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99-466: All other Simplexvirus sp.: Herpes simplex virus 1 (cold sores) and 2 (genital herpes) ( HSV-1 and HSV-2 ), also known by their taxonomic names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2 , are two members of the human Herpesviridae family , a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans . Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and contagious . They can be spread when an infected person begins shedding

198-581: A basium , which was used between relatives. A kiss of passion was called a suavium . Kissing was not always an indication of eros , or love, but also could show respect and rank as it was used in Medieval Europe . The study of kissing started sometime in the nineteenth century and is called philematology , which has been studied by people including Cesare Lombroso , Ernest Crawley , Charles Darwin , Edward Burnett Tylor and modern scholars such as Elaine Hatfield . Kristoffer Nyrop identified

297-480: A 71% reduction; 84% of subjects had no shedding while receiving valaciclovir versus 54% of subjects on placebo. About 88% of patients treated with valaciclovir had no recognized signs or symptoms versus 77% for placebo. For HSV-2, subclinical shedding may account for most of the transmission. Studies on discordant partners (one infected with HSV-2, one not) show that the transmission rate is approximately 5–8.9 per 10,000 sexual contacts, with condom usage greatly reducing

396-525: A CTL-response against HSV, allowing the virus to survive for a protracted period in the host. HSV usually produces cytopathic effect (CPE) within 24–72 hours post-infection in permissive cell lines which is observed by classical plaque formation. However, HSV-1 clinical isolates have also been reported that did not show any CPE in Vero and A549 cell cultures over several passages with low level of virus protein expression. Probably these HSV-1 isolates are evolving towards

495-466: A DNA damaging agent that would be lethal in single infections, but are then allowed to undergo multiple infection (i.e. two or more viruses per host cell), MR is observed. Enhanced survival of HSV-1 due to MR occurs upon exposure to different DNA damaging agents, including methyl methanesulfonate , trimethylpsoralen (which causes inter-strand DNA cross-links), and UV light. After treatment of genetically marked HSV with trimethylpsoralen, recombination between

594-523: A bee's sting. I have often kissed my kids, I have often kissed my lambs, but never have I known aught like this. My pulse is beating fast, my heart throbs, it is as if I were about to suffocate, yet, nevertheless, I want to have another kiss. Strange, never-suspected pain! Has Chloe, I wonder, drunk some poisonous draught ere she kissed me? How comes it that she herself has not died of it? Romantic kissing "requires more than simple proximity," notes Cane. It also needs "some degree of intimacy or privacy, ... which

693-478: A cause of kissing "in all ages in grave and solemn moments," notes Nyrop, "not only among those who love each other, but also as an expression of profound gratitude. When the Apostle Paul took leave of the elders of the congregation at Ephesus , "they all wept sore, and fell on Paul's neck and kissed him" (Acts 20:37)." Kisses can also be exchanged between total strangers, as when there is a profound sympathy with or

792-499: A cellular enzyme Serine-Arginine Protein Kinase 1, SRPK1 . Formation of this complex causes the SRPK1 shift from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and the viral genome gets transported to the cell nucleus . Once attached to the nucleus at a nuclear entry pore, the capsid ejects its DNA contents via the capsid portal. The capsid portal is formed by 12 copies of portal protein, UL6, arranged as a ring;

891-473: A certain excited trembling in the muscles of the lower jaw upon seeing their beloved. Women will often turn pale immediately of seeing their lover and then get slightly red in the face as their sweetheart draws near. This is the effect of physical closeness upon two people who are in love. Romantic kissing in Western cultures is a fairly recent development and is rarely mentioned even in ancient Greek literature. In

990-419: A compact conformation of the gB glycoprotein, so that it springs out and punctures the cell membrane. The envelope covering the virus particle then fuses with the cell membrane, creating a pore through which the contents of the viral envelope enters the host cell. The sequential stages of HSV entry are analogous to those of other viruses . At first, complementary receptors on the virus and the cell surface bring

1089-430: A crowded plaza and keep it romantic." Nonetheless, when Cane asked people to describe the most romantic places they ever kissed, "their answers almost always referred to this ends-of-the-earth isolation, ... they mentioned an apple orchard, a beach, out in a field looking at the stars, or at a pond in a secluded area ..." A French kiss , also known as cataglottism or a tongue kiss , is an amorous kiss in which

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1188-488: A diagnosis of genital herpes simplex infection, patients may develop an episode of profound depression . In addition to offering antiviral medication to alleviate symptoms and shorten their duration, physicians must also address the mental health impact of a new diagnosis. Providing information on the very high prevalence of these infections, their effective treatments, and future therapies in development may provide hope to patients who are otherwise demoralized. HSV infection

1287-457: A hemifusion state. gB interaction with the gH/gL complex creates an entry pore for the viral capsid. gB interacts with glycosaminoglycans on the surface of the host cell. After the viral capsid enters the cellular cytoplasm , it starts to express viral protein ICP27 . ICP27 is a regulator protein that causes disruption in host protein synthesis and utilizes it for viral replication. ICP27 binds with

1386-460: A knowledge of life and happiness first comes to us. Runeberg says that the angels rejoice over the first kiss exchanged by lovers," and can keep one feeling young: "It carries life with it; it even bestows the gift of eternal youth." The importance of the lover's kiss can also be significant, he notes: "In the case of lovers a kiss is everything; that is the reason why a man stakes his all for a kiss," and "man craves for it as his noblest reward." As

1485-401: A man unless a maid fell in love with him and kissed him, despite his ugliness. A kiss of affection can also take place after death. In Genesis 50:1 , it is written that when Jacob was dead, "Joseph fell upon his father's face and wept upon him and kissed him." And it is told of Abu Bakr , Muhammad 's first disciple, father-in-law, and successor, that, when the prophet was dead, he went into

1584-408: A more "cryptic" form to establish chronic infection thereby unravelling yet another strategy to evade the host immune system, besides neuronal latency. Following infection of a cell, a cascade of herpes virus proteins, called immediate-early, early , and late, is produced. Research using flow cytometry on another member of the herpes virus family, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , indicates

1683-509: A new host. A protein found in neurons may bind to herpes virus DNA and regulate latency . Herpes virus DNA contains a gene for a protein called ICP4, which is an important transactivator of genes associated with lytic infection in HSV-1. Elements surrounding the gene for ICP4 bind a protein known as the human neuronal protein neuronal restrictive silencing factor (NRSF) or human repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST) . When bound to

1782-527: A number of types of kisses, including kisses of love, affection, peace, respect, and friendship. He notes, however, that the categories are somewhat contrived and overlapping, and some cultures have more kinds, including the French with twenty and the Germans with thirty. Kissing another person's lips has become a common expression of affection or warm greeting in many cultures worldwide. Yet in certain cultures, kissing

1881-531: A pair near the RS. As the L and S segments can be assembled in any direction, they can be inverted relative to each other freely, forming various linear isomers. HSV genes are expressed in 3 temporal classes: immediate early (IE or α), early (E or ß) and late (γ) genes. However, the progression of viral gene expression is rather gradual than in clearly distinct stages. Immediate early genes are transcribed right after infection and their gene products activate transcription of

1980-453: A result, kissing as an expression of love is contained in much of literature, old and new. Nyrop gives a vivid example in the classic love story of Daphnis and Chloe . As a reward "Chloe has bestowed a kiss on Daphnis—an innocent young-maid's kiss, but it has on him the effect of an electrical shock": Ye gods, what are my feelings. Her lips are softer than the rose's leaf, her mouth is sweet as honey, and her kiss inflicts on me more pain than

2079-463: A ritual gesture, and is still treated as such in certain customs, as when "kissing... relics, or a bishop's ring." In Judaism , the kissing of the Torah scroll , a prayer book , and a prayer shawl is also common. Crawley notes that it was "very significant of the affectionate element in religion" to give so important a part to the kiss as part of its ritual. In the early Church the baptized were kissed by

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2178-477: A strong point of attachment for the virus to the host cell. These interactions bring the membrane surfaces into mutual proximity and allow for other glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope to interact with other cell surface molecules. Once bound to the HVEM, gD changes its conformation and interacts with viral glycoproteins H (gH) and L (gL), which form a complex. The interaction of these membrane proteins may result in

2277-440: A two-way crossover design . A daily swab of the genital area was self-collected for HSV-2 detection by polymerase chain reaction, to compare the effect of valaciclovir versus placebo on asymptomatic viral shedding in immunocompetent, HSV-2 seropositive subjects without a history of symptomatic genital herpes infection. The study found that valaciclovir significantly reduced shedding during subclinical days compared to placebo, showing

2376-492: A variety of proteins involved in forming the capsid, tegument and envelope of the virus, as well as controlling the replication and infectivity of the virus. These genes and their functions are summarized in the table below. The genomes of HSV-1 and HSV-2 are complex and contain two unique regions called the long unique region (U L ) and the short unique region (U S ). Of the 74 known ORFs, U L contains 56 viral genes, whereas U S contains only 12. Transcription of HSV genes

2475-400: Is herpetic whitlow , which is a herpes infection on the fingers; it was commonly found on dental surgeon 's hands prior to the routine use of gloves when treating patients. Shaking hands with an infected person does not transmit this disease. Genital infection of HSV-2 increases the risk of acquiring HIV . HSV has been a model virus for many studies in molecular biology. For instance, one of

2574-405: Is a learned behaviour, having evolved from activities such as suckling or premastication in early human cultures passed on to modern humans. Another theory posits that the practice originated in males during the paleolithic era tasting the saliva of females to test their health in order to determine whether they would make a good partner for procreation. The fact that not all human cultures kiss

2673-424: Is also used as a transneuronal tracer defining connections among neurons by virtue of traversing synapses. HSV-2 is the most common cause of Mollaret's meningitis . HSV-1 can lead to potentially fatal cases of herpes simplex encephalitis . Herpes simplex viruses have also been studied in the central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis , but research has been conflicting and inconclusive. Following

2772-533: Is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II of the infected host. Immediate early genes , which encode proteins for example ICP22 that regulate the expression of early and late viral genes, are the first to be expressed following infection. Early gene expression follows, to allow the synthesis of enzymes involved in DNA replication and the production of certain envelope glycoproteins . Expression of late genes occurs last; this group of genes predominantly encode proteins that form

2871-505: Is currently best explained by the two waves of migration responsible for the peopling of Japan . Herpes simplex 2 genomes can be divided into two groups: one is globally distributed and the other is mostly limited to sub Saharan Africa . The globally distributed genotype has undergone four ancient recombinations with herpes simplex 1. It has also been reported that HSV-1 and HSV-2 can have contemporary and stable recombination events in hosts simultaneously infected with both pathogens. All of

2970-508: Is important for both. Importantly, HSV shuts down host cell RNA, DNA and protein synthesis to direct cellular resources to virus production. First, the virus protein vhs induces the degradation of existing mRNAs early in infection. Other viral genes impede cellular transcription and translation. For instance, ICP27 inhibits RNA splicing , so that virus mRNAs (which are usually not spliced) gain an advantage over host mRNAs. Finally, virus proteins destabilize certain cellular proteins involved in

3069-582: Is in thy breath; And at that kiss, though in the tomb I lie, I will arise and break the bands of Death. The earliest reference to kissing in the Old Testament is in Genesis 27:26 , when Jacob deceives his father to obtain his blessing: And his father Isaac said unto him, Come near now, and kiss me, my son. Genesis 29:11 features the first man-woman kiss in the Bible , when Jacob flees from Esau and goes to

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3168-634: Is mixed. In 2011 Manchester University scientists showed that treating infected cells with antiviral agents decreased the accumulation of β-amyloid and tau protein , and also decreased replication of the virus. Kissing The word comes from Old English cyssan ('to kiss'), in turn from coss ('a kiss'). Anthropologists disagree on whether kissing is an instinctual or learned behaviour. Those who believe kissing to be an instinctual behaviour cite similar behaviours in other animals such as bonobos , which are known to kiss after fighting - possibly to restore peace. Others believe that it

3267-404: Is necessary for both transcription of late genes and DNA replication. Later in the life cycle of HSV, expression of immediate early and early genes is shut down. This is mediated by specific virus proteins, e.g. ICP4, which represses itself by binding to elements in its own promoter. As a consequence, the down-regulation of ICP4 levels leads to a reduction of early and late gene expression, as ICP4

3366-409: Is the most common form of affection and Western mouth to mouth kissing is often reserved for sexual foreplay. In some tribal cultures the "equivalent to 'kiss me' is 'smell me.'" The kiss can be an important expression of love and erotic emotions. In his book The Kiss and its History , Kristoffer Nyrop describes the kiss of love as an "exultant message of the longing of love, love eternally young,

3465-430: Is the process by which viral genomes containing inactivating damage interact within an infected cell to form a viable viral genome. MR was originally discovered with the bacterial virus bacteriophage T4, but was subsequently also found with pathogenic viruses including influenza virus, HIV-1, adenovirus simian virus 40, vaccinia virus, reovirus, poliovirus and herpes simplex virus. When HSV particles are exposed to doses of

3564-468: Is used as an argument against kissing being an instinctual behaviour in humans; only around 90% of the human population is believed to practice kissing. The earliest reference to kissing-like behavior comes from the Vedas , Sanskrit scriptures that informed Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism , around 3,500 years ago, according to Vaughn Bryant, an anthropologist at Texas A&M University who specialized in

3663-476: Is why you'll see lovers stepping to the side of a busy street or sidewalk." Psychologist Wilhelm Reich "lashed out at society" for not giving young lovers enough privacy and making it difficult to be alone. However, Cane describes how many lovers manage to attain romantic privacy despite being in a public setting, as they "lock their minds together" and thereby create an invisible sense of "psychological privacy." He adds, "In this way they can kiss in public even in

3762-588: Is written of in the Bible, as when Esau met Jacob after a long separation, he ran towards him, fell on his neck, and kissed him ( Genesis 33:4 ), Moses greeted his father-in-law and kissed him ( Exodus 18:7 ), and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law before leaving her ( Ruth 1:14 ). The family kiss was traditional with the Romans and kisses of affection are often mentioned by the early Greeks , as when Odysseus , on reaching his home, meets his faithful shepherds. Affection can be

3861-417: The capsid , which is wrapped in a lipid bilayer called the envelope . The envelope is joined to the capsid by means of a tegument . This complete particle is known as the virion . HSV-1 and HSV-2 each contain at least 74 genes (or open reading frames , ORFs) within their genomes, although speculation over gene crowding allows as many as 84 unique protein coding genes by 94 putative ORFs. These genes encode

3960-878: The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) during the Bronze Age implies that cultural practices like romantic-sexual kissing could have contributed to its transmission. Ancient Mesopotamian medical texts mention a disease called bu'shanu, which may have been related to HSV-1 infection. While kissing itself was not directly associated with disease transmission in Mesopotamia, certain cultural and religious factors governed its practice. Both lip and tongue kissing are mentioned in Sumerian poetry: My lips are too small, they know not to kiss. My precious sweet, lying by my heart, one by one "tonguemaking," one by one. When my sweet precious, my heart, had lain down too, each of them in turn kissing with

4059-628: The kiss of peace was recommended by the Catholic Church. The kiss on the lips was also common among knights. The gesture has again become popular with young people, particularly in England. In many cultures, it is considered a harmless custom for teenagers to kiss on a date or to engage in kissing games with friends. These games serve as icebreakers at parties and may be some participants' first exposure to sexuality. There are many such games, including truth or dare , seven minutes in heaven (or

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4158-483: The pathogen most clearly linked to the establishment of Alzheimer's. According to a study done in 1997, without the presence of the gene allele , HSV-1 does not appear to cause any neurological damage or increase the risk of Alzheimer's. However, a more recent prospective study published in 2008 with a cohort of 591 people showed a statistically significant difference between patients with antibodies indicating recent reactivation of HSV and those without these antibodies in

4257-512: The sacral ganglia , but these are historical tendencies only. During latent infection of a cell, HSVs express latency-associated transcript (LAT) RNA . LAT regulates the host cell genome and interferes with natural cell death mechanisms. By maintaining the host cells, LAT expression preserves a reservoir of the virus, which allows subsequent, usually symptomatic, periodic recurrences or "outbreaks" characteristic of nonlatency. Whether or not recurrences are symptomatic, viral shedding occurs to infect

4356-415: The skin of any location of the body, or in mucous membranes of the mouth, lips, nose, genitals, or eyes ( herpes simplex keratitis ). Lesions heal with a scab characteristic of herpetic disease. Sometimes, the viruses cause mild or atypical symptoms during outbreaks. However, they can also cause more troublesome forms of herpes simplex. As neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses , HSV-1 and -2 persist in

4455-417: The trigeminal ganglia . This species appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system, and some research has attributed Human alphaherpesvirus 1 infection to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins , which may lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease. However, evidence for a relationship with Alzheimer's disease

4554-532: The virus . As of 2016, about 67% of the world population under the age of 50 had HSV-1. In the United States, about 47.8% and 11.9% are estimated to have HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively, though actual prevalence may be much higher. Because it can be transmitted through any intimate contact, it is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections . Many of those who are infected never develop symptoms. Symptoms, when they occur, may include watery blisters in

4653-501: The DNA polymerase gene. Another analysis has estimated the mutation rate in the herpes simplex 1 genome to be 1.82×10 nucleotide substitution per site per year. This analysis placed the most recent common ancestor of this virus ~710,000 years ago. Herpes simplex 1 and 2 diverged about 6  million years ago . Similar to other herpesviridae , the herpes simplex viruses establish latent lifelong infection, and thus cannot be eradicated from

4752-480: The Great ( c.  600 BC ) as a boy from his Median kinsmen. According to Herodotus (5th century BC), when two Persians meet, the greeting formula expresses their equal or inequal status. They do not speak; rather, equals kiss each other on the mouth, and in the case where one is a little inferior to the other, the kiss is given on the cheek. During the later Classical period, affectionate mouth-to-mouth kissing

4851-537: The HSV genome may be subjected to oxidative DNA damage during infection, and that MR may enhance viral survival and virulence under these conditions. Modified Herpes simplex virus is considered as a potential therapy for cancer and has been extensively clinically tested to assess its oncolytic (cancer killing) ability. Interim overall survival data from Amgen 's phase 3 trial of a genetically attenuated herpes virus suggests efficacy against melanoma . Herpes simplex virus

4950-462: The Middle Ages it became a social gesture and was considered a sign of refinement of the upper classes. Other cultures have different definitions and uses of kissing, notes Brayer. In China , for example, a similar expression of affection consists of rubbing one's nose against the cheek of another person. In other Eastern cultures kissing is not common. In South East Asian countries the "sniff kiss"

5049-513: The Old French Arthurian romances (Lancelot, Guiglain) in which the princess is changed by evil arts into a dreadful dragon, and can only resume her human shape in the case of a knight being brave enough to kiss her." In the reverse situation, in the tale of " Beauty and the Beast ", a transformed prince then told the girl that he had been bewitched by a wicked fairy, and could not be recreated into

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5148-498: The beginning of the 20th century, in America and Great Britain, as the French had acquired a reputation for more adventurous and passionate sex practices. French kissing may be a mode for disease transmission, particularly if there are open wounds. Throughout history, a kiss has been a ritual, formal, symbolic or social gesture indicating devotion, respect or greeting. It appears as a ritual or symbol of religious devotion. For example, in

5247-514: The body by hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons , particularly in sensory ganglia. After the initial or primary infection, some infected people experience sporadic episodes of viral reactivation or outbreaks. In an outbreak, the virus in a nerve cell becomes active and is transported via the neuron's axon to the skin, where virus replication and shedding occur and may cause new sores. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are transmitted by contact with an infected person who has reactivations of

5346-449: The body with current treatments. Treatment usually involves general-purpose antiviral drugs that interfere with viral replication, reduce the physical severity of outbreak-associated lesions, and lower the chance of transmission to others. Studies of vulnerable patient populations have indicated that daily use of antivirals such as aciclovir and valaciclovir can reduce reactivation rates. The extensive use of antiherpetic drugs has led to

5445-439: The burning prayer of hot desire, which is born on the lovers' lips, and 'rises,' as Charles Fuster has said, 'up to the blue sky from the green plains,' like a tender, trembling thank-offering." Nyrop adds that the love kiss, "rich in promise, bestows an intoxicating feeling of infinite happiness, courage, and youth, and therefore surpasses all other earthly joys in sublimity." He also compares it to achievements in life: "Thus even

5544-423: The capsid and the receptors on the surface of the virus. Packaging of the viral particles — including the genome , core and the capsid - occurs in the nucleus of the cell. Here, concatemers of the viral genome are separated by cleavage and are placed into formed capsids. HSV-1 undergoes a process of primary and secondary envelopment. The primary envelope is acquired by budding into the inner nuclear membrane of

5643-460: The case of kissing a temple floor, or a religious book or icon. Besides devotion, a kiss has also indicated subordination or, nowadays, respect. In modern times the practice continues, as in the case of a bride and groom kissing at the conclusion of a wedding ceremony or national leaders kissing each other in greeting, and in many other situations. A kiss in a religious context is common. In earlier periods of Christianity or Islam , kissing became

5742-406: The cases are HSV-2 acquiring parts of the HSV-1 genome, sometimes changing parts of its antigen epitope in the process. The mutation rate has been estimated to be ~1.38×10 substitutions/site/year. In clinical setting, mutations in either the thymidine kinase gene or DNA polymerase gene have caused resistance to aciclovir . However, most of the mutations occur in the thymidine kinase gene rather than

5841-455: The celebrant after the ceremony, and its use was even extended as a salute to saints and religious heroes, with Crawley adding, "Thus Joseph kissed Jacob, and his disciples kissed Paul. Joseph kissed his dead father, and the custom was retained in our civilization", as the farewell kiss on dead relatives, although certain sects prohibit this today. A distinctive element in the Christian liturgy

5940-403: The cell. This then fuses with the outer nuclear membrane. The virus acquires its final envelope by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles . HSVs may persist in a quiescent but persistent form known as latent infection, notably in neural ganglia . The HSV genome circular DNA resides in the cell nucleus as an episome . HSV-1 tends to reside in the trigeminal ganglia , while HSV-2 tends to reside in

6039-416: The development of some drug resistance , which in turn may lead to treatment failure. Therefore, new sources of drugs are broadly investigated to address the problem. In January 2020, a comprehensive review article was published that demonstrated the effectiveness of natural products as promising anti-HSV drugs. Pyrithione , a zinc ionophore , has shown antiviral activity against herpes simplex. In 1979, it

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6138-438: The early genes. Early gene products help to replicate the viral DNA. Viral DNA replication , in turn, stimulates the expression of the late genes, encoding the structural proteins. Transcription of the immediate early (IE) genes begins right after virus DNA enters the nucleus. All virus genes are transcribed by host RNA polymerase II . Although host proteins are sufficient for virus transcription, viral proteins are necessary for

6237-449: The first functional promoters in eukaryotes was discovered in HSV (of the thymidine kinase gene) and the virion protein VP16 is one of the most-studied transcriptional activators . Animal herpes viruses all share some common properties. The structure of herpes viruses consists of a relatively large, double-stranded, linear DNA genome encased within an icosahedral protein cage called

6336-404: The highest work of art, yet, the loftiest reputation, is nothing in comparison with the passionate kiss of a woman one loves." The power of a kiss is not minimized when he writes that "we all yearn for kisses and we all seek them; it is idle to struggle against this passion. No one can evade the omnipotence of the kiss ..." Kissing, he implies, can lead one to maturity: "It is through kisses that

6435-459: The history of the kiss. However, recent studies challenge the belief that kissing originated in South Asia around 1500 BCE, arguing that there is no single point of origin in historical times. Figurines have been found that indicate kissing may have been practiced in prehistory. It’s been suggested that Neandertals and humans kissed. Evidence from ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt suggests that kissing

6534-768: The host cell cycle , so that both cell division and host cell DNA replication disturbed in favor of virus replication. The herpes simplex 1 genomes can be classified into six clades . Four of these occur in East Africa , one in East Asia and one in Europe and North America . This suggests that the virus may have originated in East Africa. The most recent common ancestor of the Eurasian strains appears to have evolved ~60,000 years ago. The East Asian HSV-1 isolates have an unusual pattern that

6633-450: The house of his uncle Laban : And Jacob kissed Rachel , and lifted up his voice, and wept. Much later, there is the oft-quoted verse from Song of Songs 1:2 : May he kiss me with the kisses of his mouth, for your love is better than wine. In Cyropaedia (370 BC), Xenophon wrote about the Persian custom of kissing in the lips upon departure while narrating the departure of Cyrus

6732-617: The incidence of Alzheimer's disease, without direct correlation to the APOE-epsilon4 allele. The trial had a small sample of patients who did not have the antibody at baseline, so the results should be viewed as highly uncertain . In 2011, Manchester University scientists showed that treating HSV1-infected cells with antiviral agents decreased the accumulation of β-amyloid and tau protein and also decreased HSV-1 replication. A 2018 retrospective study from Taiwan on 33,000 patients found that being infected with herpes simplex virus increased

6831-405: The latter's tent, uncovered his face, and kissed his forehead . Nyrop writes that "the kiss is the last tender proof of love bestowed on one we have loved, and was believed, in ancient times, to follow mankind to the nether world." Kissing on the lips can be a physical expression of affection or love between two people in which the sensations of touch, taste, and smell are involved. According to

6930-463: The lips can be performed between two friends or family. This move aims to express affection for a friend. Unlike kissing for love , a friendly kiss has no sexual connotation. The kiss on the lips is a practice that can be found in the time of patriarchs (Bible) . In Ancient Greece , the kiss on the mouth was used to express a concept of equality between people of the same rank. In the Middle Ages ,

7029-630: The marked viruses increases, suggesting that trimethylpsoralen damage stimulates recombination. MR of HSV appears to partially depend on the host cell recombinational repair machinery since skin fibroblast cells defective in a component of this machinery (i.e. cells from Bloom's syndrome patients) are deficient in MR. These observations suggest that MR in HSV infections involves genetic recombination between damaged viral genomes resulting in production of viable progeny viruses. HSV-1, upon infecting host cells, induces inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus it appears that

7128-435: The participants' tongues extend to touch each other's lips or tongue. A kiss with the tongue stimulates the partner's lips, tongue and mouth, which are sensitive to the touch and induce sexual arousal. The sensation when two tongues touch—also known as tongue touching —has been proven to stimulate endorphin release and reduce acute stress levels. Extended French kissing may be part of making out . The term originated at

7227-419: The possibility of an additional lytic stage , delayed-late. These stages of lytic infection, particularly late lytic, are distinct from the latency stage. In the case of HSV-1, no protein products are detected during latency, whereas they are detected during the lytic cycle. The early proteins transcribed are used in the regulation of genetic replication of the virus. On entering the cell, an α-TIF protein joins

7326-435: The proteins contain a leucine zipper sequence of amino acids , which allow them to adhere to each other. Each icosahedral capsid contains a single portal, located in one vertex . The DNA exits the capsid in a single linear segment. HSV evades the immune system through interference with MHC class I antigen presentation on the cell surface, by blocking the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) induced by

7425-461: The psychologist Menachem Brayer, although many "mammals, birds, and insects exchange caresses" which appear to be kisses of affection, they are not kisses in the human sense. Surveys indicate that kissing is the second most common form of physical intimacy among United States adolescents (after holding hands ), and that about 85% of 15 to 16-year-old adolescents in the US have experienced it. The kiss on

7524-500: The risk of acquisition. Atypical symptoms are often attributed to other causes, such as a yeast infection . HSV-1 is often acquired orally during childhood. It may also be sexually transmitted, including contact with saliva, such as kissing and oral sex . Historically HSV-2 was primarily a sexually transmitted infection, but rates of HSV-1 genital infections have been increasing for the last few decades. Both viruses may also be transmitted vertically during natural childbirth. However,

7623-492: The risk of dementia 2.56 times (95% CI: 2.3-2.8) in patients not receiving anti-herpetic medications (2.6 times for HSV-1 infections and 2.0 times for HSV-2 infections). However, HSV-infected patients who were receiving anti-herpetic medications (e.g., acyclovir , famciclovir , ganciclovir , idoxuridine , penciclovir , tromantadine , valaciclovir , or valganciclovir ) showed no elevated risk of dementia compared to patients uninfected with HSV. Multiplicity reactivation (MR)

7722-590: The risk of transmission is minimal if the mother has no symptoms nor exposed blisters during delivery. The risk is considerable when the mother is infected with the virus for the first time during late pregnancy, reflecting high viral load. While most viral STDs can not be transmitted through objects as the virus dies quickly outside of the body, HSV can survive for up to 4.5 hours on surfaces and can be transmitted through use of towels, toothbrushes, cups, cutlery, etc. Herpes simplex viruses can affect areas of skin exposed to contact with an infected person. An example of this

7821-491: The secretion of ICP-47 by HSV. In the host cell, TAP transports digested viral antigen epitope peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum, allowing these epitopes to be combined with MHC class I molecules and presented on the surface of the cell. Viral epitope presentation with MHC class I is a requirement for activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), the major effectors of the cell-mediated immune response against virally-infected cells. ICP-47 prevents initiation of

7920-722: The tongue, each in turn. Kissing is described in the surviving ancient Egyptian love poetry from the New Kingdom , found on papyri excavated at Deir el-Medina : Finally I will drink life from your lips and wake up from this ever lasting sleep. The wisdom of the earth in a kiss and everything else in your eyes. I kiss her before everyone that they all may see my love. And when her lips are pressed to mine I am made drunk and need not wine. When we kiss, and her warm lips half open, I fly cloud-high without beer! His kisses on my lips, my breast, my hair... ...Come! Come! Come! And kiss me when I die, For life, compelling life,

8019-485: The transcription of certain genes. For instance, VP16 plays an important role in IE transcription and the virus particle apparently brings it into the host cell, so that it does not need to be produced first. Similarly, the IE proteins RS1 (ICP4), UL54 (ICP27), and ICP0 promote the transcription of the early (E) genes. Like IE genes, early gene promoters contain binding sites for cellular transcription factors. One early protein, ICP8,

8118-450: The two ends of them named repeat long (RL) and repeat short (RS). There are also minor "terminal redundancy" (α) elements found on the further ends of RS. The overall arrangement is RL-UL-RL-α-RS-US-RS-α with each pair of repeats inverting each other. The whole sequence is then encapsuled in a terminal direct repeat. The long and short parts each have their own origins of replication , with OriL located between UL28 and UL30 and OriS located in

8217-647: The usual path to entry or it may usually be an arrested state more likely to be captured than a transient entry mechanism. In the case of a herpes virus, initial interactions occur when two viral envelope glycoprotein called glycoprotein C (gC) and glycoprotein B (gB) bind to a cell surface polysaccharide called heparan sulfate . Next, the major receptor binding protein, glycoprotein D (gD), binds specifically to at least one of three known entry receptors. These cell receptors include herpesvirus entry mediator ( HVEM ), nectin -1 and 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate. The nectin receptors usually produce cell-cell adhesion, to provide

8316-453: The variation "two minutes in the closet"), spin the bottle , post office , and wink. The psychologist William Cane notes that kissing in Western society is often a romantic act and describes a few of its attributes: It's not hard to tell when two people are in love. Maybe they're trying to hide it from the world, still they cannot conceal their inner excitement. Men will give themselves away by

8415-601: The viral DNA elements, histone deacetylation occurs atop the ICP4 gene sequence to prevent initiation of transcription from this gene, thereby preventing transcription of other viral genes involved in the lytic cycle. Another HSV protein reverses the inhibition of ICP4 protein synthesis. ICP0 dissociates NRSF from the ICP4 gene and thus prevents silencing of the viral DNA. The HSV genome spans about 150,000 bp and consists of two unique segments, named unique long (UL) and unique short (US), as well as terminal inverted repeats found to

8514-429: The viral and cell membranes into proximity. Interactions of these molecules then form a stable entry pore through which the viral envelope contents are introduced to the host cell. The virus can also be endocytosed after binding to the receptors, and the fusion could occur at the endosome . In electron micrographs, the outer leaflets of the viral and cellular lipid bilayers have been seen merged; this hemifusion may be on

8613-473: The viral particle and aids in immediate-early transcription . The virion host shutoff protein (VHS or UL41) is very important to viral replication. This enzyme shuts off protein synthesis in the host, degrades host mRNA , helps in viral replication, and regulates gene expression of viral proteins. The viral genome immediately travels to the nucleus, but the VHS protein remains in the cytoplasm. The late proteins form

8712-480: The virion particle. Five proteins from (U L ) form the viral capsid - UL6 , UL18, UL35, UL38, and the major capsid protein UL19. Entry of HSV into a host cell involves several glycoproteins on the surface of the enveloped virus binding to their transmembrane receptors on the cell surface. Many of these receptors are then pulled inwards by the cell, which is thought to open a ring of three gHgL heterodimers stabilizing

8811-609: The virus causes atypical, subtle, or hard-to-notice symptoms that are not identified as an active herpes infection, so acquiring the virus is possible even if no active HSV blisters or sores are present. In one study, daily genital swab samples detected HSV-2 at a median of 12–28% of days among those who had an outbreak, and 10% of days among those with asymptomatic infection (no prior outbreaks), with many of these episodes occurring without visible outbreak ("subclinical shedding"). In another study, 73 subjects were randomized to receive valaciclovir 1 g daily or placebo for 60 days each in

8910-546: The virus may have originated in East Africa. The most recent common ancestor of the Eurasian strains appears to have evolved ~60,000 years ago. Human alphaherpesvirus 1 infects humans, most often as cold sores . It is very common and contagious; about 67% of the world population under the age of 50 has Human alphaherpesvirus 1 . It is often acquired orally during childhood. It may also be sexually transmitted, including contact with saliva, such as kissing and mouth-to-genital contact ( oral sex ). The virus tends to reside in

9009-495: The virus. HSV 1 and HSV-2 are periodically shed, most often asymptomatically. In a study of people with first-episode genital HSV-1 infection from 2022, genital shedding of HSV-1 was detected on 12% of days at 2 months and declined significantly to 7% of days at 11 months. Most genital shedding was asymptomatic; genital and oral lesions and oral shedding were rare. Most sexual transmissions of HSV-2 occur during periods of asymptomatic shedding . Asymptomatic reactivation means that

9108-433: The warmest interest in another person. Folk poetry has been the source of affectionate kisses where they sometimes played an important part, as when they had the power to cast off spells or to break bonds of witchcraft and sorcery, often restoring a man to his original shape. Nyrop notes the poetical stories of the "redeeming power of the kiss are to be found in the literature of many countries, especially, for example, in

9207-491: The word, bringing a message of loyal affection, gratitude, compassion, sympathy, intense joy, and profound sorrow." Nyrop writes that the most common example is the "intense feeling which knits parents to their offspring", but he adds that kisses of affection are not only common between parents and children, but also between other members of the same family, which can include those outside the immediate family circle, "everywhere where deep affection unites people." The tradition

9306-571: Was documented as early as 2500 BCE. Kissing was present in both romantic and familial contexts in ancient Mesopotamia, but it was subject to social regulation, and public display of the sexual aspect of kissing was discouraged. Kissing also had a role in rituals. The act of kissing may have unintentionally facilitated the transmission of orally transmitted microorganisms, potentially leading to disease. Advances in ancient DNA extraction have revealed pathogen genomes in human remains, including those transmitted through saliva. The shift in dominant lineages of

9405-506: Was first described in the Hindu epic the Mahabharata . Anthropologist Vaughn Bryant argues kissing spread from India to Europe after Alexander the Great conquered parts of Punjab in northern India in 326 BCE. The Romans were passionate about kissing and talked about several types of kissing. Kissing the hand or cheek was called an osculum . Kissing on the lips with mouth closed was called

9504-759: Was found to increase all cause mortality in Denmark: 19.3% excess one-year mortality for HSV-1 and 5.3% for HSV-2 at the first year of infection. Additionally, lower employment rates and higher disability pension rates were observed. Human alphaherpesvirus 1 Herpes simplex virus 1 Human alphaherpesvirus 1 or Herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV-1 or HSV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Simplexvirus , subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae , family Herpesviridae , and order Herpesvirales . The Human alphaherpesvirus 1 virus can be classified into six clades . Four of these occur in East Africa , one in East Asia and one in Europe and North America . This suggests that

9603-541: Was introduced only through European settlement, before which it was not a routine occurrence. Such cultures include certain indigenous peoples of Australia, the Tahitians, and many tribes in Africa. A kiss can also be used to express feelings without an erotic element but can be nonetheless "far deeper and more lasting", writes Nyrop. He adds that such kisses can be expression of love "in the widest and most comprehensive meaning of

9702-491: Was noted by Justin in the 2nd century, now referred to as the " kiss of peace ," and once part of the rite in the primitive Mass. Conybeare has stated that this act originated within the ancient Hebrew synagogue , and Philo , the ancient Jewish philosopher called it a "kiss of harmony", where, as Crawley explains, "the Word of God brings hostile things together in concord and the kiss of love." Saint Cyril also writes, "this kiss

9801-428: Was reported that there is a possible link between HSV-1 and Alzheimer's disease , in people with the epsilon4 allele of the gene APOE . HSV-1 appears to be particularly damaging to the nervous system and increases one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. The virus interacts with the components and receptors of lipoproteins , which may lead to the development of Alzheimer's disease. This research identifies HSVs as

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