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60-501: Peking University HSBC Business School ( PHBS ; Chinese : 北大汇丰商学院 ) is a graduate-level business school , under the auspices of Peking University , located in Shenzhen , Guangdong , China, at the university's only satellite campus. PHBS was founded in 2004 and, following HSBC 's direct and indirect charity donation to the school in 2008, became the first Chinese institution of higher education to offer English-only business programs at

120-527: A radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓   ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏   ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of the character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of

180-553: A Master's level (EMBA program remains in Mandarin). In February 2017, PHBS announced the establishment of a campus in the town of Oxford , United Kingdom (UK), which is believed to position the school as the first Chinese university and business school to maintain an independent international campus beyond the Mainland China border. The school is located in the Xili town of Shenzhen in

240-534: A concert auditorium, exhibition rooms, archives, a staff center, a café, relaxation center, restaurant, art gallery and other facilities for the PHBS staff and students. The building also includes a lecture hall which can host up to 1000 participants. PHBS’ innovative and “green-conscious” design was constructed using XR-2 energy-efficient glass. The structure’s stone paneling helps insulate the building for further energy efficiency and its roof siphoning drainage system reduces

300-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst

360-523: A joint MBA program with Hong Kong University of Science and Technology . Peking University Shenzhen constantly participates in Peking University Track and Field events as well as several inter-university events in China. Peking University Shenzhen has formal teams for more than 20 athletic events including basketball, football, table tennis, rowing etc. Peking University Shenzhen won several awards at

420-599: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as

480-710: A place called "University Town," which holds the Shenzhen campuses of Peking University , Harbin Institute of Technology , and Tsinghua University . Within the Shenzhen Graduate School campus of Peking University are located eight schools, including the Transnational School of Law and several science departments in addition to the HSBC Business School. Shenzhen's University Town is located just outside

540-464: A practice which has always been present as a part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui ,

600-510: A range of Executive Education programs to mid-career Chinese professionals. Currently, PHBS offers two-year Master's programs in Management, Economics, Finance and MBA. The programs are math-intensive and based upon an international standard of methodology and research application. Each program culminates in a thesis defense process in which students must successfully orally defend a graduate-level research project in front of faculty. The name "HSBC"

660-502: A total area of 52,000 square meters and was designed by RMJM . The library is shaped like " a dragon spanning a river " with a length of 480 meters that mirrors the landscape of the region. The library has won several awards for its sustainable design such as 2007 American Institute of Architects Merit award, 2008: The Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design, International Architecture Award and 2008: Hong Kong Design Centre - Design for Asia Merit Award. The allied resources of

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720-407: A wide array of books spread over four floors with over 1700 data ports and 210 internet enabled computers for personal use. The various services of the library include research services, circulation services, citations reporting service, documentation service, competitive intelligence counselling, translation service and the media lab of the library provides multimedia information services. Apart from

780-411: Is a graduate education institution comprising eight schools and 30 research laboratories, among which are several major State-level institutions: Full-Time Master's Programs MBA Program The school also runs Executive Master of Business Administration(EMBA) and Executive Development Programs(EDP). The HSBC Business School Financial Research Laboratory is a National Key Laboratory established by

840-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌   'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊   'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,

900-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with

960-809: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at

1020-614: Is situated inside the University Town of Shenzhen , along with the graduate schools of Tsinghua University and the Harbin Institute of Technology . Peking University Shenzhen is a fully residential university. Peking University Shenzhen's campus is located in the Nanshan district of Shenzhen within the University Town of Shenzhen alongside graduate schools of Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology . PKU Shenzhen

1080-517: Is the world's first law school to offer a program that combines a Chinese Juris master's degree and an American Juris Doctor degree. The curriculum covers the full scope of the two nations’ legal systems, as well as a variety of legal systems from Europe and Asia. Combining theory and practice, the pedagogy deploys the Socratic Method and other techniques to foster the skills required at the highest levels of legal practice. Jeffrey Lehman served as

1140-540: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,

1200-513: The People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of a component—either a character or a sub-component called

1260-542: The Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on the left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d.  208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for

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1320-488: The Shenzhen Graduate School campus, the new building spans over 60,000 square meters. The building’s construction was funded through the support of donations from HSBC and is the largest single business school building in the world. The structure sits on a plot of land totaling 10,392 square meters. The building itself offers more than 60,000 square meters of space for student and faculty use. The building’s structure includes modern teaching and research space, study centers,

1380-1066: The University of Hong Kong and Renewable Energy Research Center with University of California, Berkeley . Exchange programs Several departments especially School of Transnational Law and HSBC Business School run exchange and dual degree programs universities around the world. The School of Transnational Law has exchange agreements with Bucerius Law School (Germany), Center for Transnational Legal Studies (London), EBS Law School (Germany), Fundação Getulio Vargas Law School of São Paulo (Brazil), International University College of Turin (Italy), Maastricht University (Netherlands), Tel Aviv University (Israel), University of Indiana Maurer School of Law (USA), University of Iowa College of Law (USA), University of Lausanne Faculty of Law and Criminal Justice (Switzerland), University of Miami School of Law (USA), University of San Diego School of Law (USA). Peking University HSBC Business School currently has exchange agreements with over 30 universities all over

1440-520: The states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c.  100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However,

1500-498: The "Dot" stroke : The traditional components ⺥ and 爫 become ⺈ : The traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 : Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University The Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School ( PKU Shenzhen ) is a public research university established as a satellite graduate school of Peking University in 2001 via a joint venture with the Shenzhen Municipal Government. It

1560-461: The 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see the country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in

1620-476: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3

1680-508: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of

1740-479: The 2012 PKU Track and Field competition and its rowing team was placed second at the University Town Rowing Competition. The athletics and sports facilities of PKU Shenzhen include a standard 400 m athletic track, a soccer field, four tennis courts, three basketball courts, a world class gymnasium, four badminton courts etc. PKU Shenzhen students also have access to common sports facilities of

1800-533: The Chinese financial and business markets. The school appeals to international applicants interested in the Chinese market. The upcoming 2016-2017 international student class is expected to be the largest in the school's history with over 91 international students coming from 41 different countries. In fall 2013 classes started being taught in Peking University HSBC Business School’s new building. Located only 10 minutes walking distance from

1860-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components

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1920-538: The People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during the early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into

1980-546: The University Town Library, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School students are also served Shenzhen Library with a collection of over four million books and periodicals making it one of the largest libraries in China. The University Town Library also houses the Peking University School of Transnational Law Legal Research Center. Infrastructure The library building is spread over four floors with

2040-415: The amount of international influence on campus in recent years. Currently, about 40% of PHBS faculty are non-Chinese, and the majority of PHBS faculty obtained their Ph.D. from American institutions. This included universities such as Columbia University, University of Pennsylvania, and Oxford University. In addition, the school actively recruits international students who are interested in taking advantage of

2100-444: The body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to the founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with

2160-447: The broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ), the "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following

2220-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant

2280-475: The city center, in a suburban community to the northwest of the city itself. The University area is separated from the urban sprawl by Pingshan Mountain, which prevents much of the city's pollution from encroaching on the campus. University Town is connected to the rest of Shenzhen by metro and the public bus system. HSBC Business School (PHBS) was founded in 2004. The school aims to provide master's degree programs to domestic and international students, as well as

2340-638: The country. In 1935, the first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over

2400-422: The direct financial support of the Chinese government and specializes in financial product development, financial market research, and financial transactions training. The lab conducts research and training in the various fields of finance. The PHBS Finance Lab releases a real time index called China Commodity Futures Index which is used for trading commodities all over China. The School of Transnational Law (STL)

2460-447: The economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of the most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout

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2520-512: The first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However, the increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d.  782 BC ) to unify character forms across

2580-465: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility

2640-611: The founding dean of the School of Transnational Law. Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School is served by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Library situated on campus. The library is shared by the graduate schools of Peking University , Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology and is open to the general public as well. The library at present holds 1.5 million books, journals and bound periodicals 3000 general seats and caters to over 8000 visitors per day. The library offers

2700-430: The founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across the recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to

2760-510: The globe. Some of them are Frankfurt School of Finance , University of California, Davis , Zurich University of Applied Sciences , College of William and Mary (USA), Tulane University A.B. Freeman School of Business , Universidad de Monterrey (Mexico), University of Cologne , University of Western Sydney etc. HSBC Business School has dual degree agreements with the University of Hong Kong , Chinese University of Hong Kong , University of Cambridge , National University of Singapore and

2820-550: The history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from the use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for

2880-862: The library include a 260-seat scholarly conference hall, two 78-seat training classrooms, a 60-seat conference hall, 24 personal research rooms, 5 discussion rooms for group discussion, meetings etc. Online resources University Town of Shenzhen Library offers online resources including subscription various databases such as ProQuest-ABI/INFORM , EconLit , Ebrary , MyiLibrary, ScienceDirect - Elsevier , Factiva and provide complete access to American Economic Association journals, Journal of Finance, Harvard Business Review back volumes etc. The Peking University HSBC Business School subscribes to Wharton School's Wharton Research and Data Services network and all its allied databases such as Compustat , CRSP . The school also has access to EconLit, Bloomberg Data and Wind data and CSMAR databases. Students also have access to

2940-467: The number of pipelines used. The surrounding area relies on a rainwater recovery system in order to keep the grounds green. Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write the Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by

3000-835: The online resources of Peking University main campus website in Beijing. Research collaborations Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School has collaborated with several globally renowned universities . PKU Shenzhen's School of Environmental Engineering houses the Singapore Peking Oxford Research Enterprise (SPORE) program and research center in collaboration with Oxford University and National University of Singapore and offers joint degree programs. Other collaborative research centers at PKU Shenzhen include Urban and Regional Planning Co-Research Center jointly run with University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Hong Kong- Shenzhen Development and Innovation Center with

3060-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted

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3120-476: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted

3180-461: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊

3240-470: The simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to the first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications

3300-817: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes

3360-415: The traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of

3420-757: The year 2013/2014, HSBC School of Business will also be offering a dual degree program in collaboration with the Risk Management Institute at the National University of Singapore. Students of PHBS's Masters of Economics and Masters of Management program can also earn RMI's coveted Master of Science in Financial Engineering with three years of full-time study with most of the classes held at Shenzhen based PHBS . As an English-language program based in one of China's largest cities, Peking University HSBC Business School has sought to drastically increase

3480-461: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing  [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by

3540-732: Was added to the school's name when HSBC made a charity donation to the school. This school uniquely teaches its full-time graduate classes solely in English and has approximately 35 English-speaking international faculty with advanced doctoral degrees from top institutions from outside Mainland China to bring an internationally focused education to the school. Students are both Chinese and international. All classes are graduate level and include management , economics , and finance based subjects. The HSBC Business School also offers dual master's degree programs collaboratively with The University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong . Beginning in

3600-716: Was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including a few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure,

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