sumer , although only considered by some scholars as

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792-548: The earliest of which is found in scribal documentation of the 8th century BCE, followed by administrative documentation from temples of the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, with another common date being the 2nd century BCE. High rates of mass production and distribution of religious texts did not begin until the invention of the printing press in 1440, before which all religious texts were hand written copies, of which there were relatively limited quantities in circulation. The relative authority of religious texts develops over time and

828-602: The form of a pelican, or an angel. In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches , a lectern on which icons or the Gospel Book are placed for veneration is called an analogion . It may also be used for reading from liturgical books during the divine services . Because the Torah scrolls are generally large, the central feature of the bimah in a synagogue is a table large enough to hold an open Torah along with

864-623: The history of Laurens Janszoon Coster as the father of the printing press. He also printed a three part catalog of the Library collection. A painting of him hangs in the Krijgsraadkamer , or war-room of the Central library. This room can be hired from the library for meetings or meals, and is also the spot where the historic scene of the Damiate legend hung for centuries above the fireplace. The largest of

900-460: The lectern is usually the stand on which the Bible or other texts rest and from which the "lessons" (scripture passages, often selected from a lectionary ) are read during the service. The lessons may be read or chanted by a priest, deacon, minister, or layperson, depending upon the liturgical traditions of the community. The lectern is normally set in front of the pews, so that the reader or speaker faces

936-423: The lectern. The width of a lectern can range from a slender pole to as wide as the lectern's top section. Some modern lecterns feature motorised height adjustment, and sometimes come equipped with a small podium on which to stand. In addition to their utilitarian reading use, lecterns are often designed with aesthetics in mind. At events, lecterns may bear the name or insignia of the event's sponsor, its speaker, or

972-461: The medieval Latin term lectrum , related to legere which means 'to read'. In pre-modern usage, the word lectern was used to refer specifically to the "reading desk or stand ... from which the Scripture lessons ( lectiones ) ... are chanted or read." One 1905 dictionary states that "the term is properly applied only to the class mentioned [church book stands] as independent of the pulpit ." By

1008-561: The most secure is the "Blue Goose", a bulletproof lectern used by the president of the United States , its smaller counterpart the Falcon, and the series of lecterns used for statements outside 10 Downing Street . While they are designed in a wide variety of variations, lecterns usually feature a sloped top on which to rest the material to be read. A lip at the bottom of this slope is typically present to prevent this material from sliding off

1044-418: The pulpit, and both may be adorned with antipendia in the color of the liturgical season . In monastic churches and cathedrals, a separate lectern is commonly set in the centre of the choir . Originally this would have carried the antiphonal book, for use by the cantor or precentor leading the singing of the divine office . Eagle-shaped lecterns are common, though some, rather rarely, instead take

1080-458: The technological sophistication of the venue. These features usually include a microphone stand, audio-visual controls, sometimes even an integrated computer and recording system. Lecterns of this sort are generally attached or integrated into a large desk, as the amount of support material tends to be larger in academic contexts than in straightforward public talks. In the Christian Church ,

1116-627: The term scripture – derived from " scriptura " (Latin) – meant "writings [manuscripts] in general" prior to the medieval era, then became "reserved to denote the texts of the Old and New Testaments of the Bible". Beyond Christianity, according to the Oxford World Encyclopedia , the term "scripture" has referred to a text accepted to contain the "sacred writings of a religion", while The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions states it refers to

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1152-557: The traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations. According to classical Islamic theories, the sunnah are documented by hadith (the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals attributed to Muhammad ), and alongside

1188-450: The venue in which an event is taking place, such as that of a hotel or conference center . Table lecterns, which are portable lecterns designed to be placed upon tables, are also used. [REDACTED] Media related to Lecterns at Wikimedia Commons Scripture Religious texts , including scripture , are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature

1224-535: The window in the painting the rafters can be seen that still grace the ceiling of the study room (see picture), and even a corner of a previous militia portrait. The heroic deeds of the Civic Guard during the siege of Haarlem are remembered also in the commemorative text above the old hall doorway added in 1772: In 1572 quam hier de Spaense vyant Die met ons als met Naerden meenden te leve Wij weerstonden hem Vroom vechtenderhand Maer door hongersnoot mosten wij 't opgeve Translated into English as: In 1572

1260-401: Was an additional meeting room named Kenauzaal , after Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer , where a painting of her hung from the 17th century until the 19th century. This particular painting of her now hangs in the Haarlem city hall. 52°22′50″N 4°37′51″E  /  52.3805°N 4.6308°E  / 52.3805; 4.6308 Lectern A lectern is a standing reading desk with

1296-616: Was seized by the city council after the iconoclasm riots of the Protestant Reformation ). The books were only available to the few people in possession of a key to the church. Today this older collection of books (everything published before 1900) is kept by the stichting Oude Boekerij en Bijzondere Collecties (OBBC). This includes a complete series of the Acta Eruditorum , for example. The oldest items are religious by nature, coming from church holdings prior to 1596. The oldest item

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